: R v U Z a U Wº S u R fº Wº e R X S eº d R g q Y X S ^ Y R g Y j R · 2014. 12. 27. · vi 121...
230
- : : / : . . 2011 – 1433
Transcript of : R v U Z a U Wº S u R fº Wº e R X S eº d R g q Y X S ^ Y R g Y j R · 2014. 12. 27. · vi 121...
-
-
:
:
/
:
. .
2011– 1433
-
i
:
)9(
-
ii
...
-
iii
:
.
:
- .
-
.
- /
.
- / /
.
.
-
iv
ii
iii
iv
viii
xi
xii
:
: 2
3
5
7
7
: 9
10
10
16
22
26
:)(
: 29
30
31
36
: 38
39
41
46
46
47
-
v
:
: 50
51
52
53
55
: 69
70
71
75
79
84
85
: : 90
91
92
92
94
97
: 99
100
100
112
: : 114
115
115
115
117
117
118
119
120
-
vi
: 121
122
132
140
147
149
151
: 153
154
154
156
157
158
159
160
:
170
173
175
: 177
: 182
: 183
: 185
: 187
1 : 190
2 : 196
3: 197
4 : 198
5: 203
6 : 204
7 : 207
-
vii
8: 210
9: 212
10 : 214
11: 215
12: 216
13: 217
-
viii
:)(
2.1 37
2.2 40
2.3 41
:
3.1 1919-2005
72
3.2 ) (2005
77
3.3 ) (2011
77
3.4 )(
83
:
4.1 )(
93
4.2 )(
93
4.3 97
4.4 "
" 100
4.5 "
" 101
4.6 "
" 102
4.7 " " 103
4.8 "
" 104
4.9 "
" 105
4.10 "
" 106
-
ix
4.11 " "
107
4.12 " "
107
4.13 " "
108
4.14 "
" 109
4.15 "
" 110
4.16 )4.16 (
111
4.17 112
:
5.1 115
5.2 116
5.3 117
5.4 118
5.5 119
5.6 119
5.7 120
5.8 (Sig.) "
" 122
5.9 (Sig.) "
" 124
5.10 (Sig.) "
" 127
5.11 (Sig.) "
" 129
5.12 (Sig.) "
" 131
5.13 (Sig.) "
" 133
5.14 (Sig.) "
" 135
-
x
5.15 (Sig.) "
" 137
5.16 (Sig.) "
" 139
5.17 (Sig.) "
" 140
5.18 (Sig.) "
" 142
5.19 (Sig.) "
" 144
5.20 (Sig.) "
" 146
5.21 (Sig.) "
" 147
5.22 (Sig.) "
" 149
5.23 (Sig.) 151
5.24
155
5.25
156
5.26
157
5.27
158
5.28
159
5.29 160
5.30 161
5.31 163
5.32 164
5.33 165
5.34 166
5.35 - 167
5.36 168
-
xi
"
"
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
:
.
.
-
xii
ABSTRACT
Care for the visually impaired has become a tangible fact, regarding the research works that dealt with them, in different fields of service, with the aim of enabling them to live successfully.
Out of this conception, this study came under the title, "Strategies of Develop Services Rendering to the Visually Impaired in the Institutions for the Blind in Gaza Strip". This study aimed at recognizing the reality of services rendered to the visually impaired in the institutions for Blind people in Gaza Strip, and strategies of promoting such institutions.
The researcher defined five dimensions, as strategies to develop services for visually impaired, as follows:
1- Level of educational, health and rehabilitation services for the blind, 2- Administration aspects and skill in the institutions for the blind care, 3- Integration of the Blind in the community, 4- Public awareness and improve their understanding for the needs of the
blind, 5- Provide assistive technology tools to help the blind.
The researcher used several tools to recognize and measure the above dimensions such as: personal interview to recognize the services provided by the institutions and its field, workshop which resulted in proposals for service development strategies, and finally, a questionnaire to recognize the reality of the services provided within the service development strategies.
The study results revealed existence of general weakness mostly in quality and level of services provide to the visually impaired, within the proposed strategies for the development of services provided. From the viewpoint of those questioned, the visually impaired are those who receive service, as well as the workers who render the service themselves.
The researcher recommended the necessity to improve the performance of administrative and professional of institutions for the caring the blind. He further called for finding continuous finance resources, Strengthen the integrative coordination between the institutions; activating the role of government in supervise and enhancing the legal aspects; and developing the educational and community integration programs.
