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THE THE PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE ERAERA

AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS IN THE EARLY 20IN THE EARLY 20THTH CENTURYCENTURY

ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

As America entered into As America entered into the 20the 20thth century, middle century, middle class reformers class reformers addressed many social addressed many social problems problems

Work conditions, rights Work conditions, rights for women and for women and children, economic children, economic reform, reform, environmental environmental issuesissues and social and social welfare were a few of welfare were a few of these issues these issues

FOUR GOALS OF FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERSREFORMERS

1) Protect Social 1) Protect Social WelfareWelfare

2) Promote Moral 2) Promote Moral ImprovementImprovement

3) Create 3) Create Economic ReformEconomic Reform

4) Foster 4) Foster EfficiencyEfficiency

1.PROTECT SOCIAL 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFAREWELFARE

Industrialization in the Industrialization in the late 19late 19thth century was century was largely unregulatedlargely unregulated

Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward responsibility toward their workerstheir workers

As a result Settlement As a result Settlement homes and churches homes and churches served the communityserved the community

Also the Also the YMCAYMCA and and Salvation Army took on Salvation Army took on service rolesservice roles

2. PROMOTE MORAL 2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Some reformers felt Some reformers felt that the answer to that the answer to societies problems was societies problems was personal behaviorpersonal behavior

They proposed such They proposed such reforms as prohibitionreforms as prohibition

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU)(WCTU)

3. CREATE ECONOMIC 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORMREFORM

The Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 prompted some prompted some Americans to question Americans to question the capitalist the capitalist economic systemeconomic system

As a result some As a result some workers embraced workers embraced socialismsocialism

Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized the organized the American Socialist American Socialist Party in 1901Party in 1901 Debs encouraged workers to reject

American Capitalism

MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS

Though most progressives Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticismtruth in Debs’ criticism

Journalists known as Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in businesscorruption in business

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell exposed exposed Standard Oil Company’s Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of cut-throat methods of eliminating competitioneliminating competition

Ida Tarbell

Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

4. FOSTERING 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY Many Progressive Many Progressive

leaders put their faith leaders put their faith in scientific principles in scientific principles to make society betterto make society better

In Industry, Frederick In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using Taylor began using time & motion studies time & motion studies to improve factory to improve factory efficiencyefficiency

Taylorism became an Taylorism became an Industry fad as Industry fad as factories sought to factories sought to complete each task complete each task quickly quickly

CLEANING UP LOCAL CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Efforts at reforming Efforts at reforming local governmentlocal government stemmed from the stemmed from the desire to make desire to make government more government more efficient and efficient and responsive to citizensresponsive to citizens

Some believe it also Some believe it also was meant to limit was meant to limit immigrants influence immigrants influence in local governmentsin local governments

REGULATING BIG REGULATING BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS

Under the Under the progressive progressive Republican Republican leadership of leadership of Robert La Robert La Follette,Follette, Wisconsin led the Wisconsin led the way in regulating way in regulating big businessbig business

Robert La Follette

PROTECTING WORKING PROTECTING WORKING CHILDRENCHILDREN

As the number of As the number of child workers rose, child workers rose, reformers worked to reformers worked to end end child laborchild labor

Children were more Children were more prone to accidents prone to accidents caused by fatiguecaused by fatigue

Nearly every state Nearly every state limited or banned limited or banned child labor by 1918child labor by 1918

EFFORTS TO LIMIT EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURSHOURS

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court and the states enacted and the states enacted or strengthened laws or strengthened laws reducing women’s reducing women’s hours of workhours of work

Progressives also Progressives also succeeded in winning succeeded in winning worker’s worker’s compensationcompensation to aid to aid families of injured families of injured workersworkers

ELECTION REFORMELECTION REFORM Citizens fought for, Citizens fought for,

and won, such and won, such measures as secret measures as secret ballots, referendum ballots, referendum votes, and the votes, and the recallrecall

Citizens could petition Citizens could petition and get and get initiativesinitiatives onon the ballotthe ballot

In 1899, Minnesota In 1899, Minnesota passed the first passed the first statewide primary statewide primary systemsystem

DIRECT ELECTION OF DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORSSENATORS Before 1913, each Before 1913, each

state’s legislature had state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. chosen its own U.S. senatorssenators

To force senators to be To force senators to be more responsive to the more responsive to the public, progressives public, progressives pushed for the popular pushed for the popular election of senatorselection of senators

As a result, Congress As a result, Congress passed the passed the 1717thth Amendment Amendment (1913(1913))

SECTION 2: WOMEN IN SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFEPUBLIC LIFE

Before the Civil Before the Civil War, American War, American women were women were expected to devote expected to devote their time to home their time to home and familyand family

