© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Pre-Columbian societies Lower Central America Caribbean Lowland South...
-
date post
20-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Pre-Columbian societies Lower Central America Caribbean Lowland South...
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Pre-Columbian societies
Lower Central AmericaCaribbeanLowland South American tropicsSouthern Cone societiesAndean societiesSouth American Coastal Desert
societies
•(if time) Columbian Exchange/Encounter
•& Amerindian crops
© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
•Hurricane Felix
•Pre-Columbian societies in L.A.Mesoamerican cultures (highland
Mexico and Central America)
© T. M. Whitmore
Lower Central America•Area: coastal lowlands area NE
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama
•A contact zone between the “high” civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Circum-Caribbean ones
•Caribbean littoral of lower Central America more like that Caribbean islands and N coastal South America
•Population and settlement: small scale polities total population probably not more than 3.5m
© T. M. Whitmore
Caribbean I•Societies -- Taíno (Arawak), Caribs,
Ciboney – all present at time of Columbus; ethnography and history is not well known; linguistic relatives in Amazonia
•Population –uncertainty and controversy about pre-Columbian population range is from 200,000 to 8-10 million!
Best guess is about 3 million for all Caribbean
© T. M. Whitmore
Caribbean II•Livelihood – rich environment; multiple
food sources: land, seas, & shores (thus much from turtles, fish and shellfish)
•Main agricultural system (especially for Taíno), conuco agricultureNot shifting ag – rather, fields of large
mounds 2’-3’ high, 10+’ acrossDrainage, soil depth, aeration, forStarchy tubers (manioc, sweet
potato), fruitsPeanuts, some maize (less), squash,
etc …
© T. M. Whitmore
Conuco agriculture•More calories per acre (manioc 3x
calories than maize!)
•Root crops demand less from soils
•Roots “stored” in ground => less rot in humid environment
•Manioc very pest resistant – but poisonous if not treated
•Very low protein – but with fruits, turtles, fish, birds, shellfish = excellent diet
© T. M. Whitmore
South American Lowland moist tropics (Amazonia)
•Population: ~ > 5-6 m but very uncertain
•Livelihood: Old (outdated) view is of semi-nomadic, small bands practicing long fallow swidden (slash and burn) with a limited material culture
© T. M. Whitmore
South American Lowland moist tropics (Amazonia)
•New more complex view posits at least 3 distinct livelihood systems in AmazoniaSemi-nomadic hunting-gathering in
the terra firme “inter-fluves”High density sedentary ag along
rivers and in varzeaAlso terra mulato and terra prieta
do indio along rivers (see web site)Raised/drained field agriculture
© T. M. Whitmore
Southern Cone societies•Low population ~ 2 million tops•Livelihood: no evidence for
agriculture in 1491hunter-gatherer societieslike North American Plains Indians
© T. M. Whitmore
Andean Societies I•Inca (or Inka) empire
•Ancient cultures, recent empire (at time of Spanish conquest)
•Quechua and Aymara languages (both still spoken by millions)
•C. Andes population ~ 11-15 m in 1490s
© T. M. Whitmore
Andean Societies II•Resource management
problemsLittle land in any eco zone (but multiple opportunities as well)
Different agriculture needed in different zones
Altitude => frost a problem extreme diurnal temp differences
© T. M. Whitmore
Andean Societies III•Resource opportunities
The only large domesticated animals in the Americas (llamas & alpacas)“Camelids”
•Andean solution Murra’s “vertical archipelago”
Use of all major altitudinal zones – at the same time
Special food storage: charki and chuña (chuñu)
© T. M. Whitmore
Coastal Desert Societies
•Seat of sophisticated high cultures long before the Inka Moche (~100-700 AD) and Chimú (immediate pre-Inka)
© T. M. Whitmore
Coastal Desert Societies•Resource opportunities and limitations
Coastal fishing excellentNo frostNo rain except in El Niño yerrs
•Water management problems are severe
•Agricultural strategiesCanal irrigationSunken plotsGathered foods
© T. M. Whitmore
Columbian “Encounter” or “Exchange”
•Amerindian domesticated crops & animals
•Impacts of Amerindian crops
•Old World crops and animals to the Americas
© T. M. Whitmore
• Maize (corn) (Zea mays) • Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) (so-called
“Irish” potatoes) & other tubers (e.g., Oca & olluco)
• Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) (including what we usually call ‘yams’)
• Manioc (Manihot esculenta and M. Dulcis) (or yuca; you know it as tapioca)
• Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) (grain & greens)
• Beans (Phaseolus spp.) (most all types except soy, mung, & etc.)
• All squashes (Cucurbita spp.) • Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicon)• Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Foods I
© T. M. Whitmore
• Chilies (Capsicum spp.) (not true ‘peppers’)• Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)• Avocado (Persea americana) • Papaya• Cashew• Chocolate (Theobroma cacao) ‘food of the
gods’)• Pineapple• Guava• Brazil nut• Agaves (Agave spp.) • Chenopodium species (both for grain and
greens) – including quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
• Cactus (prickly pear)• and many others, especially fruits
Foods II
© T. M. Whitmore
•Cotton (Gossypium spp.) (Most commercial types)
•Tobacco•Rubber (latex)•Coca (as in cocaine)•Indigo (also Old World, blue dye for
jeans)•Sisal/hemp (gunny sacks)•Copal (incense)•Cochineal (brilliant red dye from
crushed insects)•and many others
NON - FOODS
© T. M. Whitmore
•Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) (Food)•Llama (Lama pacos) (food, fiber,
transport)•Alpaca (Lama Glama) (fiber)•Turkey •Dog (food)•Muscovy duck•Bee - only source of sweetness•Cochineal insect•and a very few others
ANIMALS
A sample of the diversity represented in the corn crib of one farmer in the highlands of central Mexico.
(photo by Hugh Iltis)
© The Potato Research Program of the National Agrarian University
OLLUCOOCA
International Potato Institute
(Centro International de la Papa)
http://www.cipotato.org/index2.asp