-
1
:
:
-
2
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
3
1. :
)Valentine (
)
2005: 25.(
) 2005: 14.(
)1996: 77.(
-
4
)
1996 :90.(
)1996 :75.(
)12 (
) 2010.(
-
5
...
.
"
"
.
2. :
2.1. :
:
2.2. :
1.
.
2.
.
-
6
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
6.
)(
7.
).(
2.3. :
2.3.1. :
.
-
7
2.3.2. :
:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
3. :
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
4. :
:
-
8
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
-
9
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
10
1. :
.
:
.
.
.
2. :
2.1. ) :2010:(
" :
"
.
)SERVQUAL(.
).(
-
11
:
-
.
- .
2.2. ) :2007:(
" : " ""Virgo "
"
"" "virgo "
.
)12 (
.
.
:
-
.
-
.
-
12
-
.
.
2.3. ) :2006:(
" :
"
)SERVQUAL(
.
:
-
.
-
.
.
-
13
2.4. ) :2006:(
" :
"
)SERVQUAL (
)
( ""
:
.
)Parasuraman ( ) 865 (
) 622 (
) 72.(%
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
14
.
2.5. ) :2004:(
" :
- "
2003 – 2004.
:
.
.
-
15
2.6. ) :2003:(
" :
"
)215 (
)62 ()153 (.
:
.
:
-
.
-
.
-
)
( .
-
16
2.7. ) :2001:(
" :"
.
.
: .
:
-
.
- .
3. :
3.1. ) :2009:(
" : :
"
.
-
17
)Libqual (
.
:
- )Libqual (
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
3.2. ) :2008:(
" :
"
)
(
)
(
-
18
)()527 (
:
- )121(
- )287(
- )119 (
.
:
-
)(
.
-
.
-
)15-19 (.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
19
.
3.3. ) :2005:(
" :
"
)SERVQUAL (
) 155 (
.
)SERVQUAL(
.
:
-
.
-
.
-
.
- :
.
-
20
3.4. ) :2002:(
" :
"
)295 (
)20 (
)4-6 (.
: :
.
:
-
.
-
.
3.5. ) :2000:(
" :
"
.
-
21
: .
:
- .
-
.
3.6. ) :2000:(
" :"
.
.
:.
:
-
.
-
.
.
-
22
4. : 4.1. (Ohuchi & Others: 2006): Cognitive-map formation of blind persons in a virtual sound environment
" :
"
:
.
.
4.2. (Craven: 2003):
Access to electronic resources by visually impaired people
" :"
20 20 .
:
.
:
-
23
-
.
-
.
.
4.3. (Calvo-Novell: 2002): Coping and blindness: a study of the strategies of coping of blind and visually handicapped adolescents
": :
)("
.
)32 ()16 (
)8 ()16 (
)14-17 (.
:
.
:
-
-
24
.
.
-
.
.
4.4. (Jurmang: 2002): The effect of Institutional Based Programs in the Education of the Visually Impaired Children and Youth in West Africa
" :
"
.
:
22 28
4 6
.
:
.
:
-
25
-
.
-
.
-
.
4.5. (Wikowski and Wolfinarger: 2002): Comparative service quality: German and American ratings across service settings.
" :"
.
) SERVQUAL(
)22( ) ()575( )455(
.
:
-
.
-
26
-
.
5. :
" "
:
1.
)2000 ()2001 (
)2003( )2008 (
)2007 ()2003(
)2000.(
2. 2000
)2000 (
)2010 (
.
3.
)12 ()20 (
)20 (.
4. )2007(
)2003(
)2008( )2006(.
-
27
.
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
-
28
–
:
:
-
29
:
1.
2.
3.
-
30
1. :
.
) 2008: 12(
.
) 1784 () (
)1800 () (
) 1821 (
)1900 () (
) 2006: 23.(
-
31
) 2003: 12.(
2. :
)1997.(
.
2.1. :
:
:
:
) :61( :
) :1-2( :
)
-
32
:16( :) :19 (
.
:) 1990 (
.
:
.
:
:
) :49.(
:
.
:
.)1998 :35-36(
:
:
) :36(
) 2004: 62.(
-
33
2.2. :
Acuity of Vision)
( Field of Vision)
)2004: 65.(
)2008: 25 (
" ) 20/200 (
)200 20 ( ."
)2001 : 10-11 (
-
-
.
