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the furniture project training manual

case study furnitureinstructions for

planning and production

case study furniturecase study furniture

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g← table of contents the furniture project training manual

health and safetyawareness

in the wood workshop

health and safety

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g the furniture project training manual

basic carpentrymaterials,

tools and techniques

basic carpentrybasic carpentry

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← table of contents

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ول ح

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دليل تدريبي لمشروع صناعة األثاث

أساسيات الّنجارةالمواد،

األدوات والّتقنيات

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ول ح

تما

لومع

المن

د مزي

لب،

تيلك

ة لربي

لعة ا

جملتر

اال

صالت

ى ارج

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نتا إل

نيمه

ب دري

ت تورا

ىل دة إ

افض

اإله ب

دارص

م إت

ينوري

س ال

ينجئ

لالق ا

دف بت

رةتأث

لمت ا

عاتم

مج لل

مةدا

ست م

شعي

ل سب

ير وف

: تان

لبن




1m

ater

ials,

tool

s an

d te

chni

ques

basi

c ca

rpen

tryM

ater

ials

1

the furniture project training manual

case study furnitureinstructions for

planning and production

case study furniturecase study furniture

Issu

ed to

geth

er w

ith th

e vo

catio

nal t

rain

ing

cour

ses

for h

igh

qual

ity fu

rnitu

re p

rodu

ctio

nLE

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ON

: Cre

atin

g su

stai

nabl

e liv

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oods

for c

omm

uniti

es a

ffect

ed b

y inf

lux

of S

yria

n re

fuge

esw

ww.

unid

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g← table of contents the furniture project training manual

health and safetyawareness

in the wood workshop

health and safety

Issu

ed to

geth

er w

ith th

e vo

catio

nal t

rain

ing

cour

ses

for h

igh

qual

ity fu

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BAN

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← table of contentsIs

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ول ح

تما

لومع

المن

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لب،

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ة لربي

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صالت

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دارص

م إت

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رةتأث

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مةدا

ست م

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ل سب

ير وف

: تان

لبن




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carp

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1

solid wood

wood species

properties → general classification

Wood species are classified into three classes according to their

properties. This classification

determines the use that can be made of them in woodworking and the way they

have to be processed.

softwoodmostly coniferous

High difference in density of summer grown

and winter grown fibers properties: Relatively

low density and weight, inhomogenous, Mostly

highly humidity affected

hardwood mostly non-coniferous

Little to no difference in density of summer grown

and winter grown fibers properties: Mostly

higher density, homogenous, Lower affection to humidity

other materials bamboo, rattan, cane,

palmwood

Materials with similar properties to wood , from

other plants than trees properties: High density,

high elasticity

origin → trade classification

Wood species are also classified into two classes according to their origin and

commercial use. This classification

determines the use that can be made of them in trade and affects the ability to import and export products made from these species.

materials1distributed

in Lebanon byUNIDO – Office for

Jordan, Lebanon and Syria

This volume accompanies the project ‘Creating

sustainable Livelihoods for Communities

affected by influx of Syrian Refugees

in Northern Lebanon through improving

job opportunities in the furniture Industry’

project management

Tomoyoshi KoumeStavros Papastavrou

in cooperation with The People

of Japan, Ministry of Industry,

Directorate General of Vocational and

Technical Education

first edition 2017

Imprint

publisherUNIDO

www.unido.org

concept Philipp Reinsberg

Klaus Mayr-Luong

text and editingKlaus Mayr-Luong

co-writer Johnny Ragland

english proofreadingJohnny Ragland

arabic text editorRoger Younes

translationSarah El Kareh

arabic proofreadingNivine Chahni

Paul Jatalian

visual concept, layoutgrafisches Büro

arabic version layoutHisham Zeineddine

technical drawingsArpapan Chantanakajornfung

illustrations grafisches Büro

photography Philipp Reinsbergmachine images

Felder Austriawww felder.atMakita Japan

www.makita.bizHegner Germany

www. hegner-gmbh.com

type Suisse Int’l

Paper Printing & Binding

the furniture projecttraining manuals

basic carpentryhealth and safety

case study furniture

part 1 / 3

materials

solid wood 1 wood based materials 9 adhesives 12 surface finishing media 13

woodworking tools

and machines

processing of wood 15and wood-based

materials

workshop

and workplace

workshop organization 25 work area tool storing 29 tool maintenance 30

joining

basic joints 31 combined joints 36

assembling and

laminating

assembling process 37 quick assembling 38 dowels and biscuit 40 clamping and pressing 41

purpose made tools

jigs and clamping aids

protective blocks/ clamping jigs 45 templates and jigs 46 moulds 47

1

2

3

4

5

6

first edition

Issu

ed to

geth

er w

ith th

e vo

catio

nal t

rain

ing

cour

ses

for h

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ity fu

rnitu

re p

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nLE

BAN

ON

: Cre

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g su

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nabl

e liv

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oods

for c

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uniti

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y inf

lux

of S

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n re

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esw

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unid

o.or





ول ح

تما

لومع

المن

د مزي

لب،

تيلك

ة لربي

لعة ا

جملتر

اال

صالت

ى ارج

يof

fice.

leba

non@

unid

o.or

g بـ

يةعال

ة ود

بجث

أثاج

نتا إل

نيمه

ب دري

ت تورا

ىل دة إ

افض

اإله ب

دارص

م إت

ينوري

س ال

ينجئ

لالق ا

دف بت

رةتأث

لمت ا

عاتم

مج لل

مةدا

ست م

شعي

ل سب

ير وف

: تان

لبن




mat

eria

ls, to

ols

and

tech

niqu

esba

sic

carp

entry

1

solid wood

wood species

properties → general classification

Wood species are classified into three classes according to their

properties. This classification

determines the use that can be made of them in woodworking and the way they

have to be processed.

softwoodmostly coniferous

High difference in density of summer grown

and winter grown fibers properties: Relatively

low density and weight, inhomogenous, Mostly

highly humidity affected

hardwood mostly non-coniferous

Little to no difference in density of summer grown

and winter grown fibers properties: Mostly

higher density, homogenous, Lower affection to humidity

other materials bamboo, rattan, cane,

palmwood

Materials with similar properties to wood , from

other plants than trees properties: High density,

high elasticity

origin → trade classification

Wood species are also classified into two classes according to their origin and

commercial use. This classification

determines the use that can be made of them in trade and affects the ability to import and export products made from these species.

materials1distributed

in Lebanon byUNIDO – Office for

Jordan, Lebanon and Syria






project management





Technical Education

first edition 2017

Imprint

publisherUNIDO

www.unido.org


Klaus Mayr-Luong







Paul Jatalian









type Suisse Int’l





part 1 / 3

materials


woodworking tools

and machines


materials

workshop

and workplace


joining


assembling and

laminating


purpose made tools



1

2

3

4

5

6

first edition

distributed in Lebanon by

UNIDO – Office for Jordan, Lebanon

and Syria






project management





Technical Education

first edition 2017

Imprint

publisherUNIDO

www.unido.org


Klaus Mayr-Luong







Paul Jatalian









type Suisse Int’l





part 1 / 3

materials


woodworking tools

and machines


materials

workshop

and workplace


joining


assembling and

laminating


purpose made tools



1

2

3

4

5

6

first edition

2 3

mat

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carp

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1

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As some of the tropical species are endangered of extinction for reasons of

excessive trading in the past, trade with those species is limited and in some

cases forbidden in many markets.

