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Transcript of Respiration= ◦ Movement of air in and out of lungs ◦ Appropriate rate Tachypnea-increased rate ...
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Respiration=◦ Movement of air in and out of lungs◦ Appropriate rate
Tachypnea-increased rate Apnea-no breaths
◦ Sufficient volume to meet needs
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Thorax-pressure is negative vs. Atmospheric pressure◦ Partial vacuum within thorax◦ Pulls lungs up against thoracic wall
Pleural fluid-between lungs and thoracic wall◦ Provides lubrication
***Lungs passively follow the thoracic wall!!
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Cardiovascular effect◦ Large veins-no pump to push blood back to heart◦ Negative pressure helps draw blood back from
veins into heart (atria-receiving chamber)
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Drawing air into lungs Enlarge thoracic cavity
◦ Diaphragm contraction-flattens the “dome”◦ External intercostal muscle contractions
Where thorax goes, lungs follow! Pressure within lungs lowers
◦ Air enters airways
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Pushing air out of the lungs Thoracic cavity decreases in size-
increased pressure◦ Diaphragm relaxes-dome shape returns◦ Internal intercostal mm. contract◦ Abdominal mm. contract-push organs up
against diaphragm◦ Requires little work to exhale
Except with rapid shallow breaths
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Quantity of air moved Tidal Volume= volume of air inspired and
expired in one breath Minute Volume= volume of air inspired and
expired in one minute Residual Volume= volume of air left in lungs
after maximum expiration
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Tidal Volume= 10-15 ml/kg◦ 10 kg dog=10ml/kg X 10 kg=100-200 ml/breath
Minute Volume= TV X RR◦ If RR = 12◦ Minute Volume
= 100 ml/breath X 12 breaths/minute =1200 ml -2400ml in a minute
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Exchange method-Simple Diffusion!!! Concentration gradient-difference between
concentrations of given substance on either side of barrier
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Oxygen binds to hemoglobin on the heme unit.
1 hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen particles
Binds vs. Releases based on oxygen concentration in location it is in.
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Regulate gas diffusion =Total pressure of a mixture of gases is the
sum of the pressures of each individual gas.◦ Atmospheric pressure-760 mmHg◦ Atmospheric oxygen = 21%◦ Po2=760mmHg X 0.21=159.6 mm Hg
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Partial pressures-valid for gaseous and dissolved gas states
PO2 and PCO2 of alveolar capillary blood is determined by PO2 and PCO2 of alveolar air
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PO2 (alveolar air)=100 mmHg PO2 (alveolar capillary)=40 mmHg So which way will O2 diffuse??
PCO2 (capillary blood)=46 mmHg PCO2 (alveolar air)=40 mmHg So which way will CO2 diffuse??
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Both lungs and cardiovascular system need to work for proper oxygenation of tissues◦ Ventilation (V)-lungs◦ Perfusion (Q)-cardiovascular◦ V/Q mismatch-disruption of either
Tissues suffer
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Skeletal muscle-voluntary control But…. Breathing does not need to be a
conscious effort!! Respiratory Center in medulla oblongata
(brain stem)-Carbon Dioxide levels!
Sheep brain
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Controls inspiration, expiration and holding breath
Subconscious level Nerves to respiratory muscles Conscious control-overrides
◦ Only for a short time!!!
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Stretch receptors in lung◦ Reaches stretch set point during inspiration
Signal sent to respiratory center Stop inspiratory muscles, start expiratory muscles
◦ Reaches deflate set point during expiration
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Chemical monitors in blood (Carotid and Aortic Bodies) and Brain stem◦ CO2 content◦ pH◦ O2 content of arterial blood
Any variation of these three parameters◦ Respiratory pattern will be altered
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If CO2 rises, pH falls◦ Blood is more acidic◦ Trigger respiratory center
Increase respiratory rate Increase respiratory depth
If CO2 drops, pH rises◦ What do you expect to see??◦ When can this occur??
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Low O2 in blood (hypoxia)◦ Triggers Respiratory center
Increase rate and depth of breathing Severe hypoxia
◦ Neurons in respiratory center weaken Can cause decreased or cessation of breathing
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Due to extremely high metabolic rate, respiratory tract must be highly specialized to quickly and efficiently deliver Oxygen and remove CO2
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Choanae-internal nares that opens from the nasal cavity onto the roof of the mouth
Larynx structures surrounding the glottis (opening into the trachea)◦ No vocal folds!!
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Syrinx-Enlargement of the trachea above the sternum◦ Voice box of the bird◦ Number of muscle>>complex vocalization
Songbirds-7 pair Parrots-3 pair Ostrich, strokes, vultures-no pairs of muscles
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Trachea branches into bronchi Bronchi enter the lungs, lose cartilaginous
protection>>Mesobronchi Mesobronchi branch into 4-6
ventrobronchi>>parabronchi Parabronchi connect to air capillaries for
gas exchange
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Air Sacs◦ Paired air sacs
Cranial Thoracic Caudal Thoracic Cervical Abdominal
◦ Unpaired air sac Interclavicular air sac
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Air Sac function◦ Reservoir for air◦ Warmth and moisture to improve diffusion of air
through lung capillaries◦ Thermoregulation-internal evaporation of
water>> cools◦ Buoyancy
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Lungs◦ Very small◦ Attached to thoracic vertebrae and ribs◦ Highly vascular◦ Inelastic◦ House air and blood capillaries for gas exchange
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First inhalation-expand thoracoabdominal space-creating a pressure gradient◦ Air moves into posterior air sacs to warm and
humidify First Expiration-air is pushed into the lungs
for gas exchange
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Second Inspiration-◦ Air moves out of lungs into the anterior parts of
the air sacs Second Expiration-
◦ Air leaves the body via trachea No mixing of inspired and expired air!!
◦ 21% oxygen
Demo
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