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01- – , Sociology-Meaning, Defintions & Nature

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Bierstedt, Robert, The Social Order, New York:McGraw Hill, 1957
Bottomore, T.B., Sociology:A Guide to Problems and Literature, London:Allen
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Kegan Paul, 1961
Company, 1935.
& Kegan Paul,1961.
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02- - Scope & Subject Matter of Sociology

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03-
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? ‘! , d, A 7 ,
A d, ) ! $. ’
(4) $ 3 , !, &
) ! ‘ !’
]
(5) y = &$ y ,
, $, $ = , && , S,
, C -& < T E
, &, &,
G
, - & E $ ‘! <
y &O = ) = SL 3
] & 6 = <
, $ E - $ 3
'
- BASO101
50
(6) ! A, A, ! 3
(7) . , 3 -.
d,, = , O & ,
$-, !, 3
!
! ! V E C E-
(1) ! y, , , )
! ) 3 , !
) ! $ , )
(2) ! = 2 ! 2
! V S ) !
= S, )
(3) ! , , ) !
, , , )
(4) ! = , 3 E, -
! ?
(5) ! UV S ! UV 7
V ! UV !
.
(6) ! L & & ,
) 3, ! & , ) 3 =3 y
f , 3
- BASO101
51
(7) ! y <$ 3
! y |v
\
(8) ! .< 2 , ! .< 2 W 3
G ! 2 A
! 2 SL, 3 A
(9) , !, )-A, 3
(10) y ] UV ! !
3
-2
1 .. $ ‘ .......................... !
$ ’
2 ! ......................................................... )
3 ! ................................................................................ 2
4 $ 3 ! 3 ............................
4.8
= 2 $ E 2 3
V ) E $ ) $f G
$ ) G
! 3 E
= ) V 2,
UV = 7 3
- BASO101
52
2, $ )
) = S,
- T, T ) 3 $
h$ ‘ 2, 3 , m
G , = ,
= , $ ’
2 - $ E
2 V ) 2,
T $ )
4.9 < $
-1
1. 3 4.4
2. 3 4.4
3. 3 4.6
-2
2 , ( ,)
3 .<
4.10 &
1. Bottomore, T.B., Sociology
53
2. Berger, Peter, Invitation to Sociology, Doubleday, New York, 1963.
3. Mills, C.k., Wright, Sociological Imagination, Oxford, New York, 1959.
4. Forands, Abraham, Sociological Thoughts, Macmillan India, Delhi, 1985.
4.11 + &
• Berger, Peter, Invitation to Sociology, Doubleday, New York, 1963.
• Mills, C.k., Wright, Sociological Imagination, Oxford, New York,
1959.
1985.
4.12 $
1.L V ?
- BASO101
54
5- ./0 Society
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.8 6$
5.9 $ 7
5.11 <
5.0
- . 2 ) ! a
! }$ , , ‘’ E
G -,, -S, ]
- BASO101
55
O, . E
G - -
, 6 v- ] =
k ,
h T ! $ -
) E
5.1
–
• O 3
• 3 2 $ 3
5.2
3 ‘’ 4 O;fDr;ksa $ 3
‘’ & G
= !, T ‘’ 4 $ E
‘’ O;fDr;ksa ,
- $ $
E ‘’ - $ fuf'pr &
G
! $ ‘’ 4 $ 3
. O;fDr;ksa 3 E
O;fDr;ksa . $$ - ?
$$ . ‘-’ O;fDr
O;fDr ? ,
- BASO101
56
,

, , ) - &
C, 3 & $
3 2 G , G &
, 3 E --$ &
CQ 3 E -$ Q ,
Q -$ 3 2 G E
<
$ T E $
E-
() O;fDr - O;fDr $
() O;fDr - $
() - $
, , ? - =
, ? ‘’
O;fDr & 3,
? 3 ? ‘$$’ $ O;fDr,
? 3 ? G O;fDr
O 3 O;fDr ?-
? G 3
$ ] - ‘ $
, -& , . '
- BASO101
57
- ‘ , $-,, &
, , ,, -. L, L .
&$ . E ,
&$ ’’
= & , ] ‘
, , & , , 3 O;fDr -
] A E'
3 O;fDr, . } ]
& -‘ O;fDr, ,
$ , T , O;fDr , T A G
$ = E, E”
5.3
1- ! 3 - , - 3
- S S - E
E O;fDr , $ d, h
E, 3 & G G
, 3 $ E
& -, ]
2- - , , },