An internationally accredited list of endangered species (CITES) lists all

species of limited or forbidden trade.

Additionally to this, the use of tropical woods is rejected in many markets for

reasons of ecofriendliness.

principal cuts

Wood fibers grow vertically in rings around the core of the tree. There are three principal

ways of cutting the tree into tradeable units. The principal cut influences both surface

and aesthetic properties, general stableness and dimension stableness. Traded wood for furniture making mostly is cut tangential for

economic reasons.

cuts

radial

parallel to direction of growth going from the

center of the tree to the bark, giving

wedge-shaped pieces of standing grain

tangential

parallel cuts going parallel to growth

direction, giving board-shaped pieces. most economic way to cut.

Giving different grains dependant on

which part of the trunk the piece is taken from

transversal

perpendicular to growth and grain direction,giving slice-shaped

pieces. Not frequently used in furniture making

standing grain – vertical grain

growth direction parallel to the surface of the board, grain almost

perpendicular to the surface of the board

benefits: resistant against warping,

even shrinking, even surface properties

disadvantages: high lateral shrinking (10%)

angled grain

growth direction parallel to the

surface of the board, grain angled to the

surface of the board benefits: economic

disadvantages: irregular shrinking

(rhomboid)

on slab

growth direction parallel to the surface of the

board, grain in circular segments

benefits: can give decorative patterns,

economic cut disadvantages:

warping, splintering, breaking, irregular

shrinking (concave/convex/ v-shaped),

dependant of species and distance to core

end grain

growth direction perpendicular to the surface of the board

benefits: harder surface than other

cuts, used in special kinds of flooring disadvantages:

difficult to plane, edges break easily,

core region tends to stress cracks, irregular

shrinking (trapezoid)

grain direction

The different principal cuts give different grain directions. Each grain direction has different

properties, benefits and inconveniences that have to be kept in mind when choosing a

piece of wood.

woods from temperate climates

origin: temperate to arctic zones of the northern

hemisphere most common species:

fir, spruce, pine, larch, beech, oak, ash, maple, sycamore,

walnut, cherry, elm, poplar, pear and other fruitwood

‚tropical woods‘

origin: tropical regions most common species:

mahogany, jacaranda, teak ebony, zebrano,

rosewood, padouk, fernambuc, ironwood, lacewood, pearlwood, louro preto, pao ferro,

satine ...

4 5m

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The thickness of veneers depends on the denseness of the wood species as well as on

the way it is produced. Softwood veneers are mostly thicker than hardwood veneers.

Generally most commercially traded veneers are 0,4-0,9mm and blade cut.

Veneers from precious woods thicker than 0,8 mm are mainly used in

conservation/restoration and artesanal furniture making and are very often

custom made. Thick veneers from cheaper woods are used in plywood production.

blade cut

tangential cut done with blades

used for thin veneers (0,3-1mm)

saw cut

tangential or radial cut done with special saws

used for rather thick veneers (1-5mm)

rotary cut

cut done with blades by going around the trunk

used for thin veneers tograin special patterns in

certain wood species.

general material properties of wood

main split direction

Most wood species tend to split more likely in a certain angle. This angle is radial

to the core, perpendicular to the

grain direction and parallel to the growth direction of the wood. The tendency to split

is different in different wood species.

Also when using nails or screws, the

wood will crack in this direction

if the hole is not pre-drilled.

Care has to be taken not to use wood in a way where

punctual weight is put on in this direction, especially

when fibers are short (e.g. curved leg of a chair).

shrinking

Wood fibers take on and loose moisture due to relative air moisture in the

surroundings to build a dynamic balance. This results in a cyclic dimension growth

and shrinking and is most evident with wood that has no coating or surface

finishing. The percentage of growth and shrinking is different in different grain

directions.

shrinkage induced deformations

Due to the different shrinking percentages in different grain directions, boards with grain going in an angle or in

circular segments are changing their form and in many cases warp.

Warping is dependant of lieing grain and grain irregularities and will lead to breaking

if the board is fixed on all sides.

longitudinal: neglectible

transversal: ca. 10%

radial: ca. 5%

irregularities

Most grain irregularities like twisted or irregular

grain will lead to warping even when well stored.

angled grain

Units with angled grain will shrink to

a rhomboid form

end grain cut

End grain cut units will shrink to

a trapezoid form

cut on slab

On slab cuts give boards that consist both of standing and lieing grain. Due to different shrinking directions of those

grain directions, the board will tend to get convex/concave.

veneer cuts

Veneers are thinly cut woods that are glued onto carcasses made from other woods

out of different reasons. Mostly expensive, highly decorative or otherwisely

precious woods are processed into veneers. There are three different ways of producing veneers determining thickness

and properties of the veneer.

6 7m

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1 1m

ater

ials

flaws

Not all parts of the tree are suitable for use in furniture making and woodworking.

There are parts that will cause problems if used due to their irregular shrinking,

warping or provoking cracks and breaks when ageing.

Also some growth irregularities will impede cutting, planing and surface

treating. Some of these woods will be used despite this for their aesthetic qualities

or effects like colouring, play of light, liveliness or rustic charme, but normally

these parts of the trunk are cut away as cutting waste.

material quality

sapwood

Wood from the outer area of the trunk of corewood species. (f. i. oak, larch, pine,

walnut and most fruitwood trees)

disadvantages: less dense than heartwood,

higher water content, less dimension

stableness and higher inclination to breaking.

in some species, sapwood must not

be used for furniture making.

core

Wood from the center of the trunk, often

removed directly after logging of the tree

to avoid corebreakingdisadvantages:

irregular shrinking leads to stress cracks.

boards containing the core tend to shrink

to a V-shape.

resin cells coniferous woods

Cavities containing viscous resins

disadvantages: the resins spoil any surface treatment when ageing.

So these areas have to be removed locally.

