the first pages Burmbu)-red.pdfthe first pages Burm ... Altsean-Burma

Burmese Edition

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TpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;onf pma&;olwOD;csif;pD. tjrif/ cH,lcsuf/ t,ltqrsm;omjzpf+yD; Alternative Asean Network

on Burma (Altsean-Burma) . tjrifoabmxm;/ rl0g'rsm;ESihf tjcm;yg 0ifulnDolrsm;. tmabmfrsm;r[kwfyg?

Λ L T S E Λ N

B U R M A

A L T E R N A T I V E A S E A N N E T W O R K O N B U R M A

‘jrefrmEkdifiH- +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;’ pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmom jzifhvnf; yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;ygonf? TpmtkyfESihfywfoufI tao;pdwfodvdkygu xkwf a0olrsm;xHokd@ tD;ar;vfjzifh qufoG,far;jref;Ekdifygonf? pmtkyftjyiftqif- roEWm pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;wGif Free Burma Rangers (FBR) tzGJ@rS &dkuful;xm;aom jrefrmEkdifiHppftm%m&Sifjzpfonfh EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihf zGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (etz) rSusL;vGefaeonfh vl@tcGihfta&;csKd;azmufr_rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkudkvnf; xnhfoGif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? www.freeburmarangers.org

yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol- Alternative Asean Network on Burma (Altsean-Burma) P O Box 296 Lardprao Post Office Bangkok 10310 Thailand

Tel: 66 1 850 9008 Fax: 66 2 227 4261 Email: [email protected] Website: www.altsean.org

rlydkif pma&;olrsm; oeyfcg;tzGJ@onf bmomESpfrsKd;yg ‘trsKd;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;’pmtkyfwGJrsm;udk xkwfa0 &eftwGufom zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; urBmay:ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sda'orsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm; ESifh trsKd;om;rsm; twlwuGpkaygif;aqmif&Guf=uaomtzGJ@wckjzpfjzpfonf? ,cifxkwf a0+yD;aom pmtkyfrsm;rSm ‘jrefrmEkdifiH- wdkufyGJ0iftrsKd;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;’ (1998)/ ‘jrefrmEkdifiHrStrsKd;orD;rsm;.toH’(2000)/ ‘jrefrmEkdifiH- ajymif;vJr_twGuf trsKd;orD; rsm;.toHrsm;’ (2002)/ ‘Burma – Women’s Voices Together’ (2003)/ ‘jrefrmEdkifiH- vGwfvyfjcif;twGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;’(2005)/ ‘jrefrmEkdifiH- ar#mfvifhcsuft wGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;’ (2007) wdk@jzpfonf? ,ckxkwfa0rnfhpmtkyftwGuf t,f'DwmtzGJ@wGifyg0ifolrsm;rSm rD;aomfwm/ cifjzL axG;/ a&$Zif/ ykdydk/ Janie Conway-Herron ESihf roEWmwdk@jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pmtkyfygaqmif;yg; rsm;/ uAsmrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;ulnDbmomjyefqkday;cJh=uolrsm;tm;vHk;udk oeyfcg;tzGJ@rS v_dufvSJpGmaus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? ISBN 978-616-90547-0-3

xkdif;EkdifiH befaumuf+rdK@wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf? ZGef/ 2010 ckESpf?

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tckcsdefrSmawmh usraevmcJhwJh&GmawG[m olwkd@wnf&SdcJhwJhae&mawGuae vHk;0 aysmufuG,foGm;cJhyg+yD? tJ'Daus;&GmawGtpm; etzppfwyfawG&Jh usufpm;&m e,fajrtjzpfudk ajymif;vJcJh+yDjzpfygw,f? usrarG;vmcJhwJh Zmwdajrudk jyefra&mufEkdif cJhwmvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umcJhyg+yD? tJ'D&GmrSm aevmcJhwJhuav;awG[mvnf; t ckcsdefrSmawmh 'kuQonfpcef;awGxJrSm tm;vHk;aexdkifae=uyg+yD? 'gayrJhvnf; tckcsdef xd usrwdk@i,fpOfb0eJ@qifwlwJh jynfwGif;a&$@ajymif;aexdkifwJh 'kuQonfawGvnf; &Sd aewkef;ygyJ? tJ'DtajctaeawGa=umifh usr[m ppfqdkwJht&mudk vHk;0rESpfoufyg bl;? ppfqdkwm usrtwGuf tifrwefrS rESpf+rdK@wJht&mjzpfaewm tckcsdefxdygyJ? Ò

jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH ---- +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; 11

&Sifoefa&;twGuf ajy;vrf;ay:rSm y&Jrdk

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12 &Sifoefa&;twGuf ajy;vrf;ay:rSm&Sifoefa&;twGuf ajy;vrf;ay:rSm&Sifoefa&;twGuf ajy;vrf;ay:rSm&Sifoefa&;twGuf ajy;vrf;ay:rSm

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jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH ---- +idrf;csrf;a&;+idrf;csrf;a&;+idrf;csrf;a&;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rstwGuf trsdK;orD;rstwGuf trsdK;orD;rstwGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;m;.toHrsm;m;.toHrsm;m;.toHrsm; 13

at;&S &cdkifya&m*suf

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1 TckESpfumv ESpfcktwGif;wGif &dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;onf etz. aESmuf,Sufr_rsm;rS

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14 at;&Sat;&Sat;&Sat;&S

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26 t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;

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28 t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;t&nftcsif;eJ@tqifhtwef;

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30 qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_

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32 qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_qENrygaom a&G;cs,fr_

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1 99 5 c kE Spfr Sm ( ae mu fydki f;r Sm r Gefj y nfo pfyg wDe J@ et zp pft p kd; &[ m t y pf t cw f&y fpJvkdu fw, f qd kw m u sr o d&y gw ,f) n Dra v; e J@ us r[ m a us mi f; ua e t drfu dkj ye fa& mu faw mh t a z[ m = u rf; a y: rSm xkdi f+ y D; u sr wkd@u dk ò yH; j yae yg w,f? us r t &r f;u dkt Hh= o oGm ; ov dk e m; r v nfo vdkv nf; j z pfo Gm; yg w, f? t J' Dae @r SmbJ us r [ m t az / t a r/ nDra v; w kd@e J@t w l rdo m; pkt m; vHk; x ri f;p m; y GJ rSm t wlw l np m p m; c Jh&yg w, f? ' g[ m us rw kd@rdo m; pk o kdufo dkuf0e f; 0e f;e J@ xr if; p m ; yGJr Sm y xrO D; qHk; n pm pm ; &j c if; y gbJ? p m; p& mt m; v Hk;[ m t &rf;u dkt & om &Sda e+ y D; us r[ m a um if; u ifbH kudk a &m u fa ew ,fvdk@ a w m i f xi frdyg w, f ? u srw dk@ np m x ri f; 0kdi f;a v; [ m u rBm ay : rSm t zdk; t w ef qHk;y pPn f; w ckj zpf+ yD; u sr b0 t w Guf t a& ; t } uD; qHk; t & m v dk@ v nf; u src Hpm ; rdy gw, f? us rwd k@ rdo m; pka wG[ m b, faw mhr S xy fr H+ y D; cGJc Gga e& aw m h r Smr [ kw fbl; vdk@ vn f; us rx ifr dyg w ,f?

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u sr t a eeJ@ t arhudk wu fw u fº uGº uG ulnDa y; & ay r, fh b ,fa wm hr S y ify ef; w, fvkd@ rx ify gb l; ? usr wkd@ n pmp m; w Jht c sdefr S m pu m; a w G a zm ifz GJ@a t m i f a j y m+ yD; &, fa rma ys mf& $ifa e= uy gw , f? us rwkd@ t m; vHk; & Jh rs ufE Sma wG a y: rSm a us ey fwJh t ò yH; a wGu kd,fp DeJ@a yg h ? t a zu o l@a e&m udk j y efoGm ; wJ@ t cg qkd& i fa wmh us r[ m 0 rf; en f; vGe f;v dk@ i kdcs ifr dyg w,f ? u srt az j yefoGm ; wm us rt w G uf c g; oD; p &m yg? + yD; &i f usr wdk@ t dr fua v; [ m w d wfqdw f+ idr fo ufo G m; yg w, f? w cg w &Hr Sm us rw dk@ a ys mfa ys mf& $if& $ if np mp m; w mu kd t dyfr ufxJa w mi f r ufr dyg w,f ? t a zt drfj y efv m r ,fht cs defudk u sr t + rJap mi fhar # m fae rdw ,f ? + yD; a wm h rdo m; pk n pm pm ; csde fav ; u dk v nf; ow d&w rf; wr dyg w,f? u s r p Of; pm ; rdw ,f æ u sr wdk@r dom ; pk[ m bmj z pfv kd@ ' Dvdkt aj c t a er sK d;rSm &Sda e& ov J? bm a= um i hfvJ ?

u sr ( 10 ) wef; a t m ifw Jht c gr Sm ar mfv ò rdi f wu Uodkv fwu fz kd@ t dr fua e x Gufv m+ y D; wJha em ufr Sm us rw dk@&Jh r dom; p knp mx ri f;0 kd if; [ m vlo Hk; a ,m uf bJ &Sda e y ga wm hw, f ? t a zt drfj y efv mw Jh t c g olw dk@t m; vHk; us rr ygbJ np mt wlp m; &y g w ,f? o lwk d@ us rudk vGr f;a e= ur Sm us ro dyg w,f? u sr t & rf; udk0 rf; en f; + yD; t drfv Grf; w Jha0 'e mu dk cHp m; & ygw ,f ? n pm udk r do m ; pkr& Sd bJ wa ,m ufx n f; pm ;& yg w, f? t J'Dt csde fqdk rdbrJ hw a, m u fvdk cH p m; &+ yD; u srrdom ; pku dkvnf; t & rf; vGr f;r dyg w, f?