(1) - & ,
r G m O;fDr, ,, -m, ,
UV }$ , --
& , ,
- BASO101
58
, & a , &

(2) 9 - 3 = , E =
, 3 O;fDr - O;fDr c, $S, ,,
v, S, &- E-= (!-)
3 W- <=
3 =-= , c, S
, ?-? T <
3- 9 - $ < 3
? 3 E
(1) - < O;fDr &
(2) - }$ ,
& OkS;fDrd =, -=, 1
&$, ‘$’ <= $-O$ $-$
&$ $- eqfDr =
, $ T
$ , , ,
4- ! - O;fDr , O;fDr,
, O;fDr = $, ,
E
$ - 3 , $ -
‘&-$’ $ 3 ,
W- O;fDr, ,
- $ 3 .
- BASO101
59
& E , -$, 1
= O;fDr, , $
5- - O;fDr, L <=
, , , T , $
E, $ E,
= , &, 3 . 3 &, 3
T 3 , $ 3
, . < T
6- - 3 O;fDr,
G E, , 3 &$ &$
}$ &,
a , 3, v E 3
, , E,
3 -< 3 E
, G h -

9 ) A
! $ ‘’ . $ 3
!, T & ‘ , ’
O, $ E & ]
! & $ 3 ..
$ 3 & ] $ }, T <
E:-
60
3- -
4- L
Sf :-
1- fuf'pr -CJ - - ] E,
< fuf'pr SL
2- -$ - A - ,

T }$ ?
fuf'pr m f 3 , ), T
, , =
G E

3-!-!- $ E
3 , , < E -
E
4- !J - L < y
y , -$ L , L
7, , L
L $ ‘<$’
- 3 $ , G
$ 3
-1
- BASO101
61
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
5.4
= 4, 3 , 4, $ 3
, ! 3 , 4, V $ 3 , 4
$ G E , 3 $f ,
O, $ E , T $
$ 4 = $ 3 4
h , t =
, = - & Y <
E-
& 3
V & ,, !, v,
3 L
3 $ 3 h = .
O;fDr, =G , .,
, T O;fDr, = , G E
= . E
- = E < m, $
$A < - fuf'pr -
= 3 C E-
1. , 3 , $ .
O;fDr, 3 E
- BASO101
62
2. , $ , O;fDr,
$
3. 4 SL ,
SL S

4. , 3 .,, , ? G
3 = , 3 ,
= < G
5. $ G
$
6. ] $ 3
E 3
-2
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5.5
h 3 d < <$ h,
G , 3 = G
, O, , 3 !
- BASO101
63
A C &, 3 ? &$ ]
$ G 3 <
=
, 3 G

< <
$ $ <$ <
$ < <
c C
-
S A S
, <
2. a $
3.
4. .
5.6
3 E, G
, , 3 O;fDr
- BASO101
64
E 3 , $ )
L $
5.7 9"
- , – E
- 4 , h
5.8 # $
-1
i) <
5.9 &
1. Bottomore, T.B., Sociology
2. Berger, Peter, Invitation to Sociology, Doubleday, New York, 1963.
3. Mills, C.k., Wright, Sociological Imagination, Oxford, New York,
1959.
1985.
5. 0 0 : .
6. :
- BASO101
65
5.10 + &
, . . , 1967, m , 4 ,
, 2009, - &$, 4 , m
0 0 : .
:
5.11 $
1. O ‘’ ‘ ’ 3 V
- BASO101
66
6-./234 Community
6.3
6.3.1 <
6.4
6.4.1 [ ,
6.5
6.7 6$
6.8 $ 7
6.10 <
6.0
O;fDr 3 = .
3 E = 4, 3 O;fDr,
- BASO101
67
G ! 3 4 V
$ 3 O;fDr, G O;fDr,
fuf'pr - E 3 , =
. , 3
= $ E ‘
$ ] ’ E v
, SL v A