In many cases these cavities are not visible

from the outside.

branches

Branches as well as the area around branches

(„root“ of the branch and surrounding fibers) there are light coloured

and black (dead) onesdisadvantages: the

irregularity of the fibers around the branch and

the lack of cohesion between the branch and

the surrounding wood effect both stability and shrinkage behaviour in

a negative way. dead branches have to

be cut out.

twisted grain

Grain going in a helix mode around the trunk

disadvantages: will warp uncontrollable even if properly

stored

fungus

There are certain species of fungus or rot occurring in the live trees that cause colour changes and

possible stabilty problems. Fungus is visible as dark or blueish stains

There are also flaws that make the wood useless for carpentry and furniture making.

These woods should not be chosen at all.

irregular fiber growth

Grain going in large curves in more

than one direction disadvantages: areas

of short grain effect the stabilty in a

negative way and can make the piece

unuseable for load carrying

construction parts

grain anomalities

There are grain anomalities that give optical effects or patterns highly

apreciated in high end furniture making. Woods showing these anomalities

are more expensive than plain woods and mostly too precious to use

them as solid woods but commonly processed into veneers. One has to keep

in mind that irregularities in grain always demand higher care in cutting

and surface treatment.

flames/curls/quilts

Fibers are waved in one or two directions. This phenomenon occurs

most often in compact hardwoods like maple,

walnut, fruitwoods

burr

Wood taken either from the roots ot a tree or

from pathological growth areas.

birds eye

Anomalities resembling small knots,

twigs or branches, highly decorative, most

common in maple wood

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8 9m

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1 1

storing

solid wood storing

Wood storing can be done inside or outside buildings. The way wood is stored has a

high impact on the moisture of the wood as well as on certain deteriorations. Outside

storing is practised for the first steps of drying.Inside storing has to take place before using

the wood in furniture production.

moisture and fluids

Influence of water as well as other liquids has

to be avoided by any means, as continuing exposure to moisture

will cause discolouring, further the growth of

fungus and rot and ruin the wood. For this

reason wood stored outside has to be

protected from rain and other atmospherical

influences by a cover or roof. Inside storage

rooms have to be protected against water

pipe breakages and leaking roofs. Care has to be taken to

avoid condensation.

climate

As wood is sensitive to moisture and

changes in relative air moisture, care has

to be taken to achieve a stable climate in

storing areas. Damages in wood will occur with

moisture too high as well as with moisture

too low. It is reasonable to control the relative

air moisture in storage rooms by using a

thermohygrogaph.

insects

Constant care has to be taken to avoid wood

vermin like Anobia. Area underneath stored

woods have to be controlled regularly for insect traces like small

white heaps of dust.

storage direction

Wood can be deformed by its own weight if influenced

over a longer period of time due to wrong

storage. Wood leaned to the wall or stored

horizontally on an uneven ground will show

these deformations.These deformations

can be made undone only with great efforts. If

possible, wood should be stacked horizontally

on an even ground to avoid weight

induced warping.

air circulation

In order to avoid deformations,

deterioration and other damages due to

irregular drying, air has to circulate around

the single wood pieces. To achieve this,

spacers have to be used when stacking. Spacers are wooden

bars with sqare cross-section that

have to be positioned in one line to avoid

warping due to uneven weight distribution.

veneer storing

Veneers are traded, delivered and stored in packs of 16, 24, 32 or 64 sheets.

Veneers are fragile and predisposed to damages from wrong handling and storing.

Storing veneers requires higher care than storing other timber and wood.

cleanliness

Even small particles can damage veneers

if getting between the sheets. The storage place has to be kept very cleanly to avoid

this kind of damages

climate

Veneers need a stable climate of moderate

Termperature (around 15-20°C) and high

relative air moisture (about 65%). If stored too dry, the veneer will

get rough and brittle.

light

As veneers from precious woods

are often chosen because of their colour,

discolouring due to sunlight and other

light must be avoided. Veneer storing rooms have to be protected

from excessive daylight and other excessive light sources. If it is

not possible to have a light protected room

for storing veneers only, the stacks should be

covered.

Wood based materials are commercial products based on wood, often combined

with artificial substances.

They were developed to avoid technical problems caused by the specific

material properties of wood like dimension instability, tendence to break in

certain grain directions, relatively highspecific weight, dimension limits

or different processing effort in different grain directions.

wood based materials

basic kinds ofwood based materials

↧

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drawer-side plywood

Put together from several layers of thick veneers, grain parallel

characteristics: cheaper than solid wood

used for: bending and drawers

veneer plywood

Put together from several layers of thick veneers, grain

alternately perpendicular characteristics:

dimension stable used for: cheap board

constructions and backsides of furniture

materials based on wood dust, chips or shavings

Dust, chip and shaving based materials need different blades than solid wood when cut

on machines due to the adhesives and other substances added in production of the

respective material.

Especially fine-cutting blades for veneer cutting have to be

exchanged before cutting chipboard or fiberboard.

cavity chipboard:

Chipboard with tubular cavities and thick veneering

characteristics: lightweight used for: architectural woodworks,

doors

composite boards:

Top layers from wood, middle layer made from cardboard, synthetic

material or metal characteristics: very lightweight used for: furniture, architectural

woodworks, doors

materials based on solid wood

solid wood panels

Glued together from bars of solid wood and can also be assembled

into multi-layered boards. characteristics: warps less than

solid wood, shrinks like solid wood used for: board construction like

solid wood

blockboard and laminboard

Put together from bars of solid wood glued or unglued, covered

by thick veneers on both sides characteristics: warps

less than solid wood, shrinks less than solid wood

used for: board construction like solid wood

chipboard – oriented strand board OSB

wooden chips or shaving pressed together with adhesives

characteristics: uneven texture and density, fragile edges

used for: cheap board construction like solid wood, construction sites,

shuttering boards

fiberboard MDF

Wooden dust or fibers pressed together with adhesives

characteristics: very even texture and density, produced in different density

grades comes, natural or coloured used for: board constructions

and free modeled forms, mould making, backsides of furniture

fiberboard

Wooden fibers pressed together with adhesives

Characteristics: even surface, higher density at the board surfaces

used for: all kind of constructions. Mostly used in veneering

softboard

Wooden dust or fibers pressed together by using the „wet process“

characteristics: low density, by incorportating additives certain

properties can be improved, e.g. moisture or fire restistance

used for: insulation board due to their acoustic

and thermal properties

special kinds of wood

based materials

lightweight and composite materials

Most of these materials are made from cheap wood species and therefore

often chosen for economic reasons.

