+

Rules of TajweedAl Huda Scarborough – Tajweed Class

+OUTLINE

1. What is Tajweed

1. Five Main Organs of Speech

2. Mouth and Teeth Diagrams

3. Letters of the Oral Cavity

4. Letters of the Throat

5. Letters of the Tongue

+WHAT IS TAJWEED?Tajweed is that science of the Quran that

teaches us to read every letter with its HAQQ and MUSTAHAQQ Qualities.

HAQQ are those qualities that are present in the letter all the time. If we remove that quality the letter will cease to exist

MUSTAHAQQ are those qualities that are sometimes present in the letter and sometimes not present. These qualities depend on the environment surrounding the letters.

+HAQQ of the letters

The Haqq of the letters consist of two things:

1) The Makhraj of a letter

2) The Sifaat of the letter.

MAKHRAJ – That place in the mouth where the letter is born.

SIFAAT – Those qualities that differentiate each letter from the next.

A combination of Makhraj and Sifaat give us 28 unique letters in the Arabic Language

+The Five Organs of Speech

1. The Oral Cavity - ألجوف

2. Throat – ألحلق

3. Tongue - اللسان

4. Lips - الشفتان

5. The Nasal Cavity –الخيشوم

+Four pair of Sifaat to look for in a letter.1) Is the letter voiced OR voiceless

2) When we pronounce the letter does Airflow through the Makhraj of the letter OR does Airflow stop at the Makhraj of the letter.

3) Is the back of our tongue rising up OR staying down.

4) Is the middle of the tongue rising up OR staying down.

+SIFAAT ARABIC TERMINOLOGY

Voiceless – همس Voiced – جهرAirflow Stops – شدة Airflow Continues – رخاوة

Back of the tongue BOT does not rise - استفال

rises – استعالء

Middle of the tongue MOT does not rise - انفتاح

rises - اطباق

+Diagram of Mouth

+Letters of the Oral Cavity- (الجوف)

This is the empty space in the mouth

The three vowel letters and sounds originate from here: Alif, Wow, and Yaa

always originates from here ا

originates from here when its وsaakin and a dhammah is before it

originates from here when its يsaakin and a kasrah is before it

+

+, ا ي, و

+LETTERS OF THE THROAT

There are six letters of the throat.

خ غ

ح ع

ه ء

+الحلق Letters of the - حروف

throatالحلق – – أدني مخرج Top of the - خ

throat

+SIFAAT OF خ

Voiceless - همس

Air Flow continues -

رخاوة

Back of tongue rises

استعالءMiddle of

tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Awesome/Heavy Letter

+ الحلق – – غ أدني مخرج – Top part of the

throat

+SIFAAT OF غ

Voiced – جهر

Air Flow continues -

رخاوة

Back of tongue rises - استعالء

Middle of tongue does

not rise - انفتاحAwesome/

Heavy Letter

+الحلق – – ح وسط مخرج – Middle of

the throat

+SIFAAT OF ح

Voiceless - همس

Air Flow continues -

رخاوة

Back of tongue does

not riseاستفال -Middle of

tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Happy/Light Letter

+ الحلق - – ع وسط مخرج

+SIFAAT OF ع

Voiced - جهر

Air flow takes detour - توسط

Back of tongue does not rise -

استفالMiddle of

tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Happy/light letter

+مخرج – ه – Bottom of the throat.

الحلق أقصي

+

SIFAAT OF ه

Voiceless - همس

Air Flow continues -

رخاوة

Back of tongue does

not rise استفالMiddle of

tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Happy/Light Letter

+مخرج – ء

الحلق أقصي

+SIFAAT OF ء

Voiced - جهر

Air Flow stops شدة -

Back of tongue does not rise -

استفالMiddle of

tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Happy/Light Letter

+LETTERS OF THE TONGUE

+ Makhraj – ق

Extreme Back of the tongue rises and touches the soft palate above it.

+ Makhraj – ك

Back of the tongue rises and touches the hard palate above it.

