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Transcript of © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Social Geography Wealth Race Religion Economic geography ...
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Social Geography
Wealth Race Religion
•Economic geographyIndustrialization
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME
•MigrationRemittances (a consequence of
international emigration from LA)•Rural to rural migration within LA•Rural to urban migration within LA•Characteristics of migrants and the
migration process
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth
•Average wealth in GDP in PPP/capita
•World ~ $9,100 Lesser developed ~ $4,400+
•USA ~ $41,900
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth II
•LA ~ $7,900
•Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)Low
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala Jamaica, HaitiEcuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
Above world average GDP/capita (> $7,500)Costa Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
© T. M. Whitmore
Percent population living on <$2/day
•World average > 50%
•Latin American average ~ 24%Countries with > 30%
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Jamaica, Haiti, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay
Countries with fewer than LA averageCosta Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile
GDP/capita
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Wealth distribution I•USA
Richest 20% have 40% of all incomePoorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle class
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution II•Latin America
Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income
Poorest 20% have 2-5%30% in the middleCountries with top 20% with more
than 50% of all incomeBrazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
•Varies within countries
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators
•The Human Development Index
•Safe water access
•Population to hospital bed ratio
•Overall worst levels of human developmentBolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; PeruEl Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
NicaraguaDominican Republic; Haiti
© T. M. Whitmore
Race & Ethnicity•Colonial legacy of population
holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation
•Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th CenturyAsianEuropean
•=> complex map
© T. M. Whitmore
Current ethnic distributions
•Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)BrazilCaribbean (Garifuna)
•AmerindianFormer high culture areas of
Mesoamerica and Andes
•Mestizo: Mexico & CA; Brazil
•Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern Cone
Garifuna
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Race in Latin America•Racial mixing
•Racial “bleaching”
•Racism
•“Social” races
• Indigenismo & Négritude
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Catholic Heritage I•Spanish Catholic roots •Spiritual conquest — an integral part
of the conquest of the Americas•Legacy of Church’s history in Latin
AmericaIdentified with power/economic
eliteReform in form of liberation
theology => oppression of the poor is a sin
© T. M. Whitmore
Catholic Heritage II•Overwhelmingly people say “soy
Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Church attendance is often lowBut presence is everywhere
•“Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism)
•Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with (or been used to mask) various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially
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© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall
Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“
© 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com
Lukumi (Santería) Altar©2000 Latitude International Products
© T. M. Whitmore
Religion: Non-Catholic•Hindu and Islam — imported with
indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean)
• Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos)
•Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial timesVery rapid growth in past few decades~40% of Guatemala~1/3 of Brazil
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Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits
•Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives
•Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity)
•Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas)•“Personalismo” — much of social,
economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation
© T. M. Whitmore
Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through
WWII•Export Processing Industrialization (a
follow on from colonial patterns)
•Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods
•Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II
© T. M. Whitmore
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s
— 1970s)
•Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII
© T. M. Whitmore
How ISI works• Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase
the price of imported manufactured goods
• Idea is to stimulate local industries
•NOT a new idea
© T. M. Whitmore
Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization
• A legacy of: Colonial; 19th C; and especially ISI industrialization
• Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most
• Smaller states forced to band together
© T. M. Whitmore
Economic & other assumptions of ISI
• Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world
• Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World
• Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states
• Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.
© T. M. Whitmore
Problems with ISI•Role of modern technology in ISI
•Role of changed imports in ISI
•Role of foreign control in ISI
•Role of role of governments in ISI
• Inefficient management due to lack of competition
•Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”