AND BOOKKEEPING ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE AND BOOKKEEPING
The meaning & functions of Accounting The difference between Accounting & Bookkeeping The purpose...
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Transcript of The meaning & functions of Accounting The difference between Accounting & Bookkeeping The purpose...
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Nature of AccountingUnit 1
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The meaning & functions of Accounting The difference between Accounting &
Bookkeeping The purpose of keeping Accounting records The Accounting Cycle/Process Identify the different users of Accounting
information
Learning Objectives
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Accounting is the language of business It involves:
Recording transactions Classifying transactions Summarising transactions Interpreting and analysing transactions
What is Accounting
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4 Steps in Accounting
Recording Journal
Classifying
Trial Balance
Final Accounts
Ledger
Interpretation
Summarising
Day to day recording of transactions
“T “shape accounts
Verification of accuracy of accounts
Preparation of reports Ratio Analysis
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Bookkeeping involves the actual data recording
This is often computerized in organizations Accounting is concerned with the use,
analysis & interpretation of accounting records
Accounting verses Bookkeeping
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Financial Statements
Income Statement orProfit & Loss Account
Revenue – Expenses = Income (or profit)
Balance Sheet
Asset – Liability = Owners Equity
Cash flow statement
$ Receipts - $ Payments = Changes in cash balance
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Users and Uses of Accounting
Information
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Profitability Return on investment Operational efficiency (day-to-day
operation) Ensure security of investment Basic functions like planning, budgeting,
decision-making and control purposes
Managers, to know:
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Earning capacity of the business
Solvency or financial strength of the business
Ability of the management
Decision to invest in a business
Prospective investors, to ascertain
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The borrower's capacity for repayment
Whether to grant a credit or advance money to a busines
The limits of advance, or credit limits for a customer
Creditors/ Banks, to find out
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To discuss and arrange labour contracts
To be assured of steady employment
To determine the ability of the business to pay higher wages
Employees/ Unions
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To evaluate tax returns to calculate tax payable by the business
To check that the business is following the government rules and regulations
Tax inspectors/ Government
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To know the effect of pricing on customers
To judge the ability of the firm to survive and honour it's product warranties
General Public
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Profitability of the firm Security of capital Return on their investment (ROI) Resources owned Financial stability Whether to increase of decrease their
existing ownership in the firm
Owners of the business, to ascertain
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Capital Resources supplied by the owners to the business
Assets Resources owned by the business
Liabilities What the business owes for the assets supplied
Purchase Goods bought by the business
Sales Goods sold by the business
Common Terminology
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Purchase return/ Goods returned by the business to it's suppliers
Return outwards
Sales return/ Goods returned to the business by it's customers
Return inwards Creditor A person to whom the business has to pay
for goods and services rendered.
Debtor A person from whom the business has to receive money for goods and services supplied.
Common Terminology
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Stock Unsold goods Expense Cost of operating the
business Revenue Money received for goods
and services supplied Profit Revenue minus expenses Loss Expense minus revenue
Common Terminology
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The Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
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Sole Trader
Features This is a one-man show Capital put in by the owner Business is run by the proprietor Profits and losses at the year end are taken
over by the proprietor Usually small retail establishments Unlimited liability
Types of Business
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Partnership
Features Minimum 2 people, maximum 10 or 20, depending
upon the type of partnership Capital contributed by all partners Every partner has a right to participate in the business Each partner acts as the principal and agent of the firm Profits or losses at the end of the year are shared in the
agreed ratio Usually professionals like doctors, lawyers,
accountants, etc Unlimited liability
Types of Business
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Company
Features Largest form of business organisation Capital contributed by the public, who are joint owners
of the company Can be public or private Separate legal entity Registered under the company's act Ownership and management is usually separate No limit to the maximum amount of members Accounts must be prepared and audited yearly under
the company's act
Types of Business
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Q & A