$
! SL 3 3 , [, $, $
m m h
3 UV
$
6.1
, , !
E 2

6.2
4 UV 7 community community
4 4 ‘Com’ ‘ Munis’ Com $
- Munis $
O;fDr, )
, , ,
E <$ SL 3 $
- BASO101
68
G m SL 3 = . E, ,

= , “ SL
E”
“ 3
fuf'pr SL 3 E”
<
$< ,
E:
V <, & 3

fuf'pr SL 3

, ,

$< m ] E:
h V <, & 3 $ ?
, 3 & $
(&) E O & 3 d
] V E:
1. O;fDr, fuf'pr - 3
2. V $ – , $, $
? ?<
- BASO101
69
.a &O = !,
$$ ‘ SL 3 $ ’
& 3 & 3 -
fuf'pr , 3
fuf'pr - 3 E G 3 fuf'pr ?
E G ?
K “ O;fDr, SL 3
= ”
6.3 $
C < E-
1. 8 - < < -
SL 3 = G SL 3 fuf'pr
, ) h ,
7
2. 1 - 3 m
G =
fuf'pr SL , $ = <
&
E E

c <, -
1. D 1 - , , E,
O;fDr, 3 O;fDr 3 ?$ E
- BASO101
70
$ S
m G

2. -
,
, , C $ E O;fDr
3 .
6.3.1 1 ) -
< C E-
1. A -
$ , 3
“E’’ G E
, 3
$ 3
V
] E
, O;fDr,
= SL 3
2. 1) A - 1 < E
E 1 , 3 , ,
$. < 1 3
E
3. 1 A - < <
, $ < 3
- BASO101
71
$ < G = 4, 3
$
6.4
C E-
1. O;fDr - fuf'pr SL 3 O;fDr,
$ $ O;fDr G O;fDr,

2. - - < 3 , -
$ = h k G
= 3 . E
3. - 1 - $
, . = , T L E O;fDr = ,
$ $ E 3 3
& A
4. D0 - <
= O;fDr, 3
<
5. 1) - O;fDr 3
O;fDr 3 = E, E E, <

- BASO101
72
6. - - $ V $ $ G
E
= 3
7. 1 D 8 - fuf'pr SL
4, 3 fuf'pr $
E
8. 1 - $ O;fDr v
$ G O;fDr = 3 = ]
= O;fDr $ G

9. 1 - G
, $ G $ ) E ,
< $ < ,
, L 3 3
10. ) 1 - = $ 3
< $ , 3 < $ ,
f
-1
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
73
................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
6.4.1 + ; -
, , , , h{ SL fuf'pr SL 3
< E 3 <
E E, 3
= G , [ , 2
=3 G ,
, y [ , E G
3 <=
[ , 3
1. 1 ?- . 3
$ = T $&
= , G 3 ?
3 T $ $, , ,
, T ] 3 <
$ G fuf'pr
SL G $ G
- BASO101
74
SL, , 3 E 3 fuf'pr
SL 3 O;fDr;ksa = . G
G
2. ? - G 3
, W < S T
, 3 y , 3
G 3 , = ,
. G <
3 , 3
3. ? - 7 S [
3 S O;fDr;ksa
fuf'pr SL , , 3
3 $= E V
O, W =
E 3 SL E =, 3 $,
SL $ O, $
& G - ,
3 = . G $ = 3 G E ,
3 , G
G
4. U ? -y O;fDr;ksa 3
= S h h SL, $ , , .
< = y G , y
fuf'pr E y fuf'pr $ ,
= $= , $ , G
O;fDr;ksa , &
- BASO101
75
, , , 7 y , $ , O & <
[ E G E
<= , , $, C,
x [ E O, 3 <

6.5
O;fDr;ksa L G , O;fDr;ksa 3 &
O, $ : $
t 3 , 3
3 E ! 3 4
V $ 3 O;fDr;ksa G O;fDr;ksa
t - E 3 ,
= . , 3
=
6.6 "
- SL $