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adhesives

basic kinds of adhesives used in furniture making

Adhesives are used in furniture making to join prepared units of wood

together or fix sheet materials on prepared units of wood.

animal glue (hot)

Made from animal bones, skin or fish bladders

Varieties: hide glue, bone

glue, isinglass glue Benefits:

non toxic, water swellable and soluble,

thermoplastic when wet, doesn't contain solvents, reversible

Disadvantages: has to be heated for

processing, sensitive to dryness and

moisture, susceptible to fungus, long setting

time (8 hours)

fish glue

Made from fish skins and bladders specially

treated tobe cold processed

Benefits: non toxic, water

swellable and soluble, doesnt contain

solvents, reversible Disadvantages:

sensitive to dryness and moisture,

susceptible to fungus

PU glue

Poly Urethane Benefits: not water

sensitive Disadvantages:

irreversible, environ-mentally unfriendly

3/1 PU foam glue

Poly Urethane with foaming agent

Benefits: not water sensitive, fills cavities

Disadvantages: irreversible, environ-

mentally unfriendly

urea glue

Urea or Melamine based 2-components

system Benefits: not water

sensitive, fills cavities Disadvantages:

irreversible, environmentally

unfriendly

melting glue EVA, PA or PU

Ethylen Vinyl Acetate, Poly Amid or Poly Urethane

Benefits: thermoplastic Disadvantages:

irreversible, environmentally unfriendly

Drying oils are filmbuilding natural substances that dry chemically catalyzed by UV light

and temperature. They are absorbed by open grain and by that deepen the colour and

pattern of wood.

Drying oils can be used as a priming or as a surface film for open-pored

surfaces. Oils have to be applied in very thin layers to accelerate drying. Oiled surfaces

have to be reworked regularly.

surface finishing media

drying oils

Drying oils produce heat when drying and bear the danger of self-igniting when drying

on porous surfaces like paper, textiles orwood shavings and dust.

Textiles and paper saturated with drying oils have to be washed immediately

or stored under exclusion of oxygen to avoid fire. ↗ ● p 26

pure oils

linseed oil Chemically drying

Varieties: comes natural or bleached. benefits: non toxic, natural substance,

environmentally friendly disadvantages:

long drying time, gets yellow or brown

when ageing

walnut oil Chemically drying

benefits: non toxic, natural substance,

environmentally friendly, ages better

than linseed oildisadvantages: very long drying

time

poppyseed oil Chemically drying

benefits: non toxic, natural substance,

environmentally friendly, ages better

than linseed oidisadvantages:

very longdrying time

mixtures

linseed oil varnish

pre-dried linseed oil with drying agents to be thinned with turpentine

benefits: shorter drying time

disadvantages: gets yellow or brown when

ageing, contains environmentally

unfriendly components (drying agents)

protective measures should be taken when

working with turpentine

teak oil

mixture of different oils, resins and solvent

benefits: modest drying time

disadvantages: contains environ-

mentally unfriendly components protective

measures should be taken when working

with solvents

hard oils

mixtures of different oils, resins, waxes and

solvents benefits: modest drying time

disadvantages: contains environ-

mentally unfriendly components protective

measures should be taken when working

with solvents

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PVA and PVAC glue

Poly Vinyl Alcohol/Poly Vinyl Acetate

Benefits: non toxic, short setting time

Disadvantages: irreversible, needs

Acetone to swell.

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storing surface finishing materials and chemicals

Surface finishing substances, solvents and other chemicals should be stored in special

lockers made from metal.

cleanliness

As many of the substances used for surface finishing are

dangerous goods, the area of storing

as well as the area of working has to be tidy

and clean.

Containers have to be closed to minimize

evaporation of volatile components and hinder chemical reactions like setting or oxydation of

the substances stored.

climate

As many surface finishing substances

are inflammable when still unprocessed or

hold the danger of self igniting, it is advisable

to keep the temperature low. This includes

positioning the solvents locker in a

place protected from direct sunlight.

air circulation

to avoid critical enrichment of solvent

vapours in the air, the locker should be

ventilated by small apertures and the room the locker is

placed in has to be ventilated naturally

or technically..

woodworking tools and machines

2

processing woodand wood based materials

splitting

Splitting is a technique to radially fragment trunks into tradeable units without cutting the

fibers by taking advantage of the main split direction, done by axes or similar.

No waste is produced. It is mainly used for fire wood and for

preparing tonewoods for musical instrument making. It is not used in

furniture industry.

sawing

Sawing is the main technique for both fragmenting trunks into tradeable units and

trimming units to size in poduction process. Within the process of sawing,

material is abrased perpenticular to the cutting direction, leaving a rough or

riffled surface. Waste is produced in the form of dust and rest pieces.

Sawing can be done in or against growth direction with different saw blades.

turpentine – balm turpentinedistilled from fir resin

solves most resins and some

waxes skin penetrating, cancerogenous. Avoid skin

contact environmentally harmful

solvents

Solvents are used to thin oils and varnishes in order to faciliate oils penetrating the wood,

to apply even layers of coatings and to dilute and disperse resins and or waxes in mixtures and dilutions. Solvents are contained in most

mixtures of oils, resins and waxes.

essential oils lavender, rosemary, citrus

solves most resins vapours can be harmful. Skin contact

can cause irritations

white spiritpetrochemical product

solves most waxes

vapours can be harmful. Skin penetrating, cancerogenous.

Avoid skin contact. environmetally harmful

ethanol

solves most resins vapours can be harmful.

solid wood and wood based materials →

solid wood →

↧

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wood

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tool

s2 2

panel saw

used for rough cuts. works drawing. not used

in furniture building

frame saw

used for cutting units to size

hand saws

Saws for hand sawing differ according to purpose of use. There are different blades

for length cutting and for cross cutting as well as differences in the direction of

abrasion movement.

back saws

used for fine cuts in thin units (bars, sheets and

veneers) and carpenters joints

jig saw

used for cutting holes and curves

mitre saw

used for preparation of mitred joints

asian fine saw dozuki

used for fine cuts in both directions

asian double sawryoba

used for crosscuts and parallel cuts

power tools

Power saws have to be fitted with exchangeable saw blades according to the

requested fineness and accurateness of the cut as well as to the material to be cut.

chainsaw

Used for rough cuts and fragmenting trunks and boards.

not used in furniture making

electric jigsaw/sabre saw

Used for straight or curved cuts

hand-held circular saw

Used for straight cuts

machines

Machine saws have to be fitted with exchangeable saw blades according to the

requested fineness and accurateness of the cut as well as to the material to be cut.

For safety reasons, the machine setup has to be adapted accordingly. ↗ ● p 13, 14, 7, 8, 9, 10

table saw, sizing saw

crosscut saw, chop saw

Used for short straight cross cuts, mitred and length cuts

wood

work

ing

tool

s

fret saw/coping saw

used for curved cuts in

thin units (slabs and veneers)

asian offset saw akagashi

used for crosscuts

asian rip saw kataba

used for parallel cuts

↗ ● p 42

↥

↧

↗ ● p 14

Used for long straight length cuts, orthogonal or angled cutting edge

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band saw

Used for curved cuts

scroll saw

Used for small radius curved and free-form cuts on thin units

veneers

carving knifes

Used for carving three-dimensional forms

veneer knifes

Used for cutting veneers

chisels

Used mainly for carving flat surfaces and

geometric form in jointmaking

mallet sculptors chisels

Used mainly for three-dimensional free form and sculpted surfaces

in decoration work

panel saw

Used for long straight length cuts, cutting edge orthogonal or angled

cutting

Cutting techniques are used to achieve smooth surfaces both in

plane surfaces planing and in three dimensional surfaces carving/planing/

milling/turning by cutting the fibers in direction of growth.

