© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of...
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Transcript of © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of...
![Page 1: © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America – continued Sugar in Cuba Industrial.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1c5503460f94c32fe5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY•Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly
19th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America – continuedSugar in CubaIndustrial minerals
•Agriculture and rural developmentCharacteristics of small holdersLand (or agrarian) reform
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© T. M. Whitmore
LAST TIME- Questions?
•Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America Temperate zone agricultureArgentine pampasBananas in C AmericaCoffee in Brazil & C America
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© T. M. Whitmore
Sugar in Cuba
• Ideal local agroecological conditions
•Near huge USA market
•Sugar present but not well developed under Spanish
•USA acquired Cuba in 1898 as result of Spanish American war
•USA corporations (agribusiness) set up huge sugar plantations, mills, railroads
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© T. M. Whitmore
Sugar in Cuba•Results
•Vast increase in output50% of all land in sugar by 1930Labor demand => increase in
immigrationInvestment in early yellow fever
and malaria eradicationUSA control of Cuban economy set
stage for Castro in 1959
•Ongoing reliance on sugar diminished
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© T. M. Whitmore
Industrial Minerals
•Chilean nitrates & phosphates
•Bolivian Tin
•Copper, lead, zinc in Peru
•Oil in Mexico and Venezuela
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nitrates
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Tin
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copper
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Oil & gas
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© T. M. Whitmore
Generalizations about 19th C neo-colonial development
•Few jobs except for small-holder coffee•Profit to few (mostly foreign or local
elites)•Foreign control of development,
infrastructure, capital investment, and expertise
•Development geographically isolated•Few economic multipliers•At the mercy of international prices•Foreign control •Nationalization
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© T. M. Whitmore
Geographic Impact of the colonial and neo-colonial
extractive economy
•Geographic isolation of some development
•Much development focused on the main, often primate, usually old colonial center city — often called the core
•“Rachet-effect” of development in the core city
•Patterns persist, albiet changed
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© T. M. Whitmore
Contemporary agricultural & rural development: 5
important Issues•Today:
Characteristics of small holders Land reform
•TuesdayRole of TechnologyProductivity paradoxInternal colonization
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© T. M. Whitmore
Agricultural and Rural Development I: Small Holder
Agriculture
•Poverty
•Field fragmentation
•Risk averse
•Polyculture
• Intraspecies diversity
•Role of off-farm income
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© T. M. Whitmore
Agricultural and Rural Development II: Land reform•Goals of land reform
Improved social equityProductivity increasesPolitical goals
•Types of land reform Re-distributive type Collectivist typeMixed typeContemporary “grass roots” types
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© T. M. Whitmore
Re-distributive land reform:
Bolivia example•Pre-reform agriculture in 1950
•Revolution in 1952/3 =>
•Results of Bolivian land reform
•New impetus for land reform by current govt.
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© T. M. Whitmore
Collectivist land reform: Cuba example 1959 and
after•pre-reform 1959
•1959 revolution =>
•Results of Cuban land reform
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© T. M. Whitmore
Mixed land reform: Mexico example 1910-21 revolution•Pre-reform in 1910•Post-revolution: 1921 — 1980s
Ejido systemMost haciendas expropriated and
all or parts redistributedWealthy hacienda owner got to
keep some lands Some ex-hacienda lands were set
up as undivided collective farms•Results of Mexican land reform
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Río Fuerte
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© T. M. Whitmore
Contemporary land reform
•O Movimento dos Sem Terra (The Movement of Rural Landless workers) or the MST in Brazil
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© Wendy Woford
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Mid 1990s
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Soy in S America
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A New Society:Egalitarian and Socialist
© Wendy Woford
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MST Activists
© Wendy Woford
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Marcelo and Iara
© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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Campos Settlement, Campos Settlement, SCSC
© Wendy Woford
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A settler’s land, Campos, SC
© Wendy Woford
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Ourives Settlement
© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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Without Running Water: Ourives
© Wendy Woford
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© Wendy Woford
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© T. M. Whitmore
Effective Methods:MST from 1985 to 2000
•2 million members
•On 4,000 settlements
•In 22 states
•230,000 occupations
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