6.8 &
& Unwin, 1969.
76
Bogardus, E.S., Introduction to Sociology, Los Angeles: University of
Southern California Press, 1917
Davis,Kingsley, Human Society, New York:MacMillan Company,1949
Fairchild, H.P.(ed), Dictionary of Sociology,London:Vision,1958
6.9 + &
Cooley, C.H.,Social Organization, Glencoe :The Free Press, 1962
Davis,Kingsley, Human Society, New York:MacMillan Company,1949
Fairchild, H.P.(ed), Dictionary of Sociology,London:Vision,1958
6.10 $
i) & ?
ii) O, G ?
- BASO101
77
-7 " #$ Status & Role
7.0
7.1
7.2 ,& $
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6 $ 3
7.7 $ &
7.8 3
7.9 <
7.10
7.12 =$ 7
7.13 7
7.14 <
78
7.0
.a ) $
, $ ?
- , , L, ,
, . , E ! a =G ,
.a E , $
E , 3 , E
$ 3 < O;fDr
= < O;fDr fuf'pr fuf'pr
$ & 3 O;fDr &
O;fDr - G ,
3 - . ., 2
& 3 & , $ 3 G , O, <
, &
, 3 $
O;fDr E, 3
3 G , 3 V G
. V
& , -
< $. < E, O;fDr
$. , $ E ) 3
) 3 3 =
) 3 3 3 , <$
$ E
- BASO101
79
7.1
) i'pkr -
• ,& $ 3
• $ 3
• .a 3
• [ 3
• $ 3 V 3
• $ & 2 3
• 3 3
• <
7.2 ,
O;fDr T = f , $ ,=G
3 O;fDr f O;fDr
‘' E 3 ,
E <$ <
] E O;fDr O;fDr
1 $ O;fDr 1
O;fDr )
] 1 <$ ] 3 1
$
E
C & E-
- BASO101
80
/ 1 , 3 =, e $
<$ < T [
m 3 T E
C ) 3 ] E: < 3 O;fDr
1 = 1 fDr e E fDr
e L E,
2 E .a A 3 E
3 e ]
. () E:
, () e , e O;fDr
3 () <
, , 3
, 2 ,
! $ 3 E
L .a .
fuf'pr 3 3 , ., ),
, 7 E & E:
. 3 O;fDr $h 3 f , .

= & 3 O;fDr,
E 3 , , ,
S d E &O , E
$ E $ 3 .a ]
E: = . 3 ,
T $ ] , ,
A
81
, , 3
O;fDr , 3 O;fDr

7.3
& =1 3 -
• $! B ( M: { 3
, 3 , E E
, p 3 E =3
p 3 G
, E -
3 - ,
$ ] 3 E
$ E -
f &
]
• $! C : 3 < G
S S ] 1
, < ,
G ] < ) <
[ G 3
$ < O , 3
< , 3 -
G d$ <$ ,
] $ () = , <$ E $ 3
S
- BASO101
82
• $! ! B N : = , 3
W ] = , 3 = E
, ,
, , 3 < SL 3 h <
E < , , h <
, , = 3 = ,
E, G , h ] E
, =

• $! $O : E
E , $
, E $
<$ E, -, S S
,
] &, -C
m 3 h $
] h C
h C $ 3 h G
h G
• $! ' : $
, =
, G , 3 Q ] G
=3 G 3
Q 7 G $ ]
m G , O
E
83
7.4
a !, &
-: (1) (2) $ O;fDr =
f E 3
E $
O;fDr &O , c f W 3
O;fDr . E , <, ), ., ,
UV E, $ 3 E < ,
&W , S 3
v ,
G < $ 3, O;fDr c f
S c $
O;fDr 4 E
$ O;fDr f ,
f $ Sf .a
: O;fDr $ $ $
E $ $ O;fDr
) f E:
O;fDr v ) f $
E
[ - , =
<$ E E = 19G 4 ,
, $ $ .a 3
O;fDr , 3 &$ G 20G 4 3
! ! = ],
G , SL
- BASO101
84
3 = E $ 3 & !
m [
$ , E [ $
, ! 3 =
7.5
! 3 m E <$ $.
, , E,
] E $ 3
S ]
&$ E - $. v, - L
- , - -
E v, . S 4 , S
3 =3 v e f
- $. , 3 v,
UV 3 - E
G , $ , 3 E
O;fDr = f ] O;fDr
3 G $ = E
T $& O;fDr 3 =
, & O;fDr , ,
, , 3
T $& e ,
E E, E =,
a E:
•
85
•
•
•
O = O;fDr f E a E
1. : f
E !- E ! -
, $ ! ,
= , O G ,
, !, 3
&$ 3 &$ $ 3
&$ 7 S
fuf'pr v 3 !, ,
< $ E ] E
E < fuf'pr &
O;fDr G ]
E E G =3
!, v S , ! v G
G G G =3 ) G
& 3 ! v G G
$ ] 3 E
, 3 < &, 3 , 3 !, v
, 3 !, 3 , v &
3 ,
- BASO101
86
] ,, G 3
E, !,
2. $ 3
O;fDr = ? G
, T O;fDr ., 3
O;fDr, $ $ T , ] G
G SL s G ,
E s, -
s, 3 1
C , S & fDr
3 E E
& 3 , = 3
] , $ 3 7
G
] 3 A
3 , E
& $7 E $
3, A 3 , ] E,