+MAKHRAJ & SIFAAT OF & ق ك Extreme back of the

tongue rises and touches the SOFT palate

Voiced - جهر

Air Flow stops at Makhraj - شدة

Back of tongue rises - استعالء

Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Qalqala

Back of the tongue rises and touches HARD palate

Voiceless - همس

Air flow stops at Makhraj - شدة

Back of tongue rises - استعالء

Middle of tongue does not rise - انفتاح

Can NOT have qalqala

ق ك

+Makhraj of ض

When the back edge of the Tongue curls up and touchesThe gums of the upper fiveMolars.

+Characteristics of Daawd

Voiced - جهر

Air flow continues

through the Makhraj - رخاوة

Back of tongue rises -

استعالءMiddle of

tongue rises - اطباق

Awesome/Heavy letter

+Placement of Tongue – Sound is Distributed towards Right and Left, NEVER Front Teeth

+Makhraj of Jeem

+

جRaising the middle of the tongue and touching the hard palate above it

2. Voiced – جهر

3. Airflow stops at Makhraj - شدة

4. Back of Tongue doesNot rise - استفال5. Middle of Tongue doesNot rise - انفتاح6. Qalqalah

+

شRaising the middle of the tongue towards the hard palate

2. Voiceless –همس 3. Airflows through Makhraj – رخاوة

4. Back of tongue doesnot rise – استفال5. Middle oftongue does not rise - انفتاح6. Spreading of sound

+

يRaising the tongue to the roof of the mouth

2. Voiced - جهر

3. Airflows through Makhraj –رخاوة

4 Back ofthe tongue does not rise – استفال5. Middle oftongue does not rise - انفتاح6. Softness in sound - اللين

+

Makhraj of ل

+

tip of tongue touches the gums – لof the front top 8 teeth

Voiced - جهر

Air flow takes Detour - توسط

Back of tongue does not rise - استفالMiddle of tongue does not rise – انفتاح Makhraj of Laam shifts during pronunciation

+

+Touching the Teeth

+Detour of Airflow

Airflow takingdetour

+

Makraj of Daawd vs. Laam

DAAWD

LAAM

+Practice Words

+Makhraj & Sifaat of ن

The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front- ن6 teeth. (From one canine To the next canine)

1) Voiced - جهر2) Airflow takes a detour (through the nasal cavity) توسط - 3) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال4) Middle of the tongue does not rise – انفتاح5) Ghunnah -

+Makhraj of the letter ن

+Makhraj of ن

The tip of the tongue touches the gums of the top front- ن6 teeth. (From one canine To the next canine)

1. Voiced - جهر

2. Air flow takes a detour - توسط

3. Back of the tongue do not rise – استفال

4. Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

.has ghunna (i.e ن .5 its sound comes from the Nasal cavity

+Examples

�ن�   إ �ء�ام�ن

�اس  لن�ؤم�ن�����   �ن ؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤؤأ

ن�  ح� ن� ن�ا � ن إ�

+Makhraj of ر

The tip of the tongue and the top of the tip of the tongue rise up and touch the gums of the top four teeth.

1. Voiced - جهر

2. Airflow takes a detour - توسط

3. Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال

4. Middle of the tongue Does not rise - انفتاح

5. Trill

6. Changing of Makhraj during pronunciation

+Makhraj of ر

+Makhraj of ر

The letter raa has a unique quality called a trill.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9eN2B7Wj68

+The position of the tongue when pronouncing the تفخيم ر(heavy) or ترقيق (light)

Back of tongue Not Raised.

Back of tongue Raised.

+MAKHRAJ OF د ط& ت

+Makhraj of ت and د

When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of theupper two incisors we pronounce the letters ت and د

ت2) Voiceless - همس3) Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة4) Back of tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

د2) Voiced - جهر3) Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة4) Back of tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

+Makhraj of ط

When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of theupper two incisors we pronounce the letter ط

ط2)Voiced - جهر3)Air flow stops at makhraj - شدة4) Back of the tongue rises استعالء - 5) Middle of the tongue rises - اطباق 6) Qalqalah - قلقلة

+Why do they sound different?

