© The Aerospace Corporation 2009 Vehicle Systems Division February 10, 2009 Industry’s Obligation...
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Transcript of © The Aerospace Corporation 2009 Vehicle Systems Division February 10, 2009 Industry’s Obligation...
© The Aerospace Corporation 2009
Vehicle Systems DivisionFebruary 10, 2009
Industry’s Obligation for Mission Success
19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference
Dr. Alex LiangGeneral Manager, Vehicle Systems Division
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[email protected] Systems Division
Outline
• Perspective on Space
• A National Security Space View Point
• National Security Space Needs
• Commitment to Enhancing Mission Success
• Collective “Obligations”
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Perspective on Space
• Space Pervades Every Aspect of our Nation
– Commercial and Civil Applications: Enhances/Enables American Way of Life
– Homeland Security
– National Defense
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In
Ground EquipmentSpacecraft
Space Industrial Base
BroadcastingPrecision FarmingWeather Finance Precision Navigation
Perspective (cont.) Space Underpins Elements of Our National Economy
Package TrackingAviation Communications Remote SensingScience
DigitalGlobeDigitalGlobe
Satellite Launchers
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SpaceEnhances Homeland Security
Border and Transportation Security
Special Event Protection
Athens, DigitalGlobe Boston, DigitalGlobe
Emergency Preparation and Response
HAZMAT TrackingMissile Warning and Defense
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A National Security Space Viewpoint
• Commercial space is a derivative of National Security Space
– World satellite industry revenue has grown an average of 13% every year since 1996 (US revenue over $40B)
• In contrast, budget for National Security Space will likely remain flat for coming years
• Increasing budget will remain an uphill battle
– The American public ranks engineer as the 10th most prestigious profession (below priesthood, but above lawyers and Members of Congress)
• 100% success for each new mission is paramount
– For National Security and preservation of the American way of life
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Capabilities Required for National Security Space
Space Vehicle• Pre-acquired/storable• Rapid mating• Consumables loading• Built in test ground,
on-orbit
Users• CONOPS• Train/exercise• Seamless task, post,
process, use
Range• Range safety• Standard interfaces
and telemetry• Flight termination
system• Precision weather
Launch Vehicle• Streamlined countdown• Built in test• Storable propellants• Horizontal integration• Performance margin• Mission planning
C2• Network connectivity
Enhancements in all segments are required
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Commitment to Mission SuccessAn Aerospace Perspective
• Focus on mission success by
– Ensuring the application of engineering “best practices,”“lessons learned” in all phases of the system acquisition process
• Providing the world class technical capabilities for
– System architecture assessment
– Concept development
– Engineering analyses, simulation, diagnostics
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DOD Life Cycle Acquisition Process
Figure S-1, Page 2, Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering SOURCE: Richard Andrews, 2003, An Overview of Acquisition Logistics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Acquisition University
Points A, B, and C at the top of the figure represent Milestones A, B, and C. LCC, life cycle cost.
Concept Refinement
TechnologyDevelopment
System Development& Demonstration
Operations& Support
Production & Deployment
AA BB CC
System Life Cycle Acquisition Process
Materiel Developer
PM - Total Life Cycle Systems Manager Air Force Materiel Command
Combat Developer
Acquisition Framework
28% Life Cycle Cost 72% Life Cycle Cost
Minimum Ability to Influence LCC(95% of Cost Decisions Made)
Little Ability to Influence LCC (90-95% of Cost Decisions Made)
Less Ability to Influence LCC (85% of Cost Decisions Made)
High Ability to Influence LCC (70-75% of Cost Decisions Made)
(10-15%)(5-10%)
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• RFI and Proposal Evaluation– SPEC & STD (e.g.1540E)– System performance– Feasibilities, technology check
• SDR/PDR– Independent validations of
intended designs
• CDR– Independent validation of
designs and performance at component/box,subsystemand system levels
– Follow-up with pedigree, acceptance monitoring
Fundamental Role in Mission Success
• Approach: Through all phases of acquisition, the applicable analytical, simulation and experimental capabilities are fully utilized to enhance eventual mission success
– Inclusive of all cognizant technical disciplines– Encompasses every launch vehicle, every DOD satellite
• Post CDR/LRR– Anomaly resolutions– Deviation dispositions– Testing compliance (thermal vac,
vib/modal survey, acoustics at all levels)– Flight software validation
• On-orbit Support– Real time deployments– Anomaly workarounds
• Post Flight– Performance eval, model validations– Anomaly investigations (if applicable)
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Example of Core Technical Disciplines
. . . and MANY more!