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44 xdki fo lu if; r Jhae ao m np mp m; wJhp m; y GJav ;xdki fo lu if; r Jhae ao m np mp m; wJhp m; y GJav ;xdki fo lu if; r Jhae ao m np mp m; wJhp m; y GJav ;xdki fo lu if; r Jhae ao m np mp m; wJhp m; y GJav ;

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a ys mfv dkufw ma væ u dk,fhv kyft m; c w pfa xm i fhi g; &m a us m f/ j r efr ma iGe J@ w Guf& if i g; a om if; eD; yg ; qdka w m h? j re frm j yn frSm &u fay gi f;2 0 v kyf& if i g; ao mi f; &z dk@ a 0 v ma 0; p G? t J'Dv u u sr a w mfa wm ft q ifa j y yg w,f? v cx kwfv dk@ [ if; zdk; a v; z ,f v dkufw ,f qdk&i fyJ bw fai G w pfa xm ifho H k;& ma vm ufu se fao ;w ,f ? u dk,fhu dk t mr c H a y; w Jholi ,fc s if; u dk rke f0, fau |; / p ufc sde fay ; wJh q& mu dk e nf; en f;y g; yg ; vu faqm i f 0 ,fa y; eJ@ v ufx JrSm wp fa xm i fa us mfu se fao ; aw mh OD; OD; z sm ;z sm ; t dr fudk us yfa iGE Sp f a om if; c J GeJ@ rkef@ yHk; a v; wy Hk;y dk@j zpfc Jhw, f? t az u o l@or D; t v kyfvk y fzdk@ xGufo Gm; w m o Hk; veD; y g; av mu f= u m+ y D; c krS pm wa pm ife J@ a i Gav ;r pdk@ rydk@ y dk@v dkuf w ,fvdk@ r nD; nL & Smy J o Hk;a w m ifr oHk; & uf bl; qdkwJh ow if; udk= um ;a wm h u sr rsu f&n f usr dw, f? t v ky f u dk} u dK; pm ;v kyfr ,f/ t a zhu dk a iG y dk@ r, fqdk w Jht a wG; yJ0 ifv mc Jhw , f? j zwfau sm fcJ h& w Jh t cw ft c Jaw Gudk t a zhu dk ay ; r oda pc si faw mhy gbl; ? 'Dv dk t c wf t c Ja wGudko m t drf u vla wGu dk w vHk; r use faj ym j yc Jh&i faw mh t v kyfa y; r vky faw mhy J ‘ & Sd yga p / wdk@r dom ; p k i wfa o= uw ma yg h’v dk@a j y m= u rSm a o cs mw ,f ?

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us ruv nf; b,f& rvJ/ puf & Hku v la[ mi f; aw Gudk pn f; &Hk; &w ma yg h? ‘ t pfu dkwdk@ t pfrw dk@v kyfw m 'Dp uf& HkrSm t en f; qH k; oHk; E Spfa vm u fa wmi f&Sda w m hr, f/ bm j zp fvdk@ a y; o av m u fyJ, l&w m vJ/ usr ua wm h ckE Spfv yJ&Sda o; w ,f/ a cg if; i Hk@ r cHE dkif bl; / xdki f; bk&i fu dk, fwdk i f w ae @v kyft m ; c ow frSw fx m ;w m 1 45 bwf’ v dk@ a j y mj y w, f? wu ,fv nf; t vk y form ; Oy a' t & pu f&Hka wGr Sm ow frSwfw Jht v ky f c sde ft j y if t c sde fydkv kyf&& if 25 bw f/ cka w m h ' Dxu fydkv m w, f ? b,fvkdy Jj z pfj z pf w ae @u dk 14 5 bwfr &&i fa w mi f wa e@ 10 0 av mu feJ@ t c sdefy dka= u; a v; ay ; &i fyJ u sr wdk@v dk j r efr mt vkyfo rm ; aw G t wGu f a wm faw mfhu dk[ efu sa ey g+ y D? 'ga yr Jh c kaw m h t cs defy dk n 1 1 e m &Dt xd qif; v n f; r m; rm ; ac gu f qJG a j c mu fwx k w fyJqdk aw mh t & rf; u dk ac gi f; yHkj z wfv Gef; ae yg w, f ? t x nft a& ; } uD; & if} u D; ovdk r e m ; wrf; v kyf& wm ? t vky fcs defu wa e@ rSm 8 e m& D qdk w m 'Dp uf&Hku vl a wG oda w m ifr o dvdku f bl; ? t j yi fA [ kokw &Sm rSyJ t vky for m; wp fa , mu f[ m t v kyfc sdef 8 e m& DbJv ky f&r Smj zpf+ yD; t J'D t cs defx ufa usm f&i f t c sde fydk a= u; &Sdw ,fqd kwm od& w,f? us rw dk@v dk a &$@ aj ym if; t v ky f o rm ; aw Gu j refr mj yn frSmt vky f r&Sdv dk@ xdki f; bufu d k w& m; r 0i f t c uft c Ja wG= u m; u ae c dk; 0i fvm w ,f/ 'Da &m u fa wm hvn f; xdk i f; t v kyf&Si fa wGu t v um ;e D; eD; c dkif; c si f= u w,f qdka w m h b,frS m e vHx lEdki faw mhr vJ?

j refrm j y nfo m; aw Gcs if; c s i f;v nf; *kwfa oG; p kyfw Jhola wGu& Sdao ; w,f? x dkif; p um ;a v; e nf; en f;w wfw Jh olu xdki f;u dkzm ; / j re frm t c si f; csi f ; udkz d/ udk, ft a e


a cs mi fa &; t w Guf a oG; x dk; v dkxdk; / v lrs Kd; pHk p &dku frs Kd; pHk&Sd= uw ,f? 'g aw Gu x kdif; E kdi f i HrSm us ifv nfa ewJh j r efr mj ynfo m; a wGt a= u mi f; aj ym wm yg ? 'ga y r Jh o wWd& SdwJh a e& m r Sma wm h t ma yg ufa t m if a j y m, l& w, f? &Jj ri f&i f a = u m ufw wf w Jh'dk@ j re frm aw Gu dk x dkif; a wGu t m; e nf; cs ufu dkodj y efa &m ? e n f; en f; j zp f ykv dyfeJ@ zr f;c dki f;r ,fw uJ uJ? u dk,fhr Smv nf; t v kyfor m; u 'f&Sd a ew ,f/ ' gv nf; a = um ufw ,f t j ypfra j ym yg eJ@? j refrmj yn frSm qdk t J'Dv dkpp fom ;a wGu dk & Sifbk& i fxu fa= um u f&v dk@ t us ifhy ga ew my g?

' Dvdke J@ u sr wdk@ t vky f&Hkr Sm 'gZ i fa p s; a y; enf; vdk@ t v kyf& Sifu d k wdk; a wm if; a wm h ra y; Edki f bl;/ rvky fcs ifr v ky feJ@v dk@ c yfr mrm a j ym aw mh p dwfx Jr cH c si fbl; ? vky faz m f u dkifz ufa wGp k/ + ydK ifw lw Gef; & ifa &G@ E dkifw ,fv dk@ t m ;a y; p um ;a wGe J@ t m ; vHk; t w lwl qENj y= u r, fqdkj yD; p nf; &Hk; rda w mh a oG; r enf; w Jh t r sK d;o rD; a wGx Gufvm = u w, f? a em ufa wm h t r sK d;o m; a wGv nf; yg vm = uw ,f? t m ; vH k; a ygi f; 75 a ,m uf ? pu f& Hk r Sm& SdwJhv lt m ;v Hk;u 20 0 a usm frSm 25 &m c kdi fE_ef; x u fa wm h a us mfw ,f qdk&i fy J a t m ifj ri fzdk@v rf; p uj r ifa e& j yD? 'g eJ@ or* ~av ; zJG@+ yD; t J' Dt z GJ@rSm A [ dkau mfr w D 1 0 a ,m uf/ O uUX wa , m uf/ t a xGa xGt wGi f; a& ;r SL ;/ w JGbu f t w Gif; a &; rSL ; w a ,m uf/ b¾ m ;a &; r SL; e J@ a iGpm & i f; pp fqdk+ y D; t oD; o D; zJG@p nf; vdku fw , f? u sr wdk@& Jh t v kyfo rm ;t cGi fht a &; t w Guf t m ;} udK; r me fwu feJ@ } udK; p m; cJha yr ,fhv nf; p uf& Hku t vky form ; wkdi f; x i foa v m uf r yg 0i f= um wm aa = u mi f h u sr wdk@ v _yf& Sm; r_a v; &_H; e drfhc Jh&w ,f ? 'Dv dkat mi fj ri fr_r &Sd c Jh wm a= u mi fh u srw dk@a wG p dwf" mw fusc Jh= u w, f? ' ge J@yJ t c sKd@befa u m uf wu f uk efw ,f? w c sKd@ ua wm h t j c m; pu f &Hka wGr Sm t v ky f a j y mi f; vkyf= uw ,f? 'g ay rJh b,f v dkyJj z pfj z pf usr wdk@ &Jht cGi fht a &; aw Gt w Guf w kdu f y GJ0i fcJhw Jht a w G@t } u HKau mi f; av ; a w Gaw mh &c Jhygw ,f ?