2.3. :
" : "
) 1997: 38.(
) 2003: 201 (
.
-
34
)2004: 63 (
.
.
) (
) 2008: 12.(
2.4. :
" 1934 "
)1/20( )1/20 (
)1992: 187.(
) 1967: 8 (
.
-
35
) 2002: 94 ( " :
)20/200 (
) 20 (."
" :
)6/60 (
."
3. :
3.1. :
3.1.1. :
) 2006 : 100(.
3.1.2. :
.
.
.)2006: 101(.
-
36
3.2. :
3.2.1. :
.
3.2.2. :
:
.
.
.
.
) 2008 : 85-86.(
3.3. :
)WHO(
)2.1.(
-
37
)2.1(
)1( 6/18
)2( 6/60
)1( 3/60
)2( 1/60
)1(
)2(
* )1989 :(31.
:
) 1989 :31.(
-
38
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
39
1. :
1.1. :
)65( ) 4 (%
) 4 (%) 10,000 (
)2006: 26.(
) 10 (%
)0.5%-1.5 (% ) 2008: 25.(
)45 (
)314 (
) 85 (%
) .2009.(
1.2. :
) 2004 :181 (
( 1.7 %)
)29.8 (%
) 18.7 (%
) 13.6 (% .
-
40
:
)38,090 ( )2.69(%
)32.67 (%
)2.2(.
)2.3 (
)2010 :8(.
)2.2(
*
1192 57.4% 886 42.6% 2078 5.46%
604 68.2% 282 31.8% 886 2.33%
720 60.8% 464 39.2% 1184 3.11%
1646 56.6% 1262 43.4% 2908 7.63%
5885 47.3% 6559 52.7% 12444 32.67%
7123 58.1% 5141 41.9% 12264 32.20%
3615 58.7% 2543 41.3% 6158 16.17%
80 47.6% 88 52.4% 168 0.44%
20865 54.8% 17225 45.2% 38090 100.00%
* 20108.
-
41
)2.3(
*
1002 8.05%
3178 25.54%
3336 26.81%
3425 27.52%
1503 12.08%
12444 100.00%
*20108.
2. :
.
.
) 1997 :41-42 ( )
2008: 35-37 ( :
-
42
2.1. :
.
2.1.1. :
)35 (% ) 2000: 38.(
)50(%
)25(%)50% (
) (
) 2004 : 182-183.(
.
.
-
43
2.1.2. :
)Rubella(
)Toxopiasmosis Gondii(.
) (
)Albinism( .
2.2. :
.
2.3. :
.
) 2008: 38 ( :
-
44
2.3.1. :
:
:
.
: .
2.3.2. :
) 80 (% :
-
-
-
-
-
2.3.3. :
) (
.
2.3.4. :
.
-
45
) 2006: 110 (
:
- : :
" " .
- :
.
- : .
2.4. :
2004
)34.6(% )32.5(%
)20) (%
2004 :183.(
)13 (%
) 46353 (
1/3/2006.) 2006 :26-27.(
-
46
3. :
:
3.1. : .
3.2. :
.
3.3. :
.
3.4. :
.
3.5. :
) 2008 : 123-124.(
4. :
:
- . - .
- . - .
-
47
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- . - .
- ) 2002 : 101-102.(
5. :
:
1. .
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5.
.
6.
.
-
48
7.
.
8. ) (.
9. ) ( .
10.
.
11.
) 2008 :297-299.(
-
49
:
:
-
50
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
51
1. :
--
.
) " :(
) " .(
) (
" "
" " " "" "
"
" " ) "2002.(
"
" ) (" "
-
52
" "
) (
.
2. :
)1981: 10(
.
.
:
) 1-7.(
-
53
:
) :17.(
:
): 11(
.
) 2008: 147.(
3. :
)1995 :20 (
:
-
54
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
:
3.1. :
) 23 ( :
.
.
.
.
. ) 2 (
-
55
.
.
) 1995: 21.(
3.2. :
)4 ()1999 (
) 20 (
) 1999: 6.(
4. :
4.1. :
4.1.1. :
)
2001 :279(.
-
56
Habilitation
) 2001 :188(.
.
Habilitation
)2000 :18-19(.
) 1991 :164.(
Habilitation
)1998 :183(.
)2000 :15(.
-
57
Habilitation Rehabilitation
)1984 (
) 1998 :188.(
)
2000 :19 (
.