By the late 19By the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth century, century, women were visible women were visible in the workforcein the workforce

DOMESTIC DOMESTIC WORKERSWORKERS

Before the turn-of-Before the turn-of-the-century women the-century women without formal without formal education education contributed to the contributed to the economic welfare of economic welfare of their families by their families by doing doing domestic domestic workwork

Altogether, 70% of Altogether, 70% of women employed in women employed in 1870 were servants1870 were servants

WOMEN IN THE WORK WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCEFORCE

Opportunities for Opportunities for women increased women increased especially in the especially in the citiescities

By 1900, one out of By 1900, one out of five women workedfive women worked

The The garment tradegarment trade was popular as was was popular as was office work, office work, department stores department stores and classroomsand classrooms

WOMEN LEAD WOMEN LEAD REFORMREFORM

Many of the leading Many of the leading progressive reformers progressive reformers were womenwere women

Middle and upper Middle and upper class women also class women also entered the public entered the public sphere as reformerssphere as reformers

Many of these women Many of these women had graduated from had graduated from new new women’s collegeswomen’s colleges

Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

WOMEN AND WOMEN AND REFORMREFORM

Women reformers Women reformers strove to improve strove to improve conditions at work and conditions at work and homehome

In 1896, black women In 1896, black women formed the National formed the National Association of Colored Association of Colored Women (NACW)Women (NACW)

Suffrage was another Suffrage was another important issue for important issue for womenwomen

THREE-PART STRATEGY THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR WINNING FOR WINNING SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE

Suffragists tried three Suffragists tried three approaches to winning the approaches to winning the vote (vote (Susan B. Anthony)Susan B. Anthony)

1) Convince state 1) Convince state legislatures to adopt vote legislatures to adopt vote (Succeeded in Wyoming, (Succeeded in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado)Utah, Idaho, Colorado)

2) Pursue court cases to 2) Pursue court cases to test 14test 14thth Amendment Amendment

3) Push for national 3) Push for national constitutional Amendment constitutional Amendment

SECTION 3: TEDDY SECTION 3: TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE ROOSEVELT’S SQUARE DEALDEAL

When President When President William McKinley William McKinley was assassinated was assassinated 6 months into his 6 months into his second term, second term, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt became Roosevelt became the nations 26the nations 26thth presidentpresidentMcKinley was assassinated by an

anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH RIDERSROUGH RIDERS

Roosevelt grabbed Roosevelt grabbed national attention by national attention by advocating war with advocating war with Spain in 1898Spain in 1898

His volunteer cavalry His volunteer cavalry brigade, brigade, the Rough the Rough Riders,Riders, won public won public acclaim for its role in acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan the battle at San Juan Hill in CubaHill in Cuba

Roosevelt returned a Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon hero and was soon elected governor of NY elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s and later McKinley’s vice-president vice-president

39. Roosevelt’s volunteer cavalry brigade that won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba.

A. Low Riders

B. Night Riders

C. Rough Riders

D. Tough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

THE MODERN THE MODERN PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

When Roosevelt was When Roosevelt was thrust into the thrust into the presidency in 1901, he presidency in 1901, he became the youngest became the youngest president ever at age president ever at age 4242

He quickly established He quickly established himself as a himself as a modern modern presidentpresident who could who could influence the media influence the media and shape legislationand shape legislation

TRUSTBUSTINGTRUSTBUSTING By 1900, By 1900, Trusts Trusts – –

legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in many to hold stock in many companies – companies – controlled 80% of U.S. controlled 80% of U.S. industriesindustries

Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under antitrust suits under the Sherman the Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act

1902 COAL STRIKE1902 COAL STRIKE In 1902 140,000 In 1902 140,000 coal coal

minersminers in Pennsylvania in Pennsylvania went on strike for increased went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionizeand the right to unionize

Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to bargainbargain

Roosevelt called in both Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the sides and settled the disputedispute

Thereafter, when a strike Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, threatened public welfare, the federal government was the federal government was expected to step in and helpexpected to step in and help

What was the significance of the 1902 Coal Strike?

A. When a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help.

B. It proved the inability of the federal government to negotiate issues.

C. When a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government would leave the issue to private sectors to resolve the problem.