Within the process of cutting, material is unraveled and lifted parallel to the cutting

direction, leaving a smooth surface. Waste is produced in the form of shavings.

hand tools

carving

Carving is a fiber-cutting method of creating three-dimensional free form. It leaves a

smooth surface and doesnt producedust. In carving, it is important to avoid the

cutting direction going against the grain

wood

work

ing

tool

s

wood

work

ing

tool

ssolid wood and wood based materials →

↥

↗ ● p 21

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scraping

Scraping is used to take off particles or smudges from the surface. It is also a cutting

method of surface preparation that can be used instead of sanding, leaving a glossy

surface and enhancing the colour and pattern of the wood.

scraper blades

Used to clean and smoothen surfaces

planing

Planing is a fiber-cutting method of trimming to size, flattening surfaces or produce

linear mouldings. It leaves a smooth surface and produces shavings. Machine

planing produces dust. In planing, it is important to avoid the cutting direction going

against the grain. Hand planes are

used in traditional carpentry to trim to size as well as to achieve flat and even surfaces.

There are special planes for producing three-dimensional mouldings.

European planes work when pushed, Asian planes work when drawn.

jointer plane

Used for preparation of length joints

jack plane

Used to flatten surfaces in preparation

of length joints

scrub plane

Used to straighten surfaces roughly or

to roughen the surface for glueing

smoothing planes

Used to achieve a smooth surface

router plane

Used to produce rectangular depression

moulding planes

Used to produce shaped mouldings

power tools

planing/milling

Power planes and milling machines work different than hand planes. Blades

are mounted on a rotating spindle. Power planes are mostly used in surface preparation.

hand held planer

Used to flatten surfaces

template router

Used for three dimensional mouldings

and depressions

machines

planing

surface planer

Used to flatten surface and trim to size surfaces and edges

thicknessing machine

Used to trim to size surfaces

wood

work

ing

tool

s

wood

work

ing

tool

s

↗ ● p 42, 7

↗ ● p 26, 30, 7, 45

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lathe

Used to create units with circular or oval cross section

spindle moulder

Used to create straight, curved, angled and shaped mouldings

milling

turning

abrasing

Abrasing is trimming units to size and/or form by grinding down the surface. It is done by

rasping, filing or sanding. Sanding are surface treatment methods by using abrasive agents

applied to textiles or paper.

It is used for planing surfaces. Waste is produced in form of wooden dust mixed with

mineral particles from the abrasive agents. Care has to be taken not inhale the dust and

not to bring the dust or the sanded piece into contact with cutting blades.

rasping/filing

are fiber-crushing methods for trimming to size, neating edges and producing angled

surfaces or free-form. They

hand tools

produce dust. Rasps and files are used for small correctures and neatening. working

direction is perpendicular to direction of force application.

rasps

used for trimming

files

used for filing edges

sanding

is a fiber-crushing method of trimming to size, surfaces flattening and surface

preparation. It leaves a smooth surface dependant to the gradation of the

abrasive component. Sanding is done by making use of abrasive papers, textiles

or fleece, coming in different gradations. Abrasive paper and textiles should be used with a special sanding block

made from cork, rubber or another elastic material or with special

moulded liners. Care has to be taken not to slur surfaces and edges.

wood

work

ing

tool

s

wood

work

ing

tool

ssolid wood and wood based materials →↗ ● p 33, 7, 45

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power tools ↗ ● p 42, 7, 10, 11

belt sander/edge sander

Used for sanding edges and small scale surfaces,

usually with coarse or medium gradation paper

machines ↗ ● p 10, 11, 46

hand belt sander

Used for small scale flat or curved surfaces and edges,


disc sander

Used for small scale flat or curved surfaces and edges,


polishing/varnish sanding

Varnish sanding and polishing is done by making use of abrasive papers, textiles or

fleece of very fine gradation. It can also be done by loose abrasive powders or pastes

and cloth.

long belt sander

Used for sanding surfaces, usually with

coarse or medium gradation paper

3

Organization, both of layout and working practices in the workshop increases product

quality, efficiency and safety.

Dependant of the size of the space given, a smooth development of working places and a binding procedure should be established to avoid obstructions of the production process.

A well planned workshop also has a positive psychological effect leading to a

maximisation of efficiency.

workshop and workplace

workshop organization

For the purposes of safety and efficiency, it is essential to designate and

differentiate certain areas of the workshop. Ideally areas of segregation should

include: storing, machining, hand work and

finishing. Paint spraying determines a requirement for a completely separate room.

An enclosed office area for designing, planning, administration and discussion is

naturally advantageous.

If possible the different areas of the workshop should be sequentially arranged. This

enables work in progress to follow logically from one stage to another avoiding circuit

routes and unnecessary transports. A typical layout is: timber storage → bench

machines → small/fine machines → bench work → hand surface finishing

spatial separation/defining areas

arrangement of areas

wood

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tool

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33

It is necessary to keep everything tidy, in particular working surfaces. A workshop free

from obstacles and a minimum of waste and contaminants, as well as replacing tools

in their designated storage, makes for the

safe and efficient running of projects. A sink, positioned close to the entrance for hand

washing before exiting the workshop, is an essential aspect of a good workshop.

Lighting in working areas has to be sufficient for the work done. Insufficient lighting

increases the risks of accidents and other associated health risks. It also influences

product quality and can impede workflow. If possible, there should be natural light but no direct sunlight in addition to artificial lighting.

Artificial lighting has to be glare-free.

Ventilation and dust extraction is vital for health and saferty. Wood dust and other

airborne particles can cause allergies, respiratory problems and potentially lead to diseases, in some cases even cancer.

Airborne dust can ignite and in some cases self-ignite. Dust extractions have to be used

in any dust producing work. Working areas should always be ventilated but not exposed

to strong air-flow. ↗ ● p 11, 46

Cloths contaminated with flammable based products will under certain circumstances

self-ignite; therefore, they should never be put

in an open disposal unit. They should only be placed in a specially designed, sealed

metal container. ↗ ● p 17

tidyness, cleanliness and order

lightling

ventilation and dust

finishing cloth disposal

To maximize efficiency, save time and avoid disruptive factors as well as accidents, the 5 S

method was developed.

