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Transcript of The impact of the Treaty of Versailles and economic depression Totalitarian regimes (Germany,...
It Is Important For You to Know!
The impact of the Treaty of Versailles and economic depression
Totalitarian regimes (Germany, Japan, Italy) The rise of military power in Japan Fascism vs. Communism The influence of propaganda FDR and Hitler come into office 1933 Hitler’s justification of military aggression 1930’s US Isolationism Policy of “appeasement” US steps from isolationism to international
involvements (1930’s) US entrance into war
It Is Important For You to Know!
Post war plans among Allied leaders Critical role of European battles :
Operation Torch, Stalingrad, D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge
Battles in the Pacific's theater : Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
Decision to drop the “atomic bomb” Role of the Soviet Union in the Pacific
theater
It Is Important For You to Know!
US war mobilization – war bond drives, rationing
Impact of the war on women and minorities
Racial and ethnic tensions during the war (use of internment camps)
Events surrounding the Holocaust Nuremburg War Crimes Trials Scientific and technological developments Impact of the war on the standard of living Impact on demographic patterns
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY:
1920-1941
Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
Disarmament
• Collective security
• “Wilsonianism”
• Business interests
• Isolationism
• Nativists
• Anti-War movement
• Conservative Republicans
Dawes Plan (1924)
FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy
Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
FDR The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others.
Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937
When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:
Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.
Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].
Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up.
Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!
Causes of WW II
Rise of totalitarian govt. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini Fascism / Nazism (Third Reich) Pre War aggression and appeasement Mussolini invades Ethiopia; Hitler advances into
Rhineland, annexed Austria, right to annex W. Czechoslovakia
Munich Pact – France and Great Britain agreed to terms w/ Hitler along w/ a promise of no more aggression
PM Chamberlain said this was a “peace with honor”
Rise of Japan
1931, Japan’s democracy collapsed Under military power, occupied province
of Manchuria China felt compelled to sign a treaty with
Japan 1937, Japan began to seize the rest of
China 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan form the
Axis Powers
Europe after World War I
1. World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins.
2. The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.
• France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was
ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.
3. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles. • Germany gave up control of some of its land, including
some important industrial areas.• German was forced to pay reparations to other
countries, which led to a period of severe inflation.
4. The Weimer Republic was not a strong government.• It faced opposition from the Communists and the far
right.• The German military was greatly reduced in size and
power.
- He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s controlled every aspect of German society.
- Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
- Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they were forbidden from using public facilities, and they were removed from most types of work.
- Citizens must always obey the government, and the government could not be criticized.
Hitler’s policies:
US Neutrality
Neutrality Act 1935 – prohibited sale of weapons
Quarantine Speech – (1937) Roosevelt called for a “quarantine” against aggressor nations
War Starts
Sept 1939, Hitler invaded Poland using “blitzkrieg”
Great Britain and France declared war on Germany Sept 3, 1939
May 10, 1940german forces began a blitzkrieg across Belgium, Netherlands, and France
June 1940, France surrendered
US Involvement
Roosevelt claimed “If great Britain goes down, all of us in the Americas would be living at the point of a gun. We must be
the great arsenal of democracy” Lend – Lease Act Atlantic Charter – Churchill and Roosevelt
agreed on principles of war ; eventually serves as foundation for United Nations
The Events of War
North Africa and Italy Operation Torch Stalingrad D-Day Battle of the Bulge V-E Day / V-J Day Bataan death March Battle of Midway Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Key facts on WW II
Dwight Eisenhower George Patton Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Douglas MacArthur Harry S Truman
More Key Facts
Unconditional surrender Puppet government Tehran Conference Yalta Conference (Yalta Declaration) Big Three Kamikazes Manhattan Project Potsdam Declaration
Hiroshima
The Bombing of Hiroshima
Destruction of Hiroshima
The Victims
Orphaned Children
The Epicenter
The Effects
The Effects
Total War
The Victims
Peace Memorial Hiroshima
Hiroshima Now
A Reminder
Peace Memorial Park
Sadako
Four Freedoms“We look forward to a world founded upon four
essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-- everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want . . . everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear . . . anywhere in the world”--President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Message to Congress, January 6, 1941
War At Home
1940, Congress authorized Selective Service Act , first peace time draft
Govt. realized they needed to keep morale and public support
Govt will pay for patriotic posters, movie theaters showed news reels
War Production Board led the switch from peacetime production to wartime production
Economic result was a boom and increased standard of living
Called on citizens to make sacrifices; income taxes increased, (intro withholding tax); sell of war bonds; people grew victory gardens; started rationing of supplies and the public was forced to conserve
Women and Minorities
WAC – (Women’s Army Corps) 275,000 women served in the war
1 million African Americans were drafted or volunteered ; found themselves banned from combat roles; casualties changed that policy
Tuskegee Airmen – most notable; a black squadron of fighter pilots, they successfully protected every single bomber they escorted during war
“Code Talkers” – marines developed a code for communication based on Navajo language; Navajo marines will serve
1943, Japanese were accepted into the military; the 442nd served valiantly in Europe and became the most decorated unit in US history
Rosie the Riveter
Women became an important part in the workforce at home
a popular song of the day was “Rosie the Riveter” - described a women who worked in a factory as a riveter while her boyfriend served in the marines
Became the symbol of women who entered the workforce to fill the gap left vacnt
Racial Tensions
Zoot Suit Riots – riots that broke out in 1943 in Los Angeles targeting Hispanics ; a similar riot took place in Detroit
Many African Americans called for a “double v”; began more open and bold challenges to segregation at home
Japanese Americans – 1942, FDR ordered (Executive Order 9066) ordered all Japanese Americans away from military bases, more then 100,000 were forced from their homes and businesses and sent to remote places (internment camps)
1944, Fred Korematsu challenged this is in Korematsu vs. US; SC ruled that it was not unconstitutional
Holocaust
Anti-Semitism – led to Hitler’s rise Portrayed Jews as problems for Germany’ financial
problems Began to implement laws that discriminated “Final Solution” to the “Jewish Problem” Jews were sent to concentration camps Roughly 6 million were killed Nuremburg Trials began in Nov 1945 and placed
Nazi war criminals on trial ; several were sentenced to death and others sent to prison for life
More than 2,000 war crimes trials took place between Japan and Europe