• Engineering visualization
• Trajectory and orbit optimization
• Guidance systems
• Flight controls and avionics
• Launch range safety
• Electronics
• Mechanical systems
• Vibration/dynamic environments
• Structures
• Propulsion systems
• Aerodynamics
• Thermal modeling
• Explosives/ordnance
• Satellite on-orbit control, support and pointing
• Applications
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Multi-Burn Orbit Transfer Optimization
8 Burn WGS Orbit Transfer
• Capabilities– Multi-burn trajectory simulation– State of the art optimization – Detailed dynamics modeling– Flexible architecture
• Applications– Real time mission
support– Mission design
(WGS, AEHFSBIRS-HI, NRO)
– Spacecraft orbitmaneuvers
– Upper stagesimulation
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Guidance Optimization
• Objectives
– Validate that requirementswill be met
• Mission design
• Flight software
• Approach
– 3DOF/6DOF simulation analyses– Mission specific data base– Autopilot performance/stability
analyses– 3-sigma dispersion/margin analyses– Interagency comparisons
• Payoff– High launch reliability – strong
knowledge base– High confidence for day-of-launch
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From launch through on-orbit life
Day-of-launchOperations
Vehicle readiness
Flight computer
Avionics Risk Assessment
• Objectives– Hardware-in-the-loop
simulations provide stress tests:• Guidance and navigation
control• Sequencing and redundancy• Spacecraft pointing
• Payoff– Certified tools for launch and
on-orbit operations– Preparedness for anomalies
Position Magnitude
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Impulse testing for separation shock
Design requirements due to launch and
on-orbit events
Acoustic testing for engine burn and transonic flight
Vibration testing for structure borne vibration
Titan IV Launch Tower View – T-0 Umbilical Detachment
(VIDEO)
Dynamic Environmental Testing
• Capabilities– Verify design and test
requirements
– Derive acoustic, vibration, and shock environments
– Development testing
– Qualification testing
– Acceptance testing
– Hardware buyoff
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DMSP Finite Element Model
Deployable Optics Test Bed
Concept
Space Structures
• Capabilities
– Design and qualification• Spacecraft structures• Subsystem supports• Opto-mechanical structures• Deployable structures
– Finite element analyses • Strength and stiffness• Thermal distortion and stability
– Test program development• Configuration• Goals and requirements• Load case development
– Technology assessments• Roadmap development• Flight/ground demonstrations• Conceptual design
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Thrust
Aerodynamic Load
Relative Wind
Buffet (Shocks)
Example Loads Events: Atmospheric Flight
• Static-aeroelastic– Due to relative wind and non-zero angle of
attack, which varies slowly relative to the fundamental mode frequency of the LV
• Gust/Turbulence– Rapid changes in winds cause changes in
local angle of attack
• Buffet– Due to local turbulence and shocks
• Autopilot-induced– Maneuvering/steering– Autopilot noise– Mechanical noise (engine gimbal friction)
• Other contributors considered in analyses– Lack of wind persistence– Dispersions
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Liquid Propulsion
Atlas IIAS AC-160 Centaur Separation and RL10 Ignition
Rocketdyne LinearAerospike Engine
• Launch support capabilities– Engine performance
analysis
• Ground test
• Flight readiness
• Real-time telemetry
• Post flight review
– Anomaly resolution
– Hardware evaluation
– Test planning/analysis
– Component/system modeling • Additional roles
– Technology planning
– Design review
– Risk assessment
– Propulsion system trade studies
– Advanced propulsion technologies
– Pressurization analysis
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External AerodynamicsReversed Flow, Mach 2.5
Detailed above
• Objectives– Predict distributed pressure and
velocity trends over the vehicle
• Compartment venting
• Aero heating
– Predict forces and moments
• Performance and control
• Accomplishments– Reversed flow and cross flow
identified on Delta IV vehicles
• Heating implications addressed
– Wake discovered from nose of NASA WB-57F aircraft
• Nose redesigned to accommodate flight sensorand imaging payload
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Separation Analysis and Testing
• Capabilities– Rigid body separation– Flexible body separation– Effect of complex interactions– Mechanical– Nonlinearities– Gas dynamics– Test planning and data analysis
• Use– Separation velocities and
tip-off rates predictions– Separation clearances– Effect of separation
anomalies– Component loads– Effect of separation
dispersions– Separation test criteria
• Tools– Separation analysis tools– Rigid body– Flexible body– Data visualization and analysis– Classified and unclassified
analysis environments
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• Payoffs– Identification of unanticipated
problems– Tools/knowledge base for anomaly
resolution/flight support– Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for
flight software patch validation– Significant impact on every program
(VIDEO)
Solar Panel Deployment and Earth Positioning
Satellite Attitude Control
• Motivation– Response to string of failures in 70’s– Detailed dynamics and controller models– Validate dynamic performance
• All modes, transitions, contingencies– Scientific and hardware-in-the-loop
simulation– Evolution to 1990’s
• Early involvement, work with contractor
• Address high-payoff issues
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Satellite On-Orbit Support
• Objectives: Risk assessment for continuing use of DSCS III satellites
– Refine fuel estimate to describe the remaining life prior to the super-synchronous disposal
– Ensure adherence to US space policy regarding disposal
• Accomplishments: Statistical estimation method developed
– Current estimation techniques refined
– Statistical method used to combine two independent estimates yielding a higher accuracy prediction
Allowed for the prolonged use of two existing satellites
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Trajectory
Solution
Reference GPSReceiver
Kalman Filter
GPS Receiver
GPS Applications
• Objectives– Improve navigation/guidance system
performance
• Optimal control/filtering/signal processing
• Innovative use of GPS
• Current projects– Ultra-tightly coupled receiver
(high anti-jam potential– Launch range metric tracking
(retirement of range-safety radars)– GPS based spin sensor/attitude
sensor– GPS anti-spoofing and multi-path
detection/correction (neural networks)
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Flight Equivalent Computer
Modular Simulation Environments
Aerospace Avionics Centers
• Objective– Validate adequacy of flight software
implementation into flight hardware• Products
– Software risk assessment– Mission readiness
certification– Day-of-launch systems
development– Vehicle dynamics and
systems simulations
• Real-Time Center(Spacecraft)
– GPS, DSCS, Milstar, etc.
• Avionics Center(Launch Vehicles)
– Delta IV, Atlas V, Titan IV, etc.
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Summary
• Success of each mission is crucial to national defense and American way of life
• The industry, The Aerospace Corporation in particular, has an obligation to focus on mission success
– Best practices
– Lessons learned
– Advanced tools, and technology
• Challenges remain
– Improved performance/service
– Lower life cycle cost
© The Aerospace Corporation 2009
Industry’s Obligation for Mission Success
19th AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference
Dr. Alex LiangGeneral Manager, Vehicle Systems Division
Vehicle Systems DivisionFebruary 10, [email protected]