u sr ua wm h u sr ol i ,fc si f; vky f az mfu dkifz u fa wGe J@ t vky for m; a wG= u m; x JrSm olw d k@&Jht cGi hft a &; a wGe J@y w fou f+ yD; a qG; a EG; w m aw G/ A [ k okw zv S,fw m a w G u dk qu f vufv kyfa qm ifc Jhyg w, f? 'Dv dkrs Kd; aw Gvky fae wm [ m w cs def rSm usr wdk@ t a e e J@ pde fac : r_a wGu dk &i f qkdi fvm &r , fqkd w mo day r, f h t cka vm a v mq ,fa wm h us r b0u + idrf; c sr f;a ey gw ,f? c ufc J= ur f; wrf; p Gm j zw foe f;c Jh&w Jh u sr b0u dk a us mc dki f; c Jh+ y D; t c ka wm h u sr &Jh t em *w f vr f;t wGu f a v# mu fvSr f; ae yg+ yD? u sr &Jh b0 t a = u mi f; udkzw f&_+ yD; p mz wfo la w Gt ae eJ@ w pHkw &m t m ; wu frdr , fvdk@ vn f; us r a r# mfv ihfy gw ,f ? Ò

jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH ---- +idrf;csrf;a&+idrf;csrf;a&+idrf;csrf;a&+idrf;csrf;a&;;;;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; 55

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orD;&Jh rdbESpfyg;u orD;udk xdkif;EkdifiHrSm arG;zGm;cJh=uygw,f? orD;rSm tpf udkESpfa,mufvnf;&Sdygw,f? olwdk@udkvnf; xkdif;EkdifiHrSmbJ arG;zGm;cJh=uwmyg? 'gayrJh orD;wdk@u xdkif;vlrsKd;awmhr[kwfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHuvm=uwJh a&$@ajymif;tvkyf orm;awGjzpfygw,f? a&$@ajymif;tvkyform;qdkwm xdkif;EkdifiHrSm olrsm;rvkyfcsifwJh yifyef;+yD; tEW&m,frsm;wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfcenf;enf;eJ@ vkyf&wJholawGyg? orD;rdb awGuawmh &mbm+cHtvkyform;awGaygh? tazeJ@tpfudkawGu nq,fem&Davmuf up+yD; awmifay:rSm&SdwJh &mbm+cHrSmtap;jcpf&ygw,f? tap;jcpfw,fqdkwm &mbm yif&Jh tacgufudk "g;aumuf&Snf&SnfeJ@vSD;xkwf+yD; tap;xGufvmatmif jyKvkyfay; &wmyg? nbufrSmbJ &mbmap;xGufwJhtwGuf OD;acgif;rSm bwfx&DrD;udkaqmif; +yD; wyifrSwyif ul;vl;um wnvHk;tap;vSD;=u&ygw,f? ig;em&Davmufa&mufwJh tcg tareJ@orD;uvdkufoGm;+yD; jcpf+yD;om; tap;&nfawGudk ulnDodrf;qnf;ay;&yg w,f? 'gudk ae@pOfrdk;r&GmwJh ae@wkdif;vkyf=u&ygw,f?

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56 tem*wftvif;wef;tem*wftvif;wef;tem*wftvif;wef;tem*wftvif;wef;

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w m t c krSr [ kwfy gbl; ? [ kdt &i fu wn f; uvn f; yJ zkd0g '} uD; pkd; r_a t m ufu ae & kef; x Gufz kd@ ó ud; pm ; wJht r sKd; o rD; aw Gt r sm ;} uD; yg ? j re frm Ekdi fiH& Jh 19 88 'Dr dkua &pDv _yf& Sm; r _} uD; r Smqdk&i fvn f;y J i, f&G, fwJh a us mi f;o lav ; aw G t r sm ;} uD; qE Nj y yGJrSm y g0i f cJh= u y gw ,f? t r sKd; o m; aw Gen f; wl t r sKd;o rD; wc sK d@[ m a xm if o Gif; t u sO f;u sc HcJh= u& + yD; w cs Kd@v nf; t drfe D;c si f; Ekdi fiHu d k xG u fcGm v m cJh= u yg w, f ? t ck qkd&i f j r efr mE kdifi HrS m 'Dr kdu a &p Dpe pfudk aj ym if; vJz dk@t wGu fqkd &i f t rs Kd; om ;a wGt yg t 0i f t rs Kd; or D;a wG& Jh t i f t m; v nf; r &Sdrj zpf v kdt yfw ,fqkd wm udk t odt rSw fj yK vm = u+ yDj z pfy gw, f?

t ckqdk& i f a ': a t m i f qef; pk= un fwdk@ vdk/ a' gu fw m pifo D,m ar mi fwdk@ v d k u rBm t x dau sm f= um ; + yD; a cg if; a q m ift j zp f t odt rSw fð yj ci f;c H&w Jht r sKd; o rD; aw G t r sm ; } uD; &Sdae yg+ yD? a' : at mi f qe f; pk= u nfe J@ a 'gu fwm pi foD, ma rm ifE S pfa ,m ufvHk; [ m o lwdk@ aw G&Jh b0w av #mu fvHk; wkd ufy GJ0i fcJh= uola w Gj zp fygw ,f? a ': p k[ m j r efr mE kdifi H u j ynfo lvlx kw& yfv Hk;t wGu f olr &Jhb0udk ESp fj r‡K yfxm ; + yD; a 'g ufw m p ifo D,m ar mi fu a wm h 88 t a& ; t c if; t + yD; xdki f; E kdifi Hudk x Gufv m + y D; x kdif; j r efr me ,f py frSm r, faw m f a q;c ef; u dk z Gihfv Spfc Jhyg w,f ? q& m r [ m a& $@a j ym if; t vky form ; aw G/ 'ku Qon faw Gt w Guf t c rJha q; uko r_a wG j yK vky f ay ;c Jhyg w, f? 'Dv dk} udK; p m; wkdu fyGJ0 if a ew Jh t r sK d;o rD; a wG[ m t rs Kd; or D;t cGi fht a &; a wG/ w ef; wla &; e J@ E kdif i Ha& ;x JrSm yg 0i fcGi hf&z dk@t w Gu f + idr f;c sr f; wJhen f; eJ@ wdku fyGJ0 ifa eo la w Gj zp fyg w,f?

t rs Kd; or D;a wG& Jh } udK; p m; wkdu fyGJ0 if c JhwJh at m i fj ri fr_a wGu dk= u nfhj c i f; t m; j z i fh a em ifv mr ,fht em *wfr S mv nf; usr wdk@ wa wG[ m t m ;r av #m h bJ us m; / r we f; wl a &; / j r efrm h'Dr kdua &p Dv _yf& Sm; r _rSm t r sKd; o rD; a wGydkr dkyg 0i fEkdi fa& ;e J@ vl@t zGJ@ t pn f; u t rs Kd; or D;a wGt ay : j ri fwJh v GJrSm ; w Jht j rifa w Gudka j ym if; v Jzdk@t wGu f qufv ufw kdu f y GJ0i foGm ; rSmj zp fygw ,f ? 'Du ae w qif h t rsK d; orD; a wG& Jh t i ft m ;u dk aw G@j r ifv m= ur Sm j zpfygw ,f? 'ga = u mi hf ql; ay : yJ z u fus us/ z ufa y: y J ql; us us/ i dka º uG; r _aw Gui f;r Jhw Jh ql; ay : us vdk@ ra yg ufw Jhzuft ae eJ@ yJ u se f&Sda ea wm hrSm j zp fyg w, f? Ò

Taqmif;yg;udk aqmif;yg;&Sif 6 OD;rS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; xdkaqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;rSm jref rmEkdifiHrS wkdif;&if;omvlrsKd;rsm;jzpf=uonfh vm;[l/ Arm/ rGef/ u&if/ &cdkifESihf yavmifwkdif; &if;olrsm;jzpf=uygonf? aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;onf 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEkdifiHwGif trsKd;orD; rsm;. yg0ifr_jrihfrm;vma&;ESihf trsKd;orD;tcGihfta&;&&Sda&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufae olrsm;jzpfygonf?


wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;ESihf ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; vufqef;ayghaxmf

pmzwfolawGxJu tawmfrsm;rsm;[m tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufjcif;qkdwmudk =um;zl;=u rSmyg? pmzwfolawGxJu wcsdKŒqdk 'Dvdkt=urf;zufr_rsdK;udk udk,fwkdifóuHzl;=uygw,f? trsdK;om;awGu trsdK;orD;awGudk &kdufESufwm/ emusifatmifðyvkyfwm pwJh t=urf;zufr_awGudk usrwdkŒwawG awG@zl;=urSmyg? pmzwfoltaeeJŒ ukd,hf&JhcifyGef; udk b,fawmhrS atmf[pfwm pum;rsm;wmudk ðyvkyfcsifrSmr[kwfygbl;aemf? pmzwf olawGxJrSm wcsdKŒqdk ukd,fha,mufsm;udk &kdao&r,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfae=uw,fav? ukd,fh&JhcHpm;csufawGudk &ifzGifhcsifwmawmifrSm rsdKodyfxm;&wmrsKd;vnf;&Sdygw,f? wu,fvdk@rsm; udk,fh&Jhvifr,m;ESpfa,muf=um;u jy\emawGudk zGifhajymr,fqkd &if tjcm;olawGu udk,hfudktxifao;=ur,f/ tjypfwif=ur,fvdk@vnf; pmzwfol taeeJ@ awG;Ekdifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; udk,hf&ifxJrSmyJodrf;xm;+yD;awmh uH=urRmudk bJ tjypfyHkcsaewmaygh?

