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The Ottoman Empire was one of the premier countries in the Middle East by the end of the 18 th...
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![Page 1: The Ottoman Empire was one of the premier countries in the Middle East by the end of the 18 th Century However by the beginning of the 19 th Century.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070307/551b219f55034607418b5b3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
POST WW I NATIONALISM: MIDDLE EAST
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MIDDLE EAST
The Ottoman Empire was one of the premier countries in the Middle East by the end of the 18th Century
However by the beginning of the 19th Century Ottoman power began to wane.
Ultamately in the beginning of the 20th centrury because of their involvement in WWI the Empire ultamately collapsed
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BEGINNING OF THE END
1876: Ottoman reformers seize the government and adopted a constitution with idea of creating a Constitutional Monarchy
Abdulhamid II is appointed Sultan
As soon as taking the throne he suspends the constitution and ruled as an absolute monarch
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BEGINNING OF THE END
Upset a group called the Young Turks began to protest
Forced Abdulhamid II to restore the constitution by 1908
By 1909 the deposed the Sultan
At the same time many ethnic turks pushed for independence
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WWI
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WWI
During WWI the Ottomans had killed or had been responsible for the deaths of nearly 1 million Christian Armenians
Armenia had sought independence but were brutally attacked and deported by the Ottomans.
The Allies denounced the genocide, but did nothing to prevent it.
A similar event happened in Bosnia in 1993 and 1996
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AFTERMATH
After WWI Greece attacked Turkey
The newly formed Republic of Turkey placed Mustafa Kamul Ataturk in control of the defense
Under Ataturk Turkey was able to drive the Greeks back
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MUSTAFA KEMUL ATATURK
After successfully fending off Greece, Ataturk is elected President
Ataturk tried, valiantly to modernize Turkey, beginning with a democratic form of government
However Ataturk did not allow opposition
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ATATUTK’S REFORMS
Eliminated Arabic elements from the Turkish language
Adopted the Roman alphabet Forced his people to adopt last names Established factories and directed the
economy Tried to modernize farming, with little
effect
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ATATURK’S SOCIAL REFORMS
Forbade men to wear the traditional fez
Forbade women from wearing the veil
Abolished the caliphate New laws gave women
equal marriage and inheritance rights
Women were allowed to vote
Turks were also allowed to join Non-Muslim religious groups
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PERSIA/IRAN
The Qajar dynasty of Persia who had ruled Persia for 130 years was having difficulty with domestic problems
The Qajar had increasingly been turning to Russia and Britain to protect itself from its own people
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BLACK GOLD, TEXAS T
In 1908 Oil is discovered in Southern Persia/Iran.
This is much to the delight of Britain and Russia and they created a bigger presence in the region
Foreign presence led to Persian Nationalist movements
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PERSIA
1921: Reza Kahn leads a military mutiny against the Qajar dynasty.
Seized Tehran in 1925 and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran, taking the name Reza Shah Pahlavi
Tried to follow Ataturk’s example to modernize his nation
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PAHLAVI’S REFORMS
Modernized the government, military and economy Renamed the country Iran Major difference between Ataturk and Pahlavi was
that Pahlavi did not try to separate church and state.
Encouraged western-style education and forbade women from wearing a veil in public.
To break free of British and Soviet influence, Iran grew closer to Nazi Germany. However during WWII Britain and the Soviet Union invaded forcing Pahlavi to resign,