Its goal is to eliminate every factor distracting from value–creating activites in

production process. It includes cleanliness, keeping of an proven order,

regular dismissal of unnecessary tools and other items as well as habitualization.

the 5-S method of process improvement

It is important to have walkways and gangways clear of all obstacles. They should be kept to a width wide enough for easy passing of two

people (usually 1m) and, depending on the size of projects being manufactured,

convenient for ease of object movement.

passageways

sorting

Clearly distinguish needed items

from unneeded ones and eliminate the

latter. This includes the elimination of damaged,

outdated or unfit tools for reasons of

product quality, safety and time saving.

standardizing

Habitualize proven procedures to save time, avoid flaws in product quality and

unnecessary delays in production process.

setting in order/ straightening

Keep needed items in the correct place for

easy and immediate retrieval. This is

necessary to save time by having the right tool by hand

immediately.

sustaining

Maintain established procedures to achieve

constant quality and reduce organisation

and preparation time requirement

shining

Keep the workplace neat and clean is

necessary for reasons of product quality.

Cleaning should be done on a regular basis

and parallel to work by all employees.

work

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tool storing

Proper storage of tools and machine parts minimises unnecessary wear of cutting

tools and sawblades. This reduces not only the costs and expenditure of time invested

in tool maintenance or acquisition of new tools, but is also necessary for good working

practices leading to product quality and working safety.

Saws and cutting blades have to be stored separately from abrasive media. All tools,

especially those with ferrous-based parts, should be stored in a dry place.

hand saws and circular saw blades

Stored hand saws and circular saw blades should be done so with cutting edges and

teeth protected. Circular saw blades should either be stored flat on wooden or cardboard

supports or be hung on wooden supports.Hand saws should be vertically stored or

supported in a wooden saw holding device.

other cutting tools

Knives, chisels and planes should be stored in a way the cutting edges are not in contact

with metal or other hard surfaces to maximize their lifetime. Mostly these tools

are stored in wooden boxes or in containers

at the workbench. Chisels and tools can be hung to wooden supports or stored lying flat

on wooden fixtures. Plane blades can be retracted for protection if the plane is not in

use for a longer time. ↗ ● p 45

Larger flat pieces, such as table tops, can also be placed on work trestles.

Although not as stable as a purpose made table they can nonetheless be

useful when the operation does not require too much pressure or movement,

such as painting.

They are light, can be stacked and therefore have the advantage of

easy storage.

work tables

work trestles

Work tables are used for assembly and work. They can usefully act to support large,

flat work pieces and panels or veneers.

Height adjustable tables improve working posture and can be quickly adapted to

the working height size of the work piece. As workbenches, work tables have to be

stable and strong.

The traditional workbench is one of the best options for working on small to

medium sized workpieces. It has different methods to hold work, consisting of

vices and clamping dogs.

Workbenches should be made from a heavy species of solid hardwood

to make them stable and strong. In most cases, workbenches will have

a drawer or containers for storing small handtools.

workbench

workbench and other methods of

supporting work

For efficiency, as well for safety reasons, work should be clamped and/or supported

during an operation to enable accurate and safe working.

Tables and supports have to be stable enough not to flex or move when the work

is being carried out.

work

shop

work

shop

↗ ● p 45

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43

correct use

Machines and hand tools have recognised and accepted methods of usage. This

maximises lifetime and minimizes maintenance This includes using tools and

machine parts in the intended way (right directions and angles), using the correct tool

for which it was designed and the correct blade for the material being cut. ↗ ● p 45

tool sharpening

Tools can be sharpened in-house on grindstones, whetstones and polishing tools. It is generally advisable to re-sharpen cutting

tools regularly and not waiting until

blades become jagged. When using a grinder to sharpen, care has to be taken

not to burn the blade (apparent through a change of colour). ↗ ● p 45

tool maintenance and sharpening

Maintaining tools and machines is essential for good quality of work and for safety reasons.

The sharpening of saws and saw blades is normally outsourced to a firm specialising in

these practices. Sharpening of cutting blades of hand tools or scrapers is usually

done in-house.

basic joints

industrial and economic joints

wood jointing4

butt joints

The simplest way to connect wood units is to glue them together. Butt glued joints are so

called because two pieces of wood are butted up against each other. This is often used for

solid wood board construction.

Where any load bearing strength is required, this type of joint should not be used for

connecting end to end grain. Glued joints always have to be tight fitting to guarantee a

durable and strong joint.

joints reinforced with materials other than wood

The strength of some joints will be increased by use of metal or plastics. Most

commonly used are nails and screws.

For light construction, staples can aid a jointThese reinforcements are mostly, but not

necessarily used in combination with glueing.

work

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↧

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44

nails

Nails can be used for both glued and

unglued joints. Unglued nailed joint should be

considered weak or temporary. Nail heads can be set below the

surface or left flush with the surface. Nailing

carries the danger of splitting wood. This

is less likely when the nail´s point is blunted.

dowels

Dowels are solid wood cylindrical rods that are inserted into

corresponding holes. A stable joint is achieved

with multiple dowels positioned for every

direction of stress. Dowels can be used

for straight or angled jointing, mainly for

corner and frame joints. They are usually pre-

fabricated.

srews

Using screws increases the durability and

strength of a joint. Screw heads can be set below the surface or left

showing. Screwing is often used for ‘flat pack’ self-assembly furniture.

Prior to screw use, the wood will require pre-

drilling. ↗ ● p 38

biscuits

Biscuits are pre-fabricated flat

oval-shaped, highly dried compressed solid wood dowels

which are inserted into corresponding slots.

They expand when wet with glue, increasing

the strength of the bond. Biscuits are used

for corner or edge joints; they are

particularly used when bonding end grain.

staples

Staples are used for connecting thin material to a frame and for where

there is little or no load bearing requirement, for example, for back

panels of inexpensive flat packed furniture.

joints reinforced with wooden jointers

The strength of joints can be increased by use of wooden connecting pieces.

These improve resilience in different stress directions but are less effort to do than

real carpenters joints. Most of these reinforcements are prefabricated.

They are generally used in combination with glueing. ↗ ● p 41-43, 45

grooved edge and tenon joints

Tusk tenons and grooved edge are used where there is the likelihood of an increased

load. The greater the load requirement the more complex the interlink has to be in

order to maximize the glueing surface and resilience against shear forces.

The glue joints have to be tight fitting, as much as possible. ↗ ● p 41-43, 45

join

ting

join

ting

preparatory edge joints

Preparatory edge joints are used to enlargen boards before using them in furniture

production.

These joints are used in the production of pre-fabricated wood and

wood based materials. Preparatory edge joints are always glued together.

edge joints

Edge joints are used to connect board-shaped units of wood to form larger

boards. These joints are usually done grain parallel.