tdrfwGif; t=urf;zufr_awG[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jzpfyGm;aewm[m &kyfydkif;qkdif &mt&omrubJ pdwfydkif;qkdif&mt&yg t=urf;zufcHae&wmyg? vlawGuawmh &kyf ydkif;qkdif&mt=urf;zufr_awGudkom vG,fvG,feJ@jrif=uayr,fh pdwfydkif;qkdift& t =urf;zufcHae&wmudkawmh rjrifawGŒEkdif=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh usruawmh 'Dvdkt=urf; zufcH&wmeJŒywfoufwJh tjzpftysufav;wckudk ajymjycsifygw,f?

olremrnfu yGdKifvGefyg? olr[m jrefrmEkdifiH rGefjynfe,fu awm&Gmu av;w&GmrSmaeygw,f? wuUokdvfausmif;+yD;wJhtcgrSmawmh csrf;omwJhrdom;pku qif;oufvmolwa,mufeJŒ olr vufxyfvdkufygw,f? +yD;awmh oHk;ESpft&G,f uav;wa,muf&cJhygw,f? waeŒawmh usrqDukd rsufESmjzLzwfjzLa&mfeJŒ olr a&mufvmcJhygw,f? usrudkawGŒawmh olidkygawmhw,f? usrodwmu ydGKifvGef cifyGef;[m csrf;omwJhrsdK;&kd;u qif;oufvmwmyg? tJawmh olr[m tdrftjyifxGuf +yD; tvkyfvkyfp&mrvdkbl;aygh? olr[m cifyGef;eJŒtwl cifyGef;onfrdcif&JhtdrfrSm aexkdif;&if; olwdkŒwawGudk =unfh&_apmifha&Smuf&ygw,f? olr[m olra,mufsm;t vkyfaemufusrSoGm;wmeJŒywfouf+yD;vnf; b,fawmhrS jy\em&SmzdkŒrpOf;pm;ygbl;?

“'gayrJh wnrSmawmh”vkd@ tpcsD+yD; ydGKifvGefu olrta=umif;udk ajymjy ygawmhw,f? “usrtdyfvdkŒraysmfbl;/ usra,mufsm;u reufav;em&Dtxd tdrfudk jyefrvmao;bl;? tJ'DaeŒu usrtouf (25)ESpfjynfh arG;ae@aygh? usrpdwfxJrSm

70 wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;ESihfESihfESihfESihf ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif;

wckckjzpfaecJhw,f? usr pdwfv_yf&Sm;aewmvm; pdwfylaewmvm; raocsmbl;? tJ'D aeŒ[m usrb0udk ajymif;vJypfvdrfhr,fvkdŒrodcJhygbl;? usr pufbD;pD;+yD; vrf;arSmif arSmifrSm wa,mufwnf;xGufvmcJh+yD; olŒtvkyfudkvkdufoGm;cJhygw,f? usrxif xm;wmu oltvkyfawGodyfrsm;vdkŒ tvkyfxJrSmbJtdyfr,fvdkŒ xifxm;wmav? olŒtvkyfxJudka&mufwJhtcg olŒ&Jh&Hk;cef;xJudk wdwfwdwfuav; 0ifoGm;cJhygw,f? olŒudk usrarG;aeŒrSm tHh=ooGm;apcsifvkdŒav?”

“usr&Jh rsufvHk;ukdawmif r,HkEkdifatmifjzpfoGm;cJhw,f? usrtrsdK;om;eJŒ rdef;uav;wa,muf[m =urf;jyifay:u arG@,may:rSm wD;wdk;pum;ajymae=uw,f? tJ'Drdef;uav;[m usr trsdK;om;tvkyfxJu tdrfaz:rav;yg? usr t&rf;udk wkef v_yfoGm;cJh+yD; bmrSrajymEkdifawmhygbl;? usr trsdK;om;rodatmif jyefxGufvmcJhyg w,f? usr t&rf;udk ylaqG;0rf;enf;cJh&+yD; wae@vHk; rsuf&nfeJ@yJ usr&JharG;aeŒudk ukefqHk;cJh&ygw,f? ola'goxGufrSmpdk;vkdŒ tJ'Dta=umif;awGudk olŒeJ@&ifqkdif+yD; usr rajym&JcJhbl;? oluawmh tJ'DvdkbJ qufvkyfae+yD; nbufrSm tdrfudkjyefrvmygbl;? wcgwavawmh reuf (2) em&DavmufrS jyefvmwwfygw,f? xrif;vufqHkpm; zdkŒtwGuf usr[m za,mif;wkdifrD;eJŒ apmifhar#mfaecJhygw,f? xrif;twlpm;zdkŒt wGuf aeŒnrsm;pGm xrif;pmyGJrSm usrapmifhaecJhwmawGudk oluawmh odawmif rodygbl;? oljyefa&mufvm&if npm pm;+yD;cJh+yDvdkŒbJajymygw,f? +yD;awmh nwkdif; tJ'Daumifrav;eJŒ oGm;tdyfygw,f? usruawmh rpm;Ekdif raomufEkdifjzpfaecJh&yg w,f? 'Dawmh usrtm;enf;+yD; ydefvmovdk usrom;av;udkvnf; aumif;aumif; *&krpdkufEkdifawmhygbl;?”

“usrcifyGef;[m tvkyfrSmbJae+yD; tdrfudk odyf+yD;jyefrvmawmhygbl;? tdrf jyefvm&ifvnf; rdepfykdif;avmufyJ tdrfrSmaeygw,f? olŒom;udkvnf; r=unfhawmh ygbl;? waeŒrSm oltdrfudkjyefvm+yD; olŒaumifrav;twGuf usrudk pmoGm;ay;ckdif; ygw,f? usrolŒudk bmpum;rSrajymbJ pmudk,lvkdufygw,f? ol@aumifrav;udk pmay;vkdufawmh aumifrav;u ol@eJ@twlwlpmzwfrvm;vkd@ ar;ygw,f? usr vnf; pmudk tJ'Daumifrav;eJ@twlwl zwfcJhygw,f? pmxJrSm olu aumifrav; udk b,favmufxdcspfwJhta=umif;/ olb,favmuftxd aumifrav;udk apmifh a&SmufcsifwJhta=umif;awGyg? usrrSm todpdwfawG r&Sdawmhbl;vdkŒawmif usrxif w,f? wcgwavrSm olu ol@aumifrav;ay;wJhpmawGeJŒ usrudk avSmifajymifyg w,f? olŒaumifrav;&Jh b0[m oem;p&maumif;wma=umifh olu aumifrav; udk axmufyHhay;csifw,fvdkŒ usrudkajymygw,f? aumifrav; wuUodkvf0ifwef; atmifoGm;&if quf+yD;raxmufyHhawmhbl;vdkŒvnf; usrudkuwday;ygw,f? usr&Jh


cHpm;csufawGudkawmh *&krpdkufygbl;? usrrSm a&G;cs,fp&mr&SdwJhtwGuf aumifrav; udk axmufyhHaewmawG usr rodusdK;u|HðyaecJh&ygw,f? usr[m usreJŒ t&G,fr a&mufao;wJhom;av;twGuf t&rf;ukdxdcdkuf0rf;enf;cJh&ygw,f? om;av;uawmh olŒtazta=umif;rod&SmbJ aeŒaeŒnn olŒtazudkbJ ar;aeawmhwmygbJ?”

“'Djy\emawGudk usr b,folŒudkrS rajymjyygbl;? 'gayrJh usr a,muQr eJŒ wcsdKŒtdrfeD;em;csif;awGu tJ'Dta=umif;udkodoGm;=uygw,f? usrudk oem;&Hku vGJ+yD; olwkdŒvnf;bmrSrvkyfay;Ekdifygbl;? usra,muQruvnf; olŒom;udka=umuf awmh usrudk bmrStultnDray;Ekdifygbl;? usrudk ESpfodrfh&HkbJwwfEkdifygw,f? a,muQru aumifrav;ukd tcktvkyfuaexGufzdkŒoGm;ajymygw,f? 'geJŒ aumifr av;vnf; tvkyfuxGuf+yD; zkef;qkdifwckrSm tvkyf0ifvkyfygw,f? wcsdKŒu usr a,mufsm;[m aeŒwkdif; aumifrav;tdrfudkoGm;w,fvdkŒ usrudkajym=uygw,f? olwkdŒESpfa,muf[m t&Sufuif;rJh+yD; vla&SŒra&Smif ayGŒ/ zuf/ erf;wmrsdK;awGudk vnf;vkyf=uygw,f? usr ESvHk;om;xJrSm emusifvGef;vdkŒ cHpm;zdkŒae&mawmif r&Sd awmhygbl;? usr wa,mufa,mufa&SŒrSm &ifzGifhajymjycsifygw,f? +yD;awmh usr oleJŒ uGm&Sif;ypfcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh usr om;av;&Jh tem*wfudkvnf; xnfhpOf; pm;ae&ygw,f? usrom;av;udk zcifrJhwJhom;wa,muftjzpf r}uD;jyif;apcsifbl;? 'ga=umifh usr[m 'DtajctaeudkbJ quf+yD; vufcHae&ygw,f? ”

“usru usra,mufsm;[m 'Daumifrav;&Jhðypm;wmudk cHae&w,fvdkŒ xifaecJhw,f? 'ga=umifh tultnD&vdk&jim; aA'ifq&mqDoGm;ar;jref;cJhayr,fh bm rS tvkyfrjzpfygbl;? aemuf&uftenf;i,ft=umrSmawmh aumifrav;[m ol&Jhòrd@ udk jyefoGm;cJhygw,f? usra,mufsm;[m tdrfjyefvm+yD; usra=umifh olŒaumifrav; xGufoGm;&wmygqkd+yD; usrudk tjypfawGwif+yD; atmf[pf}udrf;armif;ygawmhw,f? tJ'Dtcsdeftxd usr bmwcGef;rS jyefrajymyJ wdwfqdwfae+yD; rsuf&nfawGyJusaerd w,f? +yD;awmh usrolŒukdyJ pkduf=unfhaerdw,f? usrrSm ajymp&mpum;r&Sdawmh ygbl;? ”