3. : < 3 E ,
$ 3 E v
E, E O;fDr <$ . E,
3 & E $
&, 3
O;fDr 3 fuf'pr $ ) 3
$ E 3 ,
- BASO101
87
] 3
. $ E fuf'pr ,
& , 3 G s SL
A E
, ] E, E,
E
4. : E: O
, , 3 = O;fDr E,
O W 3 E ,
G O ,
O E, E & 3
E: , , -, , , 3
] ]< 3 & , a
& ]
< <= v E
E
5. : E A E
, 3 O;fDr f yh
, y G ,
m 3 7 ,
, L ,
, 3 G , G
E E
. & E . 3
C <= $
s , W ]
E <= ] h
- BASO101
88
$ $$ E,
3 = E
7.6 $ >
- , ! 3 ] - $ ? ,
S, - $ ? , h ,
& S = f E ? h S
$, $ ?
O, , $ G , O;fDr<
h$ 3 $ ? G E ,
E $ , 3
3 , 3 <$ ,
G , 3 3 , 3 ,
$ UV , ,
V 3
1. $R $! $! : $ m
=, U$ 20G 4 $
, 3 m G $
= 3 , ,
& ] UV 3
$
2. $R $! O;fDr B S ' :
h G G, h
v G G
G ! G G
E = &$ h 3 G
- BASO101
89
$ 3 <$
, , 3 & E, $ O;fDr
4 3 -<, ) < -
, G
3. $R $! B 9 : <
E G &$
3 3 ] E -
v, S S T
v, -
v, 3
] E, ] 3
5. $R $! 9 $O M: !,
), h$ E fuf'pr
, 3 e , 3
O;fDr
L , 3 E, 3
&$ ] ],
$ L , 3
y,-y, , <,-<, $ ,
3 &$ 3 3
$ 3
$ G E , E ,
E , E , ! UV
E ) ,
<= ] E, E
E 3
- BASO101
90
E ,
$ $ 3 G , 3
= , 3 ,
= , 3 $
7.7 @
3 3
.< S O;fDr G ,
$ ?
< $. E $ -
f O;fDr v, -
C&, $., ] O
E
! , !, <$ $
m , $ 3 =,
] c
! $ 3 3 $ $
.a $ 3 SL
E
7.8 @ ,
E 3 < 3 ]
E $ E
, E ,
, T 3 E, =3
E G
3 3
- BASO101
91
$ 3 3
x O
, , ,
.a , ? ?< E, ,
E 3 fuf'pr $ ]
E, . 3 ?= ,
), , $ E $ V ]
:
$ . E =G 1
= 3 3 . 3
$$ <$ $
$ E 3 ) 3 ,
2 2 3 O;fDr, h 3 .
fuf'pr O;fDr ]
$ , $ G
3 < $& = G
< <
$ 3 ] ,

c 3 ] <
. ] .& S E:
;fDr = $
$ 3 .a =, 7$
,
E:
92
4 7
$ , m . C
E O;fDr T E
O V E
E, $ 4, 3,
G , - E,
E < ,
, ] = $
] E, ,
L 3
3 E:-
1. 3 E $ G