) 2000 :16-17(.
4.1.2. :
) 2000 :22-23 (
:
.
.
-
58
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)2000 :190 (:
.
.
.
.
-
59
.
.
4.1.3. :
) (.
:
4.1.3.1. :
) 2000: 20(.
4.1.3.2. :
.
4.1.3.3. :
) 2000 :37.(
-
60
4.1.3.4. ):(
)1998: 189.(
4.1.3.5. :
:
)2001: 284-285(.
4.2. :
:
4.2.1. :
:
. .
. .
. .) 2000 :23(
-
61
4.2.2. :
)2000 :23-31.(
4.2.3. :
.
4.2.4. :
)1974 :72.(
-
62
)2001 :284(.
4.2.5. :
.
)2000 :20.(
:
.
-
63
)
2001 :43(.
4.2.6. :
.
)
2000 :28(.
4.2.7. :
--
.
4.3. :
4.3.1. :
-
64
sputnik 1957
.
) 1994 :562(
)special classes within regular schools (
)mainstreaming (
)normalization.(
4.3.2. :
:
.
.
-
65
.
.
.
.
.
)
1994 :5.(
4.4. :
4.4.1. ) :Residential School(
)Cruich shank (
)stigma (
)1998 :65.(
4.4.2. :) Special Day Cave Schools (
-
66
) tinerant teacher ()resource
teacher (
) 2000 :117(.
4.4.3. :
Special Classes within Regular Schools
-
67
)1998 :37(.
4.4.4. ) :Mainstreaming (
)
1996 :38(.
4.4.5. :) Normalization (
:
-
68
: )Vocational placement (
.
: )Residential Placement (
)1996 :39-40.(
)
1998 :44.(
-
69
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
70
1. :
) 1980 :2(
:
- ) 1978 :22(
.
- )1981 :22 (
.
- ) 1995 :224 (
.
.
-
71
:
- ) 2001 :321:(
.
- ) 1990 :8:(
6-13
21 .
- ) 1999 :146:(
.
- ) 1999 :1-396:(
.
2. :
-
72
1967
) 1999 :10( )3.1 (
)1999 :1-396.(
)3.1 (
1919-2005
/
1918-1948 5 -- 5
1949-1967 16 1 17
1968-1987 31 6 37
1988-1993 28 11 39
1994-1999 28 19 47
2000-2005 6 9 15
114 46 160 *
1999.
-
73
-
- :
.
)1918-1948 ( )5 (
1948 :
) 2002 :21(.
. ) 1949-1967(
)17( :)16(
:
)2002: 22.(
. )1968-
1987 ( )37( )31(
)6(
) 2001: 37(
) 3 :184.(
.
-- 1987-1993
)39( : )28( )11(
-
74
.)
1999 (
)
2001 :40.(
.
)1994-1999 (
)47( :)28(
)19( :
) :1999(.
.
)2000-2005( )15( :)6(
)9(
:
) 2001: 70(.
-
75
3. :
- -
1994
)
2001 :88.(
) 2004: 113(.
:
3.1 :
.
-
76
3.2 :
:
. :
.
. :
.
3.3 :
:
. UNRWA:
.
. UNESCO :
.
)3.2(
) ( 2005)
1997 :78(
)3.3 (
)() (.
-
77
)3.2 (
) (2005
%
84 41 125 78.1
15 3 18 11.3
15 2 17 10.6
114 46 160 100 *
199778.
)3.3 (
)( 2010
** %
3 8 11 68.8
2 2 4 25
1 0 1 6.2
6 11 16 100
*2010.
** )4 ( .
:
.
) ( )78.1(% )11.3 (%
)10.6 (%
)68.8 (% )
()25 (%)6.2 (.
-
78
.
) 15( )3(
:
.
. )125( )(
)84( )41(
)11 ( )26.8 (%
.
. )17(
)10.6%(
)6.2 (%
.
-
79
4. :
)1998: 20.(
)
1998: 14(.
:
4.1 :
) (
.
-
80
4.2 :
:
.
4.3 :
– -
) 1998: 20(
:
) 1996
:27(
)3.4(
2005.
-
81
)3.4 (2005
-
-
.
94/142
)1998: 20.(
) 1999: 129 (
)( )(
-
82
.
4.4 :
) 2003: 32( .