“aemufwaeŒrSm oltdrfuaexGufoGm;+yD; aumifrav;aemufudk vkduf oGm;ygw,f? usreJŒ om;i,fav;udk xm;oGm;cJhygw,f? aemufawmh usr&Jh tdrfeD; em;csif;qDuod&wmu ol[m aumifrav;udk aiGa=u;ajrmufjrm;pGm axmufyHhxm; w,fqdkwJhta=umif;yg? usrtoJawGuGJa=ucJh+yD; aovkrwwfcHpm;cJh&ygw,f? t&ifuawmh usr olr&SdbJ usr&Jhb0udk&yfwnfEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ xifxm;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh tckawmh 'g[m trSefr[kwfbl;qkdwm usrodcJh+yD? olr&Sdvnf; usr[m udk,fhb0udk,f&yfwnfEkdif+yD? usr[m om;wpfa,mufrdcifyg? usr&Jh cspfjcif;arwWm

72 wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;wdwfqdwfrsuf&nfrsm;ESihfESihfESihfESihf ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif; ESvHk;aoG;,dkjcif;

awGeJŒ *&kpkdufr_tm;vHk;rSefor# usrom;av;udk tm;vHk;ay;tyfxm;w,f? vl aumif;olaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfzdkŒ usr&Jhom;av;udk t&m&myHhykd;ay;r,f?”

vaygif;tenf;i,f=um+yD;wJhaemuf tcktcgrSmawmh ydGKifvGef[m rlvwef; ausmif;uav;wckrSm q&mrtjzpf 0ifa&muftvkyfvkyfae+yD; olr&Jh om;av;eJŒ +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;aexkdifae=uygw,f? 'DZmwfvrf;uav;[m tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_ rsm;xJu yHkpHwrsdK;jzpfwJh pdwfykdif;qkdif&mESdyfpufjcif;cH&r_rsm;&Jh oufaoygbJ? olr&Jh ta=umif;udk=um;&awmh olrcHpm;ovdk usrvnf; xyfwlcHpm;cJh&ygw,f? olrudk tm;ay;ESpfodrfhEdkifzkd@twGuf usrrSm pum;vHk;&Smvkd@rawG@cJhygbl;? olrtwGuf pdwf raumif;jzpfwmuvGJvdkŒ olrudk bmt}uH m%frSray;EkdifcJhygbl;? usrxifygw,f usrwkdŒrodEdkifwJh tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufcH&wJh Zmwfvrf;rsdK;awG trsm;}uD;&SdtHk;rSmyg? trsdK;orD; ajrmufjrm;pGm[mvnf; wdwfwqdwfeJŒ idkaºuG;ae&tHk;rSmyg? trsdK;orD; aumif;awGjzpfzdkŒtwGuf usrwdkŒcHpm;ae&wJh jyoemawGudkrsKdodyf+yD; 'Dvdk usm;/ r cGJjcm;r_ tjrifoabmxm;abmifawGuae azmufrxGufEkdifao;ygbl;? vifa,mufsm; awGudk &dkaoav;pm;&r,fqkdwJh jrefrmjynf&Jh &dk;&m"avhxHk;pHawG[m trsdK;orD; xkawGudk zdESdyfxm;qJyJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk"avhxHk;pHawGeJ@yJ a,musfm;awG[m trsdK; orD;awGtay:rSm 'DvdkzdESdyfr_/ t=urf;zufr_awGeJŒ cGJjcm;qufqHr_awG ðyvkyfae=uwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_awG aysmufuG,foGm;zdk@twGufqkd&if ZeD; r,m;awGu olwdk@&Jhvifa,mufsm;awGudk &dkaoav;pm;ovdkrsdK; vifa,mufsm;awG taeeJ@vnf; ZeD;r,m;awGtay:rSm tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_awG ðyvkyfrSomv#if jzpfEkdifzG,f&Sdygw,f? ZeD;r,m;awGudk cspfp&maumif;wJh oufrJht&kyfawGvdk o abmrxm;oifhygbl;? trsdK;orD;awG[m rdrdwdk@udk vdifydkif;qkdif&mt& cGJjcm;xm;wJh tjrifabmifawGuae azmufxGufoifhygw,f? usrwdkŒtm;vHk;[m trsdK;orD;awG&Jh jy\emawG cHpm;csufawGudk vG,fvG,feJŒ rodEkdifygbl;? bmjzpfvkd@vJqdkawmh trsdK; orD;awG[m olwdkŒ&Jh cHpm;csufawGudk&ifzGifh+yD; rajymjy&Jwma=umifhyg?

usr bma=umifh 'DZmwfvrf;uav;udk a&;&ovJqdkawmh usrwdkŒtrsdK;o rD;tm;vHk;udk usrwdk@cHpm;csufawGeJŒ trSefw&m;awGudk &ifzGifhajymjyapcsifvdk@ygyJ? +yD;awmh usrwdk@udk cGJjcm;qufqH+yD; ESdyfpufn‡if;yef;aewJh a,mufsm;awGudk 'Dvdkenf; awGeJŒ t&Suf&apcsifygw,f? Ò


Taqm if; y g ; udk to u f 2 4 ESp ft &G , f rG eft rsK d;o rD; w OD; rS a&; o m ;cJhj c if;j zp fyg on f? o lr o n f rGeft rs Kd; orD; rs m; . t cGihft a& ;t w G u fv_y f& Sm ; a qm if& G uf& ef x kdif; Ekd if iHo dk@ 20 0 7 ck ESpfw G ifa& m uf& Sdc Jh+yD; , ckv uf& S dw Gif rG efvl i, ft zGJ@ t pn f; w ckw G if t vky fv k yfu dk ifv# u f&Sd y g o n f?

74 rdef;rom;rdef;rom;rdef;rom;rdef;rom;

rdef;rom; a&mifjyef

usr[m vlrSef;odwwfpuwnf;u a&S;&dk;pGJwJh t,ltqawGatmufrSm }uD;jyif;vm cJholyg? rdef;uav;qdk&if ,Ofaus;odrfarG@rS/ tdrfaxmifr_Edkifeif;rSqdkwJh t,ltqawG upvdk@ 'gjzpf&r,f/ 'Dvdkae&r,f/ 'gvkyf&r,f pwJh rsm;jym;vSwJh uef@owfr_awGudk trsKd;orD;awGvdkufem&r,fh tvkyfwm0eftjzpf w&m;aorSwf,lcJhzl;w,f? 'DxHk; wrf;tpOftvmawG[m b,fESpf&mpkESpfuwnf;u ay:vmvJqdkwm usr rodbl;? trsKd;orD;eJ@ trsKd;om;=um;u rr#wwJhe,fy,fudkvnf; usr rjrifcJhbl;? ESpfzuf =um;rSm uef@vef@umxm;wJhpnf;udkvnf; usr rawG@cJhygbl;?

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usrwkd@&Jh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk; wdk;wuf+idrf;csrf;zkd@twGufvdk@qdkwJhae&m rSm trsKd;om;awG&Jh wm0efomr[kwfovdk trsKd;orD;xkoufouf&Jhwm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;tm;vHk;&Jh wm0efjzpfygw,f? trsKd;orD;awG vHkòcHr_ r&Sd&if/ trsKd;om;awGeJ@twl wef;wltcGifhta&;/ tcGifhtvrf;r&Sd&if vl@todkif;t0dkif; wckvHk;vnf; vHkòcH/ +idrf;csrf;/ wdk;wufrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@ zGH@òzd;wdk;wufwJh vl@ todkif;t0dkif;wcktwGuf trsKd;om;eJ@trsKd;orD;awG&Jh tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_eJ@ wufºuGpGm twlwuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifr_[m t&rf;udk ta&;ygygw,f? 'Dvdk twl wuGyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif;tm;eJ@ tcuftcJawG/ jy\emawG/ pdefac:r_awGudk t vG,fwul ausmfv$m;Ekdif+yD; usrwkd@&Jh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;udk +idrf;csrf;r_awG ay;pGrf;Ekdif r,fvdk@vnf; usr cdkifcdkifrmrm,Hk=unfaeygw,f?

76 rdef;rom;rdef;rom;rdef;rom;rdef;rom;

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jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH jrefrmEdkifiH ---- +idrf;csrf;+idrf;csrf;+idrf;csrf;+idrf;csrf;aaaa&;&;&;&;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm;twGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;.toHrsm; 77

ararhajc&maemufodk h &cdkifol

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78 ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@

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usr touf 19 ESpfa&mufawmh t&ifwkef;ueJ@pm&if ydk&ifhusufvmwmeJ@ tr# trsKd;orD;awG[m olwdk@&Jhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm trsKd;om;awGeJ@,SOf&if b,f avmufxd/ b,fvdkrsKd; cGJjcm;qufqHr_awGcHpm;ae=uvnf;qdkwmudk cHpm;odjrifvmcJh &w,f? usrtygt0if trsKd;orD;awG[mvnf; olwkd@udk,folwkd@csKd;ESdrf+yD; vl@tzGJ@t pnf;rSm wefzdk;rJhovkdrsKd; ukd,hfbmomukd,f t&dk;pGJvufcHxm;wma=umihfvnf; 'Dvkd rsKd;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm tESdrfcHae&w,fqkdwmudkvnf; ydk+yD; oabmaygufem;vnfcH pm;vmrdygw,f? usrwdk@todkif;t0dkif;u trsKd;orD;awG&Jh emusifcHpm;r_awG/ tjzpf tysufawGeJ@ 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_awGudk tao;pdwf avhvmodjrifcGihf&vmcJhygw,f?