2. = 3 G O
3 E
3. 3 E, . . &
& , ] 3
$ G . < )
= G ,
E, . 3 <, - &
3 <
] 3, 3
E , x . 3
$ G ,

- BASO101
93
4. S G S ) :
) [ G ], $ G ] )
) E ? < E
? , 3 ?
<$ ] ] ,
E $ 3 =

5. G , $ 3 E
L 3 L
$ S , 3 G E , s 3
y G 3 &$ ,
E
7.8 @ >
O;fDr .
3 . S
E $ , $ 3
. S & $ S ,
, 3 S $ ,
h$ 3 E O;fDr S
E 3 .
7.9 @ $
< O;fDr 3 G m , 3
<$ C ,
•
- BASO101
94
• O;fDr ? $-
• W
• 3 A
• L 3
• ., $
• $< $
• m, S
-1
- &O , $
1 .................................... O;fDr f

2 ................................................
f
3 $ ........................................
UL $(
1 [ $ 3
(i) & (ii) m
(iii) . (iv) .
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
95
2 C 3 -
(i) (ii)
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
7.10
) i'pkr , O;fDr
3 , a $
E =G O;fDr < $. $
E O;fDr $

7.11 # $
-1
3 &$
96
-
7.12 &
1. , . . $, , !: &, ....., m,
1989.
2. , .., : Q, , , 2001.
3. , !: , , , 2002.
7.13 + &
Cooley, C.H.,Social Organization, Glencoe :The Free Press, 1962
Davis,Kingsley, Human Society, New York:MacMillan Company,1949
Fairchild, H.P.(ed), Dictionary of Sociology,London:Vision,1958
2. , .., : Q , , , 2001.
3. , !: , , , 2002.
7.14 $
1. O E ? & .a
2.
3. $ 3 V
- BASO101
97
08 Culture
8.3 S
8.4
8.5 3 =
8.6 <
8.7
8.9 6- ,
8.10 $ 7
8.12 <
98
8.0
3
=-= m G
, T O;fDr, &
O, 3 -m
We
= L
3
3 =
,, , -,, 2 7
E <
$ , - = , E
$ = 2 E 3
& T $
= , 7 E E < SL =-=
3 E O;fDr
$ = $
3 S
$ = -
&,, $, $, , 2, ., E
3 <$ O;fDr O;fDr<
O;fDr <$
8.1
) -
• $ & 3
- BASO101
99
• ,
• V 3
• 3 V 3
• 3 < O , 3
8.2
4 $ 3 4
, 4 E $ <,
$ = , = , 3 =3
= E $ , = , T
, f &$ , =
] . ,
, . $
O;fDr &, = $ ] .
, 7 V 2
= 1 t E
3 V E,
a E
! & ] , ‘‘ $
3 C E E, $ E
E’’
The Social System 3 & ] , ‘
O;fDr< ? $ ’
=, & ] ‘ m,, ,,
< , 6
- BASO101
100
,, $,, , <, $, 3
. ’
T & ‘ $
3 2, , , , ., = S ,
=3 f ’
O & V $= & G
$ . , 7
E
8.3 .
$ a S
3-
1 1D - h 3 h 3
& E - h, 3 p 3,
L$ 3 , $ =
, = E $ , =
G
1 - h - T ? 3
f G , f ] .,
, h G
3 - ? T
1 $ A -
T 2 f
&
- BASO101
101
) A D0 1 -
& = < 3 V
=-= E
= = E 3 , 7, , , ,
< [ E
1 1J - O;fDr G
$ ] 3
m G 5, 10 100, 200 O;fDr,
< G m , , <
$ <
1 D - $
E , E ,
O;fDr 3 $
v, m
1 A 1 - , &,
E $ $
E
1 A 8 - 3 , ,
&, S &$
&, 3 S =
1 - $ = ,
=3 < E -
] E $ .
E
- BASO101
102
, a
O;fDr< $ 3 =
< 3 -&,, $, $, , 2,
, ., O;fDr O;fDr<
8.4 4
3 , ]
3 3 $$ V -
$ T $ $ C
fDr, &$ L
$ ,
$ E =3 E, E E
E 3 , , , , , , !, L,
, , , E ,,
, $, ,, , ,, m , < , !, ,, [,
1 , C <,
G , 3

$ d, C E $ E
-, - G G $
E E - -, , 3, , -&
, 1 3 E 3 ,
, C = 3 f
, , , ., , -&, , , <, 2, ,
, S E
T &
- BASO101
103
, , , ,



-1
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
104
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
8.5 > @B
3 ==
,
G E $ $
E O;fDr
, E $
E
$ 3 E 3 -$
E $ ] E
&$
u w 7 c