)3.4 (
).(
-
83
)3.4 (
)(
17 22.7 25 56.8 42 35.3
33 44 9 20.5 42 35.3
25 33.3 10 22.7 35 29.4
75 100 44 100 119 100
% 63% 37% 100 *.
:
.
)63(% )37 (%
)44 (%
)33.3 (% )22.7(
.
.
)56.8 (% )22.7 (%
)20.5 (%
–
- .
-
84
. --
)33.3 (%
)22.7 (%
- -
.
5. :
:
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
85
.
.
.
.
.
)
199755(.
.
6. :
) UNRWA (
:
-
86
6.1 :
.
6.2 :
.
6.3 :
.
6.4 ):(
1994
.
-
87
6.5 :
.
6.6 :
)13(
.
6.7 :
.
6.8 :
.
-
88
6.9 :
)( )
1999 : 82-90.(
:
.
.
).(
)
.(
)
.(
.
.
.
).(
.
.
.
.
4 1999.
-
89
:
:
-
90
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
91
1. :
"
"
.
:
1.1. :
.
1.2. :
:
. :
:)
(
-
92
.
.
. :
.
. :
.
2. :
.
:
1. )
(.
2. .
3. :
)30(
-
93
:
1.
)119 ( )4.1(
)87 ()73.(%
)4.1 (
)(
17
33
25
75
25
9
10
44
119
2.
) 411 ( )4.2(
)235 ()214 ()91.(%
-
94
)4.2 (
)(
-- 87 179 266
145 -- -- 145
-- -- -- --
145 87 179 411
4. :
:
4.1. :
)
(
)12 (
)10 (5/11/2010
15/2/2011.
4.2. :
10/3/2011
)5(
)
-
95
(
.
4.3. :
"
"
15/9/2011 30/9/2011
) :
(.
)5(
:
: )
.(
:
)20( )4( :
:
)5 (.
-
96
:
)5 (.
:
)5 (.
: )5 (.
:
)14( )3( :
: )4 (.
:
)5 (.
:
)5 (.
: )14(
)3( :
: )5 (.
: )3 (.
: )6 (.
: )6( .
:
)6( .
1-10 )10(
.
-
97
5. :
Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
-K-S) ( Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
)4.3.(
)4.3(
)Sig.(
1. 0.001
2. 0.000
3. 0.000
4. 0.000
5. 0.005
6. 0.000
(Sig.)
0.05
.
:
1. :
.
2. -K-S) ( Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
.
3. )Cronbach's Alpha (.
-
98
4. )Spearman Correlation Coefficient (
.
5. )Sign Test (
)6( .
6. – Mann-Whitney Test) (
.
7. – Kruskal – Wallis Test ) (
.
-
99
:
1.
2.
3. Reliability
-
100
1. :
)3(
)2 ( )2 (
)3 (
)3(
)2.(
2. :
2.1. Internal Consistency:
.
:
2.1.1. : .
)4.4 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
101
)4.4 (
" "
)Sig.(
1.
. .617 * 0.000
2.
. .688 * 0.000
3.
.
.717 * 0.000
4.
.
.629 * 0.000
5.
.
.356 * 0.027
* 0.05= .
)4.5 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
102
)4.5(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.
.623 * 0.000
2.
. .359 * 0.028
3.
.
.697 * 0.000
4.
.
.539 * 0.001
5.
. .710 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
)4.6 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
103
)4.6(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.814 * 0.000
2.
.761 * 0.000
3.
.657 * 0.000
4.
.845 * 0.000
5.
.489 * 0.003
* 0.05= .
)4.7 ( "
"
0.05= .
-
104
)4.7(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.
.722 * 0.000
2.
.
.522 * 0.002
3.
.
.609 * 0.000
4.
.
.541 * 0.001
5.
.
.781 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
2.1.2. :
.
)4.8 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
105
)4.8(
""
)Sig.(
1.
.
.772 * 0.000
2.
.
.800 * 0.000
3.
.
.701 * 0.000
4.
.
.417 * 0.012
* 0.05= .
)4.9 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
106
)4.9(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.
.710 * 0.000
2.
.
.769 * 0.000
3.
.
.854 * 0.000
4.
.
.547 * 0.001
5.
.
.417 * 0.012
* 0.05= .
)4.10 ( "
"
0.05=
.
-
107
)4.10(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.
.762 * 0.000
2.
. .657 * 0.000
3.
.
.809 * 0.000
4.
.
.826 * 0.000
5.
. .694 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
2.1.3. :.