80 ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@ararhajc&maemufodk@

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t odt rSwfr j y Kyg ’[la om p um ; v Hk; xdk; pp frs m; = u m; rSy if c sKdE G,fu dk wpfa ,m uf &kH; r S& a om r mp w m* sp fum ;u av ; ES i fh au sm if; o kd@ a us mha usm h a v; vm Edk i f .? ap s; oGm ; v# i f j ci f; udkif& ef udkt kef; c i fwy nfhw a ,m ufu t oi fh / t drfwGi f t drfa z m frv dk/ a t m uf qd k' f & ao m X gej zp fI ‘ q& mæ q&m ’ cs if; xy fat mi f bkw fwuf bkwf qi f;u l nDc si fa o m o lrs m; vSo nf ?

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8 a v; v Hk;t a& ;t ci f; on f u dkt k ef; c if. t dy far mu sa ea o m Edki f iHa &; t od u dk v_y fE_d; v dkufon f ? ykvJE S ifhi g; X gew Gif udkt ke f; ci fOD; a qm if I pn f; urf; a o0 yfp Gm p Dwe f;v Snfhv nf qENx kw fa zm fo nfht cs defw Gif c sKdE G,fudkv nf; ra v# mha om wm 0e fo d p dwfj z ifh q& mr rsm ; t o if; c sDwu f& m vdku fygc Jho n f? vr f; a b; a &t dk;p ifr sm ;w Gif t qdy f c yfo nf/ ax mi faz mu fay ;v d kuf I ESp f} uD; & mZ0 wfom ; rs m; u qENj yo lrsm ; udk 0 if& dku f o nf p on fhow if; rs m; / t E W&m , frs m; = u m; rSy if om ;o Hk; a, m u f udk t xde f;v uft yf u m u dk,fhx ri f; c sK difhudk, f o, f/ udk, fha& Al; u dk,ff qGJI yko drfw pf+ r dK@ v Hk; + yJ+ yJpi fa t m i f a j c us ifa v# mu f I vi fr, m ; ESpfa ,m ufp vHk; qkdi f&m Xge wdk@ rS 'dk@t a& ; at mfc Jh= uo nf?

a &G; a um ufy GJusi f; ya y; rn f[ k = u m; a om t c g udkt ke f; ci fu ‘ a w G@vm ; / v lxkt ift m; a= um if h a t m i fj ri f&+ y D’ [k 0 rf; om t m ; &a j ym cJ ho nf ? xdkr Swq ifh t e f t ,fv f'Dyg wDo dk@ udkt kef; c i f0i f cJh o nfu dkvn f; c sKdE G,fu dk t j yn fht 0 ax mu fcH c Jhon f? r JqG, fpn f;& kH; yGJrs m; w Gif udkt kef; c i fw& m; a [ m on fudk oGm ; = un fh&i f; a t m ifj ri fao m t oH/ ckdi fr m ao m , Hk= un fcs ufwdk@ j z ifh u dkt kef; c i fu dk ‘ 'g ig ha, mu fs m; y J’ [ k * k%f, l p dwfj z ifh r su f&n fyi f0JIyDw dj zpfc Jh&. ? o nfha em uf w Gif t m; vHk; o d= uo nfht j zp ft y su frdk@r aj ym vkda wm hyg ? t m ;v Hk; r odo nfh t a = um if; r sm ;o ma j y mj yvdko nf?


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u dkt ke f;c ifa &Sm i fwdrf; a ea o m um vw Gif cs KdE G,fudkw a, mu f u a v; oHk; a ,m ufE Sif h a' gi fc sm pdki f; ae o n f? q&m r t vky fwz uf/ ua v; rs m; wm 0e fwz ufE Si fh , ci fvky fa v hvky fxt o m; r us I t j rifhrSj yKw fus olvdk t u sem vS. ? a¹ cG& Hoi f;y if; t m; v Hk;o nf & mx l; *k%f&Sde fES i fht wl = uu fay sm uf/ iSu fay sm ufa ysm ufu kef. ? t qdk; qHk; rSm X ge ua y; x m ; ao m t drfE Sifh um ;u dk j yeft yf& j c if; yi f?

x dkt c sde frS c sK dEG, fudkwd k@ wGi f u d k,f ydki ft dr fwv Hk; yif r& Sdo n fh b0 udk a e mi fw & aw mho nf ? o dk@a o m f a e m ufu s c Jhav + yD? ykodr f+ r dK@ ap s; c sKdw Gif t dr f iSm ;& ef &Sm &v G , f o nfr Sm cs KdEG, fu dkwdk@ t w Gufr yg? t eft , fvf' DrS udkt ke f; ci f r def; r qdk on fESifh a= um u f & GH@a em ufw Gef@o G m; p + rJ/ ‘ t m; aw mhe my gw ,f q& mr &, f/ usr wdk@ u &_y f&_yf, Suf, Su f r vky f&Jbl;’ [ la om pu m; rs m; u dk om xy fwv JvJ= u m; c Jh&o nf?

i Sg; & JI i Sm; = u ao mv lrs m ; us aw mh v nf; wp fae yi fra pm if; yg ? t m; em j c if; a &m pGw fao m cy fzGzGw Hcg ; ac gu fo Hrs m; t qHk; & yfu Gufvl} uD; ESi fht w l a& mu fvm a o m t drf& Sif? c su fc si f; aj ym if; ay ; yg / t x ufu zdt m; a y; vdk@ ygw Jh? Ekd i f iHa &; yg wDw cko dk@ 0 if& kHj zi fh t dr fyifi Sm ;a ep & m r& Sdao m t a j c t a ers Kd; wj c m ;r nfo nfhwkdi f; j y nwGi f & Sd a o; v Jqdk w m cs KdEG, fudkr o dyg ?

u av ; rsm ; udk r dwfa qGr sm; t drf wv Snfhp Dxm ;& i f; a ep& mt drfr &Sd I v rf; a y: r Smy if y pPn f;r sm ; ESifhw pfn ik w fwkw fxkdi fcJh&. ? q if; & Jj ci f; u t drfa &S@ rS wHc g; a cg u f o nfht cg t cs pfu t drfa em u fa z; qif; a j y; o Gm; .[ lao mp u m ;u dk r nfo lxGi fo n fr o d? t qi fra j y j ci f; rs m; u t drfa &S@ rS wHc g; a cg ufo nfht c g c sKdE G,f u dk. Edki fi Ha &; p dw f " gw frsm ; u t drfa em ufa z; r S cke fxG u foGm ;= u.? t + ydK if; t & dkif; t &G , fa& mu fv m ao m o m; r sm; u au sm if; w Gif A sL [ m rSL ;o m; r sm ;/ wy f&i f;r SL ;/ !$e fcs Kyf/ Adkvf} uD; / A dkvfr SL; o m; r sm; = um ;w Gif rsu fESm i, f= u & .? r= um c% c sde f;y GJ/ x dk; yGJrs m ; v kyf= u vGe f; I c sK dEG,fu dkrSm a j y ;& wm ; &ESi fh w cg rS ao mu ra t ; &y g?

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, ckt drfy dkif& Si frSm ra v; &Sm ; wGi f v ifa &m r , m; yg t vky foG m ; vkyfa e= u o nf? o lwdk@t yfc Jhao m v lrSw q i fh t dr fiSm ; &efp um ; qkda om t c g ‘ t eft , fvf' Du qdk&i f u sr wdk@ j y efr vm r c si f;a ey g? b,fo lzdt m; a y; ay ; u srw dk@u * &kr pdkufbl; ’ [ k

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‘ p yg ;v nf; & dwfo drf; vdk@ + yD; a e+ yD? t y g; ( t a z) j yefrv ma wm h v kd ufpHkp rf; & wm ay gh? t y g; (t az ) eJ@t wl b,fo lygo G m; a o; vJv dk@ ? &Gm xdy f u t au sm ( t pf u dk) w a, mu f ua j y mj y w, f? o l u u Hau m i f; vdk@ j ye fvm Edki fwm / olw dk@ p ce f; cs wke f; n ci f; rSm vpf a j y ; vm wm ? olu aj ym j yw ,f? wdk@& Gmu yg oG m ;w Jh vla v; a, mu fxJr S m w a, mu ft y gt 0 ifj zpfw Jh u sr t yg ; (t az ) u a wm xJr Smi Suf zs m; r d+ yD; p pfo m; a wGo wfv dk@a o+ y DwJh ? o l us ru k daj ym j yw mu pp fom ; aw G u a &r wdk u faw mh t yg ; u p rf; a cs mi f;x Ju a &a w Gao muf& w, f? vlwa , m ufv dk aw m i f t quf qHr c Hyg &bl; ? t yg ;u i Sufz sm ; wufa w mh rx rf ; Edki faw mh bl; ay gh? t J'Da wm h t yg; u dk a qm i fhu ef= u w ,f? a em uf qHk; t y g; u dk olw dk@ ow fvdkuf= uw ,fwJh’ ?