They can be glued or left without glue dependant on the construction and the

intended use.

glueing joint / finger edge joint

Finger edge joints are used on the edge of boards to construct large

panels. A router or spindle moulder is used to cut corresponding angled

grooves before glue and pressure are applied.

tongue and groove joint

Tongue and groove joints offer a method of board enlargening

without the requirement for specialist machinery. They can be

glued or left without glue where the boards are fixed to supports

for easier disassembly and to allow enlargement and shrinking.

Loose tongue joints

Loose tongues are strips of rectangular

section material used as an alternative

to cutting a tongue-and groove for edge joints.

They are inserted into corresponding

continuous grooves. They are usually not

prefabricated, but made specifically for

each project.

↗ ● p 38

↗ ● p 40↗ ● p 40

↥

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44

board stabilizing

For solid wood board construction, larger surfaces require supports in order to avoid

warping. The joints used for this must allow for expansion and contraction and

therefore must not be glued to avoid stress cracking and warping.

dovetail key support

Dovetail keys are used in the middle of boards crossing the

grain. The grain direction of the dovetail key is perpendicular

to the grain of the board. If necessary, the dovetail key can be glued to the board

on one end.

breadboard ends

Breadboard ends are used at the ends of boards to avoid

warping. They can be done as grooved boards or as loose tongues. The grain direction

of breadboards runs at 90 degrees to the board´s grain.

frame joints

Frame joints are used to connect bar-shaped section pieces of wood. They are often used for the construction of seating

furniture or supporting frame constructions.

Grain directions are usually close to right angles to each other, the ends to be joined

usually showing end grain. That’s why complex joints are necessary

to achieve a stable connection.

half-lap joint

A simple joint used for building frames. Can also be done mitred.

Larger joints of this type can be, on occasion, reinforced with the use

of wooden nails.

hidden mortise and stub tenon

Aesthetically pleasing frame joint,

used for building frames or seating furniture. Invisible from the outside.

mortise and tenon

A simple but strong and stable joint for building frames. Visible from

both sides. Can also be done mitred or be, on occasion, reinforced with

the use of wooden nails.

mortise and tenon slot

Used for building frames or seating

furniture. Because the tenon is supported on all sides, it is possible

to increase the bond’s strength with the use

of wedges driven either side of the tenon.

finger interlocking joint

Stable joint for corner joining, very often used

for drawer construction. Visible from both sides. Can be done by hand or

by machines.

angled joints

Carpenters angled joints (corner joints) are used mainly in cabinet-building to

connect board-shaped section pieces of wood to build angled constructions.

The grain direction of the units is usually perpendicular or angled to each other.

↧

join

ting

join

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mitred joint

Aesthetically pleasing corner joint, mostly used for

cabinets. Can be butt glued or reinforced with the use of

corner dowels or biscuits, the latter especially necessary

when bonding end grain.

↗ ● p 41-43, 45

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4

combined joints

supporting frame joints

Similar to board stabilizing techniques, supporting frame joints and parqueting are

methods of stabilizing large, solid wood surfaces such as doors, table tops, large

cabinets and floors.

Frame joints are glued, edge joints between the frame and the filling board have

to be left unglued to allow expansion and shrinking.

supporting frame joints

A combination of frame joints and and

edge joints done to reduce the likeliness of

warping. Supporting frame joints are

mostly used for doors, shutters and large

cabinets.

parqueting

Section pieces of wood are joined together by

tongue and groove joints in different grain

directions within a frame to achieve

dimension stabilty. Mostly used for floors but also for tabletops.

↥

hidden finger interlocking joint

Can be done hidden in one or both directions. Aesthetically pleasing,

but not as stable as other interlocking joints.

Mostly done by hand.

5

assembling and laminating

5

assembling process

The task of assembling work should be carried out in an area separate from

workshop machines. For best results a table/raised area with a flat surface should be

used for this purpose.

This is especially important for assembling of seating furniture, essential to ensure angles

remain correct during the clamping process.

chronological order

Assembling furniture or similar projects should be carried out in a planned

chronological order, especially when carpenters joints are used that allow

assembly only in one direction (dovetail key joints). The step by step process of assembly

should be decided upon and prepared for before commencing the assembling process.

preparation

As it is essential when using glued joints to do assembly work quick and in a

clean way, any complex assembling process should be tried without glue

(„dry clamp“) beforehand to determine the number and position of

clamps, protective blocks or clamping jigs needed. Screw clamps, lever and other

clamps as well as clamping jigs and other aids should be positioned close to hand

to avoid delays when glueing.

surface protection

Dependent on the sensitivity of the surface of the work piece to assemble, care has to

be taken not to cause damage by hammer or clamping marks and scratches. Consistent

use of protective blocks and other aids is essential for reducing these risks. The space

where assembling takes place should be clean and dust free.

join

ting

dovetail joint

For corner joining, the dovetail joint is the most stable interlocking joint.

It is usually used for drawer construction.

Visible from both sides. Mostly done by hand.

dado grooved panels

This method is used for securing panels. Most drawers

use this method for the base. Also for cabinet backsides,

mostly from fiberboards or plywood. Not very stable.

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55

methods of fixing for quick assembly

For subordinate projects, invisible furniture parts or in situations where aesthetics

are of minor consequence, assembly can be done by using nails or screws instead of

wood to wood joints.

In some cases, carpenters glued joints can be strengthened by using nails or screws.

using screws

Prior to using screws, the wood will require pre-drilling. For keeping the screw in

the desired position and to achieve strength, two sizes of drill are used.

The larger one forms a clearance hole in the ‘holding piece’ approximately the same

size as the screw’s diameter and

allows the screw to pass through it with no grip. A smaller drill bit will pilot a hole into the

‘accepting piece’.

Using two size holes is particularly important when using screws with threads

over the entire length.

drills ↗ ● p 42

srewdrivers

Screwdrivers are available for different slots and in

several sizes. It is important to use the correct slot and

size so as not to damage the slot of the screw.

cordless screwdriver

Battery operated drills/screwdrivers have the possibility

of using exchangeable screwdriver ‘bits’ for use with

different screw sizes, slots and crosses. It is important to

use the correct slot and size in order not to damage the

slot of the screw.

using nails

Nailed joints are done with nails or pins using a hammer. To avoid hammer marks, the

last strokes should be done with a centre punch or second nail in between

hammer and nail. Nail heads can be

punched (set below the surface) or left flush with the surface. For subordinate projects

the heads may be left visible, otherwise they should be punched and the cavity filled

with a color coordinated material.

centre punch

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40 41m

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55

using dowels

Dowels used in construction are designed to be invisible in the finished product. Dowels

are solid wood cylindrical rods and are also available in a small, conveniently cut

sizes which are referred to as dowel pins. The dowels are inserted into corresponding

holes on the pieces that comprise a joint.

drilling machines

Drills, slot-mortising machines or dowel boring

machines are used to prepare the corresponding

holes for the dowels ↗ ● p 7

biscuit jointer

biscuit jointers are used to prepare the corresponding slots

for the biscuits ↗ ● p 42

clamps

There are different kinds of clamps for different purposes. According to the amount

of pressure needed and the sensitivity of the surface, metal screw clamps or wooden

lever clamps can be used.