D. It proved the inability of the federal government communicate with big business leaders in the United States.

““THE JUNGLE”THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO LEADS TO FOOD REGULATIONFOOD REGULATION

After reading After reading The The JungleJungle by Upton by Upton Sinclair, Roosevelt Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for passage of pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection the Meat Inspection Act of 1906Act of 1906

The Act mandated The Act mandated cleaner conditions for cleaner conditions for meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

PURE FOOD AND DRUG PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTACT

In response to In response to unregulated claims unregulated claims and unhealthy and unhealthy products, Congress products, Congress passed the passed the Pure Food Pure Food and Drug Actand Drug Act in 1906 in 1906

The Act halted the The Act halted the sale of contaminated sale of contaminated foods and medicines foods and medicines and called for truth and called for truth in labelingin labeling

The Pure Food and Drug Act took medicines with cocaine and other

harmful ingredients off the market

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the presidency, the federal government federal government paid very little paid very little attention to the attention to the nation’s natural nation’s natural resourcesresources

Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a conservation a primary concern of primary concern of his administrationhis administration

Roosevelt, left, was an avid outdoorsman – here he is with author

John Muir at Yosemite Park

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENTSACCOMPLISHMENTS

Roosevelt set aside Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of 148 million acres of forest reservesforest reserves

He also set aside 1.5 He also set aside 1.5 million acres of water-million acres of water-power sites and he power sites and he established 50 wildlife established 50 wildlife sanctuaries and sanctuaries and several several national parksnational parksYellowstone National

Park, Wyoming

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTSRIGHTS

Roosevelt failed to Roosevelt failed to support Civil support Civil Rights for African Rights for African AmericansAmericans

He did, however, He did, however, support a few support a few individuals such as individuals such as Booker T. Booker T. WashingtonWashington

NAACP FORMED TO NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE RIGHTSPROMOTE RIGHTS

In 1909 a number of In 1909 a number of African Americans and African Americans and prominent white prominent white reformers formed the reformers formed the National Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored PeopleColored People

The The NAACPNAACP had 6,000 had 6,000 members by 1914 members by 1914

The goal of the The goal of the organization was full organization was full equality among the racesequality among the races

The means to achieve this The means to achieve this was the court systemwas the court system1964 Application

SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFTUNDER PRESIDENT TAFT

Republican William Republican William Howard TaftHoward Taft easily easily defeated Democrat defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 to win the 1908 presidential electionpresidential election

Among his Among his accomplishments, Taft accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 trusts during “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in officehis 4 years in office Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s

War Secretary

TAFT LOSES POWERTAFT LOSES POWER Taft was not popular Taft was not popular

with the American with the American public nor reform public nor reform minded Republicansminded Republicans

By 1910, Democrats By 1910, Democrats had regained control had regained control of the House of of the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Taft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world”

1912 ELECTION1912 ELECTION Republicans split in Republicans split in

1912 between Taft and 1912 between Taft and Teddy Roosevelt (who Teddy Roosevelt (who returned after a long trip returned after a long trip to Africa)to Africa)

Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft nominated Taft

Some Republicans Some Republicans formed a third party – formed a third party – The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose Party and nominated Rooseveltand nominated Roosevelt

The Democrats put The Democrats put forward a reform - forward a reform - minded New Jersey minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow Governor, Woodrow WilsonWilson

Republicans split in 1912

WILSON’S NEW WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMFREEDOM

As America’s newly As America’s newly elected president, elected president, Wilson moved to Wilson moved to enact his program, enact his program, the “New Freedom”the “New Freedom”

He planned his He planned his attack on what he attack on what he called the triple wall called the triple wall of privilege: of privilege: trusts, trusts, tariffs, and high tariffs, and high financefinanceW. Wilson U.S. President

1912-1920

CLAYTON CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACTANTITRUST ACT

In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which Antitrust Act which strengthened the strengthened the Sherman ActSherman Act

The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from acquiring stock from another company from another company (Anti-monopoly)(Anti-monopoly)

The Act also supported The Act also supported workers unionsworkers unions

FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED

The FTC was The FTC was formed in 1914 to formed in 1914 to serve as a serve as a “watchdog” agency “watchdog” agency to end to end unfair unfair business practicesbusiness practices

The FTC protects The FTC protects consumers from consumers from business fraud business fraud Today the FTC has been working on

protecting consumers from ID theft

FEDERAL INCOME TAX FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVESARRIVES

Wilson worked hard Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, to lower tariffs, however that lost however that lost revenue had to be revenue had to be made up made up

Ratified in 1916, the Ratified in 1916, the 1616thth Amendment Amendment legalized a graduated legalized a graduated federal income taxfederal income tax

WOMEN WIN WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE

Native-born, educated, Native-born, educated, middle-class women middle-class women grew more and more grew more and more impatient impatient

Through local, state Through local, state and national and national organization, vigorous organization, vigorous protests and World protests and World War I, women finally War I, women finally realized their dream in realized their dream in 19201920The 19th Amendment gave women

the right to vote in 1920

LIMITS OF LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

While the While the Progressive era was Progressive era was responsible for responsible for many important many important reforms, it failed to reforms, it failed to make gains for make gains for African AmericansAfrican Americans

Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil retreated on Civil Rights once in Rights once in officeoffice

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s