olr (vnfa csm if; x Ju t u foH y goGm ; vdk@ c%em ; j y D; a &a om uf w ,f)? t J'Da wm h bm qufj z pfv nf; a '; r l (n Dr) vdk@ us ra r; w Jht cg rSm o lr qufa j ym w m u ‘ a em ufw ac gu f u srw dk@& G mu dk 0i f vm wJhp pfo m; aw Gu t &i fpp fom ; aw G [ kw fr[ kw f a wm h ro dbl; ? &Gm xJr Sm cg wdk i f; vdkbJ = uu faw G bJa wG u dkaw m h z rf; w, f? 0 ufa w G E Gm; a wGu dkao ewfe J@y pf= u w, f ? u sr wdk@v nf; w t m ;a = u mu fw m ay gh? &Gm xdyfy dk if; r Sm u &i fpp fom ;a wG vm w, fr[ kwfvm ; / rSe frSefa j y m ra j ym &i fow fyp fr, f bmr , f t oH= u m; a wm h t rdk; qd k a= um uf vdk@ ao ;a wm i fx Gufu sw ,f ? t J 'g eJ@ u sr wdk@v nf; y kef; = u w, f? olwdk@ a t m f[ p f+ yD; wm eJ@ j y efo Gm; = u w, f? c%= u m a w m h & Gme J@ody fra 0;

9 8 a t; cs r f;y g ap tr daj ra t; cs r f;y g ap tr daj ra t; cs r f;y g ap tr daj ra t; cs r f;y g ap tr daj r

w Jhae &m av m u frSm w d kufyJGj zp foH = u m; w ,f? w em &Da v mu f w dk ufy JGj zp f+ yD; w me J@ e t z ppfo m; a wGu usr wdk@ &Gm u dk rD; eJ@ p& _d@w mbJ ? u srw dk@v nf; t o ifhvky fxm ; wJ h t xky ft ydk; a wGu dk y vdkif; x Jxn fh/ ar mi fav ; nDr av ; a wGu dk ac : / Edki foa vm u f y pPn f;a wG xr f;c dk if; j yD; &Gm a b; u aw mx J0 i fj yD; x Gufa j y ;= u&w ,f? a wm xJr S m q,f& uf a us mfa us mf a vm uf a ej yD; ' Dr,fv pc ef; udk a& mu fv m cJhw m yJ? ' Du d k r a& mu fci f a w m xJr S m p m; p &m ra vm ufv dk@ prf; a cs m i f; xJu au sm ufy kpGefa wGz rf; r D; zkwfj yD; pm ; cJh& ov dk pm ; vdk@& wJh t oD; aw G t y ifa wG qdkwm i Sufa ys mfyi fa wm if t lE k a v; a wGc Gmp m; c Jh&yg w, f t a em f& , f’ wJh?

ol@ ae &m u 0i fcHp m; rda w m h usr &i fxJ aw mf a wm fa v ; p dwfr au m i f; j zp frd w ,f? ig o m qdk& if qdk wJht odpdw f u 0 ifv mr dw, f? bmy Jj zp fj zp f us rwdk@ Edki fiHo m; a wGy Jqd ka wm h ao G;c s i f; aw GyJa ygh? j refrm Edki fiHr S mj z pf& wJh t r sKd; or D; aw G&Jhb0u a w m h w u, fhudk [ i f;& Guf u efp Gef; vdky gyJ? t m ;v Hk; aw mh r[ kwfbl;a yg hav ? v luHkwe feJ@ p p f A dkvfo rD; aw Ga wm h b,fy gy ghrv J? + rdK@ } uD; a wGr Smqdk vn f; p m; 0 wfa ea &; a= um ifh b0 y su fae &wJh t rsK d;o rD; a wG 'ke J@a ';/ ua v ;a wGq dkvn f; a us m i f; ce f; x JrSm & Sdae &r , fh t pm ; vrf; a b; r Sm a wm i f; pm ; vdk p m; eJ@ b0 = u rf; = u rf; rSm vr f;= ur f;= ur f;eJ@ c &D; = u rf; = urf; u dk oGm ; ae &o vdkyJ ? c k vn f; ' DnDr av ; aw Gudk= u nfhy gt Hk; ? udk , fhEdki fiH u dk,fh& y f & Gmu dkxm ; c Jh+ y D; xdki f; Edk i fiHu d ka& mu f vm w,f ? r= u mc if 'Dx ufa 0; wJh t j c m; E dkif i Hu dk a rG; & yfa j reJ@ a0 ; ox ufa 0; + yD; c&D; rdki faw Gj c m; a va v t rda j r udkc s p fwJhpdw fu 'Dp p f t m%m &S i fa= um if h t r kef; a wGy dkrvm ; / t v Grf; a wGy dkrvm ; us r a wG; a er dw,f? b , f a vm uf= um = um qufj zpfa et kH; rSm vJ?

j ynfw Gif; p pf& Sdae oa &G@/ + y D; aw mh w& m; r# wr _&,f r& Sdoa &G@ aw m h usr wdk@ &Jh b0a wG b, frSm vH k+ c HKr_& SdrSm vJ ? b ,fo l@udk t m; u dk; &rSm vn f; aw G; a v av a0 ; ae w Jh u sr wdk@ t rs Kd; or D;a wGb0/ t vS w &m ; aw Gudk rc Hp m ; Edki fcJh wJh' D b0 a w Gu t j refqHk; u kefqHk; yga pa w m hvdk@ aw G; ae &i f;/ t a em f t ae m fv dk@a c: a ew Jh a ' ;r ludk ‘ a [ ’ v dk@ j yefxl; rd& if; ‘ rdk; cs Ky fae + yD; j yefa wm hr,f/ a w mf= u m t r dk; qlt kH;r ,f ’ qdku m v ufj y E _wfquf+ yD; j ye foGm ; wJh a '; rlu dk a r Smi f&Da ew Jh r _efj yj y t vi f; a& mi frS m olr &Jh au sm j y if a v; u dkai ; = un fh&i f; u sr vn f; t dyf, m0 ifa w m hr, fvdk@t aw G; ua &m ufoGm ; w, f? a q mi f;w Gi f; a t ; at ; rSm yla er dwJh &i fwc kvHk; u dk a qmi f;& eH@ a= um ifh a &a t ; at ; wc Guf a om ufv dku fw ,f qdk&i fyJ c keu c Hp m; r _aw G/ y lyi fao mu aw G/ c Hj y if; a ' go aw G t e nf; i ,fa v# mhe nf; oG m ; ov dk c Hpm ;& + y D; u sra v ez l; ay : vu fwi f+ yD; pO f; pm; r dwm u ‘ j yef@ us Jzdw fpi foG m; w Jh qefw ap hcs i f; udk t c sdefa y; + y D; w ap hrus ef j ye fau mu fvdk@ &a y r ,fh j ye f@us JoGm ; wJh t rda j r ay guf j re frm Edki fiH o m; w dk if; &i f; om ; aw G udka wm h j y efpkp nf;


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ysH YESH haeaom jynfolrsm; ap;bvl;rl;

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‘ j yefv nfa e& m c sx m; a &; qdko nfr S m 'ku Qon fj yn folr sm; t m; 4i f; w kd@v u f & Sdcdkv _Hae on f hEkdi f iHrSw qi fh a& &S nf& yfw nfa ex kdifE d kifo nf ht c Gihft vr f;E Sihf Ekdi fiHo m; j zpfydkifc G ifh t c Gih ft vr f;r sm ; ay ;& ef oa bm wl x m; o nfhEkd i fiH o dk@ v$Ja j ym if; y dk@a qm ifa y; o nfh t pDt pO fj z pfyg on f?’ 1

t J'DE Spfup + y D; u sr aqGrs Kd; om ;c si f; t y gt 0 if 'kuQo nfa wG &m eJ@ cs D+ yD; w wd , Ekdi fiHa w Gu dk xGu f cGm oG m ;c Jh= u yg w ,f? wc sK d@rdo m; pka w Gusa w m h vn f; E kdifi Hj c m; r S m ' kuQo nft j zp f t a j cc sa ex dkifz dk@ t wGuf qufv ufa p m ifh qd kif; a e qJyg ? ' kuQo n fj y ef v nfa e& mc sx m; a& ; udp PeJ@y wfo uf+ y D; vla wGa wm f aw mfr sm ; rsm ; &Jh p dwf qHk; j zw fcs u f a wGc sw Jhae &m rS m 'Gd[ j zpfap cJhy gw ,f? ww d,E kd ifi Ha& G@a j ym i f; a &; t p Dt p Ofu ae wq i fh u sr aqGrs Kd; om ; cs if; a wGeJ@ oli ,fc si f; t a ygi f; t a zm fwc sKd@ xGu fc G m oGm ; w m udk= u n fh + yD; u sr rs uf&n faw G x def; r& Edki fa v mu fat m i fukd us cJh&y gw ,f ? ' g a yrJh us r olw dk@ a wGu dk rw m; qD; c Jhyg bl; ? bm j z pf vdk@ vn f; qdka wm h olw dk@ 'Dx kdif; E kd if i HrSm b0 &yfw nfz dk@ t wGu fvnf; us rbmr Sruln DEdki f vdk@ ygbJ?

