© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2007 Free-time activities INFINITIVE AND GERUND COMPLETERS.

© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2007© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2007

Free-time activitiesFree-time activities

INFINITIVE AND GERUND INFINITIVE AND GERUND COMPLETERSCOMPLETERS

© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2007

Verbs that express Verbs that express preferencepreference

►We use VERB+ING after verbs that We use VERB+ING after verbs that express general preference, such as:express general preference, such as: love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and preferlove, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer

►We also use –ING after certain verbs:We also use –ING after certain verbs: consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, consider, avoid, deny, look forward to,

confess to, fancy, involve, mention, risk, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imagine, etc.imagine, etc.

► ING can be pronouncedING can be pronounced /i /i/ OR /in// OR /in/


Some verbs take verbal completers that Some verbs take verbal completers that behave like nouns. These verbal completers behave like nouns. These verbal completers

may be infinitives or gerunds. (A gerund is the may be infinitives or gerunds. (A gerund is the -ing-ing form of a verb when it's used as a noun. form of a verb when it's used as a noun.

When the same form is used as a modifier, it's When the same form is used as a modifier, it's called a participle.) called a participle.)

► She She encouragesencourages him to eat at her house. him to eat at her house. ► EncourageEncourage is a verb that takes an infinitive is a verb that takes an infinitive

completer.completer.► He He appreciatesappreciates knowing that he was knowing that he was

welcome there. welcome there. ► AppreciateAppreciate is a verb that takes a gerund is a verb that takes a gerund

completer.completer.► The family The family lovelove to see him. to see him. OROR

The family The family lovelove seeing him. seeing him. ► LoveLove takes either an infinive or a gerund . takes either an infinive or a gerund .


There's no simple way of knowing There's no simple way of knowing whether a verb takes an infinitive or whether a verb takes an infinitive or gerund completer. Sometimes verbs gerund completer. Sometimes verbs with similar meanings take different with similar meanings take different

completers:completers: ► I I likelike to swim, but he to swim, but he hateshates to swim. to swim. OROR

I I likelike swimming, but he swimming, but he hateshates swimming.swimming.► LikeLike and and hatehate take either form. take either form. ► I I enjoyenjoy swimming, but he swimming, but he dislikesdislikes

swimming.swimming.► EnjoyEnjoy and and dislikedislike take gerunds only. take gerunds only.

Although they are smilar to Although they are smilar to likelike and and hatehate,, they cannot take infinitives.they cannot take infinitives.


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Adding -ING to a verbAdding -ING to a verb► We generally add ING to a verb to form the We generally add ING to a verb to form the

present participlepresent participle Example: I like doExample: I like doinging exercise exercise

► If the verb ends in If the verb ends in consonant + econsonant + e, we drop the , we drop the e and add INGe and add ING Example: I'm havExample: I'm havinging a good time a good time

► If the verb ends in If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant + vowel + consonant and a stressed syllableconsonant and a stressed syllable, we double , we double the final consonantthe final consonant Example: I'm beginExample: I'm beginningning to understand this. to understand this.

► In In one syllableone syllable verbs ending in verbs ending in vowel + vowel + consonantconsonant, we double the consonant, we double the consonant Example: I hate stopExample: I hate stopping ping at traffic lightsat traffic lights

► Exceptions: verbs ending in Exceptions: verbs ending in -ie-ie


Adding Adding inging to typical verbs to typical verbs► jumpingjumping► cryingcrying► enjoyingenjoying► lookinglooking► readingreading► sayingsaying► talkingtalking► walkingwalking► workingworking► sleepingsleeping

jumpjump

crycry

enjoyenjoy

looklook

readread

saysay

talktalk

walkwalk

workwork

sleep sleep


Adding Adding inging to typical to typical verbsverbs

► hopinghoping► writingwriting► dancingdancing► makingmaking► likingliking► smilingsmiling► comingcoming► ridingriding► lovingloving► wastingwasting

hopehope

writewrite

dancedance

makemake

likelike

smilesmile

comecome

rideride

lovelove

wastewaste


Adding Adding inging to typical verbs to typical verbs► hoppinghopping► runningrunning► chattingchatting► sittingsitting► shoppingshopping► droppingdropping► robbingrobbing► draggingdragging► slippingslipping► grinninggrinning

hophop

runrun

chatchat

sitsit

shopshop

dropdrop

robrob

dragdrag

slipslip

grin grin


Adding Adding inging to typical to typical verbsverbs

► techingteching► turningturning► sharingsharing► snappingsnapping► amazingamazing► snoringsnoring► bettingbetting► spendingspending► raisingraising► clappingclapping

teachteach

turnturn

shareshare

snapsnap

amazeamaze

snoresnore

betbet

spendspend

raiseraise

clap clap


Making sentencesMaking sentences

► I like gardening.I like gardening.►She hates kitesurfing.She hates kitesurfing.►We love cooking.We love cooking.►He dislikes doing He dislikes doing

homework.homework.►You love ironing.You love ironing.►They enjoy going out.They enjoy going out.

GardeningGardening

KitesurfKitesurf

CookingCooking

Doing homeworkDoing homework

IroningIroning

Going outGoing out

© Rafael Moreno Esteban 2007 Free-time activities INFINITIVE AND GERUND COMPLETERS.

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