Clamps need to be positioned vertically towards the surface to be clamped to avoid

sliding and slipping or distorting of the workpiece.

using biscuits

Jointing with the help of biscuits is normally used to construct corner or edge joints.

Biscuits are designed to be invisible from the outside.

Because biscuits are made from compressedmaterial, they expand when wet with glue;

this tightening of the joint increases the strength of the bond. They are particularly

used when bonding end grain.

presses and clamps

Glued joints need clamping pressure for the glue to reach full adhesive strength. Pressure can be achieved by using different methods.

Complex three-dimensional assembling has to be done by hand by using clamps and straps.

Board enlargening, surface assembling and laminating is done using presses. The presses

are mostly integrated with heating elements which significantly shorten the setting time.

hand screw clamps

Screw clamps are used to provide high,

localised pressure. They are obtainable in

different lengths, sizes and strengths. Every

wood workshop should have a sufficient

number available.

lever clamps

Wooden lever clamps are used for assembling

units with sensitive surface or when

there is less pressure needed. The ends

are lined with cork to protect the surface

of the workpiece. The mechanism of lever clamps means they

apply pressure quickly and easily.

edge clamps

Edge clamps are used for pressing edges to boards or doing joints where direct counter-

pressure is not possible.

corner clamps

V-clamps are used for assembling frame

corners mainly with mitred or reinforced

mitred joints.

fixing with dowels

Industrial dowel jointers are used to assemble workpieces using both butt glued and

mitred frame joints and corner joints. They have pre-cut grooves for glue and

can be used for corner and angle joints. They are always used additionally to glueing

and need clamping.

asse

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asse

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42 43m

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55

‚rachet‘ or ‚lashing‘ straps

Such straps can be used for assembling frames and carcasses. Using straps

of this kind can save time as there is no elaborate positioning, and protective

blocks and clamping jigs are not always necessary.

Sharp edges have to be protected by corner clamping jigs or textile linings.

lashing strap

Lashing straps can be used for assembling frames and carcasses.

However, transmission of press force is not as controllable

as with clamps.

frame clamp

Frame clamps are used for assembling frames. The corner

elements help in achieving 90-degee angles at the

corners of the workpiece.

presses

Board manufacturing, enlargening and assembly is achieved with the use of large

presses. These can work pneumatically, hydraulically, using a vacuum or otherwise

automatically.

When used with thermoplastic or hot-melt adhesives, hot plate presses or heatable

vacuum membrane presses are used.

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vacuum press

Vacuum presses can be used for

veneering, bending wood and glueing

frames or frame supported

constructions. They work energy

and time saving and reduce the effort of jig and

mould production in comparison to

veneer presses and other assembling

methods.

veneer press

Hot plate veneer presses are

used to apply veneers, to laminate and to bend wood. They

can be heated electrically or using

heated liquids.

44 45m

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5 6 protective blocks /clamping jigs

purpose made tools, jigs and clamping aids

6

To protect surfaces against marks, impressions, colour changes or scratches,

protective wood blocks are necessary where there is contact with the clamps or

fixings being used. Such blocks also aid an even transmission of

the clamping force to the whole length or surface of the work piece.

Where there is an increased importance to avoid marking the pieces being

assembled, or where the surface is particularly sensitive, the blocks

can be lined with felt, blotting paper or cardboard.

Clamping jigs are made, adjusted or adapted in size and form according to the

project requirements. The use of clamping jigs spreads the force of a clamp and

therefore reduces the number of clamps

needed. For rounded surfaces, the jigs will be correspondingly moulded from solid

timber or constructed by combining flexible material and solid wood pieces.

jigs for assembling, clamping

and general working

asse

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glueing press

Presses of this kind are used to assemble boards, frame

supported constructions and straight length joined carcasses.

They are manually operated or through pneumatic cylinders.

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supporting boards for veneer cutting

To avoid breakout of the edges, cutting veneers with saws or spindle moulders

is done by sandwiching the veneer piece between two flat boards.

These boards should consist of solid or plywood; plastic or other hard material should

not be used as this will quickly blunt the saw blade. When using veneer machine saws,

no additional support is necessary.

templates

Templates are used to aid the cutting of shapes and sizes, as well as to position

holes and other removed material exactly. Templates are mainly used for ‘marking out’,

but can also act like a jig to aid processing.

formers

Formers, also known as moulds, are used to apply even pressure to curved shaped work,

and often used for bending or veneering.

Additionally, where a project has no flat surface, formers can be used to create a

flat and stable surface of a unit, thus making further work easier. Fabrication of formers

is time-consuming and therefore costly; consequently they are generally used for the

purposes of serial production.

moulded fixtures

To work on workpieces that cannot be fixed stablely to a flat worktop, a supporting

mould can create a flat and stable surface for further processing. As this is a high expense,

it makes sense only in serial production or high-price furniture.

bending and pressing formers

For wood bending, laminating or veneering bent or moulded surfaces, formers are used

to achieve an evenly pressured surface.

Constructing curves with formers requires two exactly fitting pieces when using a veneer press or pressing with clamps,

whereas a vacuum press only requires a single moulded support. ↗ ● p 43

templates and jigs

To achieve consistency of form and size while shaping or reducing angled or three dimensional pieces, it is necessary to use

templates and/or jigs.

Jigs and templates can be made from inexpensive material such as chipboard for a

one-off use; for multiple use they should be made in a more durable way and

carefully stored.

purp

ose

mad

e to

ols

purp

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jigs

Used for accurate reproduction of identical units, jigs form a guide for the

purposes of machining and working by hand. Jigs are particularly useful when cutting

angled or rounded shapes.



and Syria






project management





Technical Education

first edition 2017

Imprint

publisherUNIDO

www.unido.org


Klaus Mayr-Luong







Paul Jatalian









type Suisse Int’l





part 1 / 3

materials


woodworking tools

and machines


materials

workshop

and workplace


joining


assembling and

laminating


purpose made tools



1

2

3

4

5

6

first edition



and Syria






project management





Technical Education

first edition 2017

Imprint

publisherUNIDO

www.unido.org


Klaus Mayr-Luong







Paul Jatalian









type Suisse Int’l





part 1 / 3

materials


woodworking tools

and machines


materials

workshop

and workplace


joining


assembling and

laminating


purpose made tools



1

2

3

4

5

6

first edition

m

ater

ials,

tool

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d te

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ues

basi

c ca

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← table of contentsول

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يبيردت ليلد the furniture project ـب لاصتلاا ىجري table of ... · machine...

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