: !, $ G ,
E E
. E
G 3 3
- BASO101
105
3
f
3 G &
$ &
3 A w 7u G
3 = = , 3 < $
3 &$
$ 3 3 $
8.6 $
$ = , )
3 <
3 . -
1 A 1 - $ <$ S
= &, $
$ - h

1 O) 1 - < h 3 =
- $ 3 < O;fDr
7 O;fDr< 3 <
O;fDr <- S O;fDr, 3 = =

1 ? - < O;fDr 1
m, 3 . 1 m,
O;fDr
- BASO101
106
1 1 1 - 3 $
, O;fDr 3
<=
1 A ; 1 - < O;fDr $
3 = O;fDr -
, $
1 O; - O;fDr,
.,, -&,, , ,, m,, 1 3
O;fDr E E 3

1 -
f
$ 3 A
1 O V8 - 3 . S
$& E 3 $, ,
3 G m ,
. O;fDr
S
1 - ) O;fDr C
<= f ,
,, 2 ,
=
1 7 1 D 1 - O;fDr
- , f $& $
- BASO101
107
, f O;fDr , fDr,
, $. < $ $ $
A 2 , E
$ = , $ - !-, ,

1 1W - .
L < 3 , -&, ,
E O;fDr ., E O;fDr L
E ;fDrd L L <=
L 3
-2
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
108
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
8.7
O;fDr .
$ , , -, , -&, $, $, C,
& E V E - E
h S, , 1 ,
h 4, h $
3 E 3 = ),
&$ 3 , $ , , ,
, E a
V 3 a E 3 .
T $ , E
, - E
< V 3
$ $ - ,
&

&$ E ,
3 O $ E - S
, $ ,
- BASO101
109
-, , , .., Y, , , L, , , , , ,
, E G $ G
$ - , -, ., , -
&, , 2, , , , S ) E

<=
8.8 "
1 1- $ 3 E h $ - ,
, , , , , , , , [ $
E
1 - 3
$$
9 A- $ $ L,,
m 3
8.9 # < $
-1
2. $$
4.
5. ( )
- BASO101
110
-2
1. 8.2
2. 8.3
3. $ / $
8.10 &
Benedict, Ruth, Patterns of Culture, Houghton.k Mffilin Co.k. Boston, 1934.
Beals, Ralph L.k. and Hoijer, Harry, An Introduction to Anthropology, New
York, Macmillan, 1956.
Linton, Ralph, The Study of Man, New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964.
Ogburn, William F., Social Change, New York, Viking, 1922.8.11
8.11 + D
1. - Gp [ ( )
2. 7 ! - .. 7 ( )
3. !- Gp [, 7 ( )
4. Social Work - G.R.k Madan, Vivek Prakashan
5- Rural Sociology – V.N.k Singh, Vivek Prakashan
6- Rural & Urban Sociology ,G.K. Agarwal, SEPD,Agra
7- Indian Society & Culture – R.N. Mukherjee,Vivek Prakashan.
- BASO101
111
8.12 $
1. O E ]