Z lv dkif 2 007 ckE Spf/ wa e@a o m re ufc if; rSm us r[ m us r& Jht a ': &, f us r t &r f;c sp f&w Jh wp f0rf; u GJt pfr eJ@ zke f;a j y mj zpfcJhyg w, f ? o lwdk@ us rudka j y mc Jhwm u w u, fvdk@ ww d,E dkif i Hudk j re fj re foGm ; &&i f o dyfa um if; r Smy JwJh ?

o lwdk@ &Jh= u nfE l;a ew Jhav oHa v; e J@a j ym wm udk = u m; ae wJht cs defr Sm us r rs uf & nfr usr dat mi f re nf; xde f; xm ; c Jh&y gw ,f? u sr olw dk@eJ@ a0 ; ae zdk@ t a& ; udka wG; = u nfh + yD; t &r f; pdw fra um if; j z pfrdc Jha yr , fh 0rf; e nf; r_u dkj yr ,fht pm ; o lwdk @a wG y dk+ yD; a ys mf& Gi f a t m ifa w m if w c gw av [ m o a wGa j y m& if; a em u fv dkufy ga o; w , f? t J'g a= um i f h

1 UNHCR, The state of the world’s refugees, in search of solutions, Oxford

university press 1995, p 90

j r e fr mE dki fi H j r e fr mE dki fi H j r e fr mE dki fi H j r e fr mE dki fi H ---- + idr f; cs rf; + idr f; cs rf; + idr f; cs rf; + idr f; cs rf; a& ;a& ;a& ;a& ; twGu f tr s dK ; o rD; r s m;. to Hr s m;twGu f tr s dK ; o rD; r s m;. to Hr s m;twGu f tr s dK ; o rD; r s m;. to Hr s m;twGu f tr s dK ; o rD; r s m;. to Hr s m; 10 1

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u sr em ;v nfo ab ma yg ufw mu b,folu rS udk, fh& Jhrdo m; p kt odk i f; t 0dki f; / o li, fcs if; t a yg if; t oi f; e J@ a qG;r s Kd; o m; cs if; a wGu dkx m ;c Jh+ y D; rc GJcG m cs i f = u yg bl; ? 'g ay rJh ' kuQo nfp cef; r Sma ew ,f qdkwm t e m* wft w Gufp Of; pm ; = u nfhr, f qdk& i f wj c m; a r# m f v ifhp &m b0w dk; wuf& mw dk; wuf a = u mi f; b mr Sr&Sdc J hvdk@ yg yJ? t xl; oj z ifh ua v; i , f a wGe J@ v li, faw Gt wGu f qdk y dk qkd; yg w, f? ' kuQ o nfp cef; r Sm a us m i f;q& m / q&m r a wG/ u se f;r ma &; q&m / q& mr a w G w j z nf; j z nf; eJ@ e nf; v myg w , f? b mj z pfv dk@v Jq dk a wm h y nm wwf o law mf a wm frs m; rs m; u ww d,E dkif i Hudk x G ufc Gmo G m; cJhv dk@y gyJ? x Gufc Gm o Gm; c J hwJh q&m / q& mr aw Gae &m rSm t p m ; xdk; j y efx nhfxm ; wJh o law G u v nf; t & nft cs if; rj ynfhr SDwJht wGufa = u mi hf us efc JhwJh ola wGt wG u f t vky fvky fw Jh a e& mr Sm t c uft c Jt r sm ; } uD; } uHKaw G@= u &y gw, f?

u sr wdk@ o li, fcs if; a wGa j ym j y cs uf t & olw dk@a &m uf&Sdo G m; w JhEdki fi HrS m t dr ft o pfe J@ ay sm fae = uw ,fq kdkwm = u m; aw mh p ce f;x JrS m us ef&Sda ec Jhw Jhv la w Gu ww d,E dki f i Hudka v# mu fcs if= u yg w, f ? O yrm aj ym &r ,fqkd&i f u sr ar mi fa v ;u t c krS t o u f 1 6 ESp fyJ&Sdy ga o; w ,f ? ol u w wd ,E dkifi Hud k t & rf; oGm ; cs i fw, f ? ol ' kuQo nfpc ef; r Sm y nm oi fzdk@ vn f; p dwfr0 ifp m; w Jht j y if ' kuQo nfp c ef; r Smvn f; vHk; 0r ae cs ify gbl; ? ' ga yr Jh cu fwm u u sr wdk@ rdo m ; pkx Ju w a, mu fa, mu froGm ; & i f olw pfa ,m u f w nf; oGm ; vdk@ rj z pfy gbl;? pc ef; xJ r Sm ol@ vdko Gm; cs ifw Jh a us mi f; o m ;/ a us mi f; ola w G t rs m; } uD;y g?

u sr t a y: rSm a j ym cJho vdk u sr cs pf ci f&o law G ww d,E kdif i HxGu f= u v kd@ p dwf r au mi f; j zp fw, f qkda yr ,fh olw kd@ a &m ufwJhE kd ifi HrS m t vky fau mi f; a u mi f; aw G&Sd w, f/ t cGi fht v rf; aw Grs m; w, f qkd w m u dk o li, f cs if; aw G qDu a ew q ifh= um ;& a wmhv n f;

10 2 y s H@E SH@ ae ao m jy nfo lr s m;y s H@E SH@ ae ao m jy nfo lr s m;y s H@E SH@ ae ao m jy nfo lr s m;y s H@E SH@ ae ao m jy nfo lr s m;

u sr 0rf; o mr dygw ,f? 'ku Qon fp c ef; rSm ae &w m p ce f;t j yi fxGu ft v kyfvky fzdk@ rv G,f u lov dk p ce f; t wGi f; rSm vn f; t vkyft udki fr& Sdygbl; ? q ,fw ef; at mi f+ y D; y nm u dk qufv ufo if, lE dki fzdk@ t cGi fht v r f; vn f;r &Sdy gbl;? t c k= u nfhr ,f qdk& if w wd, Edki f i H r Sma &m uf& Sdae wJh u av ; aw GeJ@ vli ,fa wG[ m y nm a& ; ud kqu f vu foi f,la vhv m E dkif+ yD; t em *w ft wGu far #m fv i fhc s uf} u D; } uD; r m; rm ; &Sd= u yg w, f? w a e@ us& if olw dk@ a wG xdki f; -j r efr me, fpy fudkj y efv m+ yD; j r efr mj ynf' Drdku a& pD& &Sdzdk@ t w Guf t wlw u G v ufw GJvky fa q mi fEdk i fr,fv dk@, Hk= u n far #m fvi fhyg w,f ?

u sr wdk@ j r efr mj y nfo m; a wG[ m udk, fhEdki f iH/ udk, fhvlr sKd; u dkcs pf= u w, f? a em uf + y D; u sr wdk@ a qG; r sKd; o m; cs if; a wGu dkcs pf= u w, f? t J' ga = um i fh u srw dk@ ol w dk@e J@ t a0 ; } uD; a e& mu dk x Gu fc Gm o Gm; & u fvm ; vdk@y g? usr av ; av ; eufe ufp Of; pm ; wm u j y\ e mt &if; t j r pft m; vHk; [ m et z (Edkifi Ha w mfa t ; c srf; o m , m a &; ESi fh zGH@+ zdK; a &; a um ifp D) a = um ifhj zpfy gy J? a e@p Ofe J@ t r # t EW&m ,f= u m; u j ynfo law GxGu faj y; &o v dk o lwdk@ aw G[ m ppft pdk; && Jh nO f; y ef; E Sdyfp ufr_u dk cHp m; a e& ygw ,f ? b, fvdky Jj zp fj z pf j refrmE kdif i H ppft m% m &Si f vu fa t mufu vGwfa j r mu f+ yD; us rw kd@udkx Gufc Gmo G m; = uw Jh w wd, Ekdifi Ha & m uf us rwdk@ r dom ; pka wG/ a qGr sKd; t odki f;t 0dk i f;e J@ oli ,fc si f; t a yg if; t o if; a wGu dk j y efqHka wG@& zdk@ us r t + rJwr f; a r#m fvi fhae yg w, f? Ò

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ta~uG;eJ hpwJh ukd,fhb0 = oHkn? tESKwf udud

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[ dkrSm u dk, fha qGrs Kd; / rdwfa qG/ u lnD r, fhol au sm ax mu fae m ufc H&Sd+ yD; om ; o l a wGt wGu fua w m h ody f+ yD; c ufc J yi fye f; pGm r& kef; ue f&a yr ,fh w a , mu fwn f; bm r S r yg / A vm ou fouf olr sm ; qDrSm t aº u G; ,l p &dw ft u kefc H+ yD; p Gef@ pm ;x Gufc Gmv m& o l a wGt wGu faw mh t a w m fav ; yif y ef; = u &y gw,f? t cuft cJ u dk,fp D &Sd= u wm yg yJ? a & a j r / bm om pu m; / "a vhr wlw Jh o lpdr f;a wGt = um ; w a umi fº u Guf r sufE Smi ,f b0e J@ r a& &m wJha &SŒa &; udk p rf; w0 g; 0g ; av #m ufcJh= u& wm a w Gudk aw G@} uHKz l; wJhola wGt cs if; c si f; rSbJ u dk,f cs if; p me mw wf= u rSm yg?

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p Of; p m; = u nfha em f ? ' Dvdk w &m ;0 if v JvS, fay ;v dkufw J h ai G ua v; E Spf y Jwj y m; a vm ufe J@ a& mu fa& mu fcs if; t vky fr& Sdci f b,fv dkae / b, fvdkp m; / b,fvdko Hk; + yD; t ou fqu f= u& rv J qkdw ma v ? p defpDa om n pde fr_H} u Ja e= u &w Jh vu fw qkyfp m v l w ef; pm ; aw G b,fvdkv kyfo dEkdi f= u y ghr vJ? a c gu f qGJa j c mu fj yK wf w pf x kyf/ = uu fOw p f

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108 e*g;rSef;odatmif tarmufaxmifjye*g;rSef;odatmif tarmufaxmifjye*g;rSef;odatmif tarmufaxmifjye*g;rSef;odatmif tarmufaxmifjy

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the first pages Burmbu)-red.pdfthe first pages Burm ... Altsean-Burma

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