Back of the Tongue doesNot rise Back and

Middle ofthe tonguerises

+Practice Words

  �ب�� �ـ لللللللللللللللڪ�ت   ن ن� ح� ن� ح� ٱ ن�  ن� ح� ن�ى � د ن�  ا ��ن � ن ن�ٱ ا ن � ح! ن"ٱن� إ�ي � ن ن� ح$ ل% �ع�د�ت  ح'أ (‌*+ د ن, ن- ن� ن. ن� � إ ن� ح- ن. ن/ ن�0 ن� �ح ن� ن" ن1 $ ن ٱ% ن! ن2 ن3

+MAKHRAJ OF ظ & ذ ث

+Makhraj of ذ &ث

The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the upper two incisors

ث2) Voiceless - همس3) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

ذ2) Voiced - جهر3) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

+Makhraj of ظ

The tip of the tongue touches the edges of the upper two incisors

ظ2) Voiced - جهر3) Airflows through the makhraj - رخاوة4) Back of the tongue rises - استعالء5) Middle of the tongue rises - اطباق

+Why do they sound different?

Back and middleof tongue do notrise

Back and middleof tongue rise to give a fullmouth sound.

Light letters Heavy letter

+Practice words

4ن إ% ن6ٲ 7+ د إ8ي ن د:9  ـ; ن� ن$ ن=ن� إ<� % ن ٱ  ن6 إ� ن" ن7 ن$ ح= ن3 7ح ن- �ن ح2 ن< �ن3 ن? ح7 ن- ن$ ن@ ن. إ1ۦ  إ$ ح@ ل.B+ ن< ن �ير�ا ييييي �ث �2ڪ د

*: د ن, ن� Cن 

+MAKHRAJ OF ص &سز

+Makhraj of س

The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

1) Voiceless - همس2) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة3) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال4) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح5) Whistling - الصفير

+Makhraj of ص

The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

1)Voiceless - همس2)Air flows through the Makhraj – رخاوة3) Back of the tongue rises - استعالء4) Middle of the tongue rises – اطباق 5) Whistling sound – الصفير

+Makhraj of ز

The tip of the tongue comes close to the back of the upper and lower front two teeth

1) Voiced - جهر2) Airflows through the Makhraj - رخاوة3) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال4) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح5) Whistling - الصفير

+LETTERS OF THE LIPS

+

Makhraj of ف2) Voiceless - همس3) Air flows through The Makhraj - رخاوة4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح

When the front two teeth press down on the inner side of the bottom lip we pronounce the letter ف

+

Makhraj & Sifaat of ب2) Voiced - جهر3) Air flow stops at The Makhraj - شدة4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال 5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح6) Qalqalah قلقلة-

When the two lips close we pronounce the letter ب

+Makhraj & Sifaat of م

2) Voiced - جهر3) Air flow takes an alternative path (through the nasal cavity) - توسط4) Back of the tongue does not rise - استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح6) Ghunnah - غنة

When the two lips close we pronounce the letter م

+Makhraj of و

Opening the lips in a round shape pronounces the letter و

2) Voiced - جهر3) Air flows through the Makhraj - رخاوة4) Back of the tongue does not rise – استفال5) Middle of the tongue does not rise - انفتاح6) Soft sound - اللين

+

Let’s Look at the Makhraj and Characteristics of the Qalqala

Letters

+PLOSIVE CONSONANTS

In phonetics, a plosive consonant also known as an oral stop is a consonant that is made by blocking a part of the mouth so that no air can pass through, and the pressure increases behind the place where it is blocked, and when the air is allowed to pass through again, this sound is created. This sound is the plosive consonant. The blocking is usually done using the tongue, the lips or the throat. Plosives can be voiced or voiceless.

When the consonant is voiced the plosive sound is called Qalqalah.