2. $ ] < $
- BASO101
112
9- /:3;<, $% Norms, Values & Custom

9.4.1 - <
9.4.2 - <
9.4.3 - ,
9.4.4 -
9.5 m
9.6 m
9.7 m
9.7.1 - m
9.7.2 - A m
- BASO101
113
9.8
9.9 <
9.10
9.11 6
9.13 $ 7
9.0
3 <
3 m, E
3 4, 3 ) 3 4 <$
E , m, T
, & 3 O;fDr .
E, , ,
- h
m E O;fDr .,
, k, , v E
E 3 S
m <$ . SL 3
$ Q =3 O;fDr - 7
9.1
-
• 3 3
- BASO101
114
• , 3 E
• m 3 E
• m, , 3 E
• 3 E
• < 3 3
9.2
< $ $ $& $ E, = 3
) 3 . E ,
$& S , !
3 $ (Norms) ) O;fDr,
. $ L
< )
] a Statistical Average E
3 , 2
& 3 =3 - . G < 3
O,
3 G 3 O;fDr, .
3
G E
, 3 - (Sanction)
. E, =3
m E, =3 = -
& (Formal) & (Informal) , 3
= . ) ., . 3
(Conformity) $, & <
- BASO101
115
- (Formal Negative Sanction) E v ,
v C L h{
C & < - (Formal
Positive Sanction) . G 3
, . 3 (Conformity) 3
. (Anarchy) 3 ]
Emile Durkheim = (Anomie Normlessness)
9.3
E-
• , f , $ 3 O;fDr
$ , ,
O;fDr G
• , 3 =
, G
] , G
• & & , &
&
• S y ,
, 3 &$ G
• , < 3 -- -
, m E, =3
, ) 3 v . E, =3
&
- BASO101
116
• L 3 <
S < & 3
• O;fDr, 3 O;fDr,
- - G
• , = 2 1
G E, O, ,
&$ E
9.4
E-
9.4.1 < (Prescriptive Norms)
9.4.2. < (Proscriptive Norms)
9.4.1 1X)
, ^<
, -
< 4, 3, G
< . ,
S < < <
3 O $
9.4.2 1)
3 G <
< S $ ,
c G <
- BASO101
117
3 E $ E
$ (Communal
Norms) 3 E =
, E, (Associational
Norms) 3 ,
(Communal Norms) T
(Associational Norms) , O, 3 ,
G
E,
,
f

!, [ , -
;(Real Norms) (Idealized Norms) -
3 $ , G 3
. 3 E ? 3
E, $ E
$ 3 e G E , $
G
E
9.4.3 71 A
< = -, ,
! SL 3 (Norms) & ! , (Wiiliam
Gram Sumner) -,, = , , 3
- BASO101
118
, (Folways) (Mores)
E L E
4 $ , , -& h
E $ ] , $ h
, , $- &, $
3 , - E
, <$ . S ,
& 3 ? <=
$ ] , < $
< O;fDr
& 3 . ., S 3 -
< - E
O;fDr ,
, . , !
, , . , v ,
3, , S .,
3
T $ E )
V 3 O;fDr, & 3
. , 2 ) G, ,
T - ,
, - - <
, O;fDr 3
$1; A -
! 3 9-
, C 3
- BASO101
119
O;fDr - . , ,
. G , G
,
71 )) -
. 3 G .
&, E f E,
y E, - 3
E , f G ,
E 7 E
1 ) - < 3
- E ,
E 3 E $
. <
O- $ . -. 3
E, G O;fDre d (Subjective
Phenomenon) < $ .
, . G v
G , O;fDr, . G
8- S f
3 ,
, m E, v O;fDr 3 G
, -
O, 3
O;fDr, Socialization
- BASO101
120
T

9.4.4 A
& !
=, Folkways 3 More Folway
,
=G , 3 E, =3 G
=3 m ,
, - 3 ,
-, - $ - m
3, =3 h m
C G E
3 O;fDr,
L T
m , ] G
O;fDr 3
< =
O;fDr ,
! m
m p
. ,
, 3 -< 3 E 4, 3

7 3 $ m
]
- BASO101
121
G ,
m
< 3 -- , G
-, ,
-, m G
- m , S
- $ ] E
, -, - -L $ - .
E-
m

G
, ,
T T
,
- G , L m ,
$! , = , &
- . m
$
m 3 -m
- m
A
1 - T O;fDr, .
3 $&
- BASO101
122
S < O;fDr . O;fDr,
3 G O O G
.
? A - 3 m <
3
3 3
1 1; - 3 , ,
,
G ,
! - 3 $ O;fDr
G 3
, & 3 3 O;fDr
m, )
1- ] ,
,
W 3
m
-
3 3 - y
T , G <
<
O - O;fDr
3 E, =3 v
- BASO101
123
E, =3 -
? O;fDr E =3
3 O;fDr, . a , $&
y $ &, . L y
O, < y
] , $ 3 ,
$ G G -, (
) E $ T ,
$ - ) 3 , O,
m, = ,
, E
= = a y ,
, V ,
O;fDr , !
= ,
] ? T
, ) $ =,
) y 3 ,
) ,
<S , )
y & <
y fDr 3 , $ ,
< , y f
-&, m, .< ,
y $ f ) &
. ; . $
- BASO101
124
= & = ,
3 ,
a , 3 E- (1) (2) & ,
, ,, 1 = m, ) 3
, =3 E, - 3 Hindu Law Muslim
Law E G E ]
, E =3