+Qalqala Letters د ج قطب ط – tip of tongue touches the gums of the top two teeth

ب – lips close ج – middle of the tongue touches the hard palate

د – tip of the tongue touches the gums of the two top teeth

HOW DOES QALQALA OCCUR? Air flow from the lungs is interrupted by a complete closure being made in the mouth usually at the site of the Makhraj.

+Makhraj of Taaw

+Makhraj of Baa

+Makhraj of Daal

+References

Illustrations: All photo credits go to Dr. Ayman Swayd

http://www.therightfulrecital.com/2013/12/15/ibn-al-jazaris-muqaddimah-part-8a-the-makhraj-of-%D8%B9-and-%D8%AD/

+Rules of HamzatulWasl What is Hamzatul Wasl?

It occurs only at the beginning of the word. It occurs without any Harakah on it.

It is written as: ٱ

If the reader connect the word which begins with Hamzat-Ulwassl with the letter preceding it, so the letter preceding Hamzat-Ulwasl is directly connected to the letter following Hamzat-Ulwasl.

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl Examples of skipping Hamzatul wasl

ن' ن3;ا Dن ن�ن ح% ٱ إ2 ن� Fن ح% ٱ ن1 ن% ن"  

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

When we start reading from a word that begins with Hamzatul wasl, we have to pronounce the Hamzatul Wasl.

Then we have to decide what vowel sign to put on it.

There are three scenarios that will occur when we start our recitation with a word beginning with hamzatul wasl.

1) Put a fatha on hamzatul wasl

2) Put a kesra on Hamzatul Wasl

3) Put a dhamma on Hamzatul Wasl

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

1) Fatha � – When the second letter is Laam saakin or Laam

mushaddad. i.e Laam at ta’reef.

Eg. ن� ـ; ن� Gح , ن ٱ% ن/ ن�ا ح� , ن ٱ% Hن ح� Dن ٱ%إ� حي ن� إ, Dح ن� ح% ٱ ن, ن� �ن ح% ٱ ن7 Fح ن ن  ٱ% 'إ ن�ٲ ـ; ن� Iن ٱ% ن, Fن Dن ٱ% ن? اا ن� Iن ٱ%( ‌Lإ ح2 M3ن Nح ٱ ن/ Oن إ�ي ح% ٱ ن/ Pح ن� ح% ٱن� ـ; Iن �M�إ Nح ٱ إ, ح� Qن ح% ٱ ل� Fإ ح% ٱ

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

Kesra � If the second letter is not Laam at Ta’reef then we look at the

third letter. If the third letter has a FATHA OR KESRA then we put a KESRA on Hamzatul Wasl. These words are normally verbs.

ح7 ن� ح0 ن� ن� ح� ٱ

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

3) Dhamma �- If the third letter of a verb has a DHAMMA on it

then we will put a DHAMMA on Hamzatul wasl.

+Exceptions to the third letter Rule The following verbs are the only words in the Quran

that have a dhamma on the third letter but hamzatul wasl is pronounced with a Kesra

+Exceptions to the 3rd letter rule Hamzatul Wasl will be pronounced with a Kesra in

nouns. The following are words we will find in the Quran that must begin with a kesra.

+Rules of Hamzatul – The Tiny ن Rule If a word ends in a tanween and the next word begins

with a Hamzatul Wasl then we drop one harakah from the tanween and replace it with a tiny / with a kesra. Eg.

>- نRحي, Sن ي ن Tإ ن� ح% ٱ ,� حي Rن�نن Sن ي ن Tإ ن� ح% ٱ

ح' -< ن ن� Uح ٱ !: ن.ا ن, Vإ!ن ن.ا ن, Vنن�

ح' ن ن� Uح ٱ ن? -< ا Oن Wن (‌Xـ نن Iح ن� ح% ٱ ?� ا Oن Wن

ن� Xـ نن Iح ن� ح% ٱ

+Rules of Hamzatul Wasl

+Laam At-Ta’reef