)4.11( "
"
0.05= .
-
108
)4.11(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.599 * 0.000
2.
.601 * 0.000
3.
.755 * 0.000
4.
.342 * 0.032
5.
.450 * 0.006
* 0.05= .
)4.12 ( "
"
0.05= .
)4.12(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.473 * 0.005
2.
.827 * 0.000
3.
.883 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
-
109
)4.13 ( "
"
0.05= .
)4.13(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.739 * 0.000
2.
.821 * 0.000
3.
.937 * 0.000
4.
.905 * 0.000
5.
.757 * 0.000
6.
.794 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
2.1.4. :.
)4.14 ( "
"
-
110
0.05=
.
)4.14(
" "
)Sig.(
1.
.455 * 0.006
2.
.679 * 0.000
3.
.843 * 0.000
4.
.751 * 0.000
5.
.763 * 0.000
6.
.368 * 0.025
* 0.05= .
2.1.5. :.
)4.15 ( "
"
0.05= .
-
111
)4.15(
""
)Sig.(
1.
.690 * 0.000
2.
.761 * 0.000
3.
.772 * 0.000
4.
.827 * 0.000
5.
.671 * 0.000
6.
.
.798 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
2.2. Structure Validity:
.
-
112
)4.16 (
0.05= .
)4.16 (
)Sig.(
1. .513 * 0.002
2. .479 * 0.004
3. .741 * 0.000
4. .546 * 0.001
5. .834 * 0.000
6. .571 * 0.000
7. .734 * 0.000
8. .767 * 0.000
9. .835 * 0.000
10. .720 * 0.000
11. .720 * 0.000
12. .913 * 0.000
13. .814 * 0.000
14. .643 * 0.000
15. .855 * 0.000 * 0.05= .
3. Reliability :
.
-
113
:
3.1. Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient:
)4.17.(
)4.17(
)( *
1. 0.720 0.849
2. 0.806 0.898
3. 0.883 0.940
4. 0.741 0.861
5. 0.851 0.923
6. 0.928 0.963
* =
)4.17 (
)0.720 - 0.883(
)0.928(
)0.849 - 0.940(
)0.963 (
.
)2 (
.
-
113
:
:
:
-
114
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
115
1. :
:
2. :
)5.1( ) 71.1 (%
)28.9 (%
.
)5.1(
%
214 71.1
87 28.9
301 100.0
3. :
)5.2 (:
1. ) 0.9%( )10(
)15( )28.5%( ) 15( )18( )%19.2(
)18( )22( )36.0%( )22(
)30( )12.6%( ) 30( )40( ) 2.8%(
)40 ()22 30
-
116
(
)10 15 .(
2. )3.4%( )18(
)22( )32.2%( )22( )30( )44.8%(
)30( )40( )19.5%( )40(
) 30 40 (
.
)5.2 :(
%
15 18 61 28.5
18 22 43 20.1
22 30 77 36.0
30 40 27 12.6
40 6 2.8
214 100.0
18 22 3 3.5
22 30 28 32.2
30 40 39 44.8
40 17 19.5
87 100.0
-
117
4. :
)5.3 (:
1. )52.8 (%
)47.2 (%
)2.2()47.3(%
)52.7%.(
2. )51.7 (%)48.3 (%
.
) 5.3 :(
%
113 52.8
101 47.2 214 100.0
45 51.7
42 48.3
87 100.0
5. :
)5.4( :
1. ) 53.7%(
)45.3%(
.
-
118
2. ) 9.2%( )16.1% (
)74.7% (
.
)5.4:(
%
115 53.7
99 46.2
- -
214 100.0
8 9.2
14 16.1
65 74.7
87 100.0
6. :
)5.5 (:
1.
)45.8(%)18.2(%
)16.4(%)13.1(%)6.5(%.
2.
)65.5(%)23.0(% )6.9(%
)4.6%(
.
-
119
)5.5:(
% 14 6.5
28 13.1
35 16.4
98 45.8
39 18.2
214 100.0
- -
4 4.6
20 23.0
57 65.5
6 6.9
87 100.0
7. :
)5.6 (:
1. )34.6 (%
)%20.1 () 45.3 (%.
2. )%2.3 ()%10.3 (
) 87.4 (%.
)5.6 (
% 74 34.6
43 20.1
97 45.3
214 100.0
2 2.3
9 10.3
76 87.4
87 100.0
-
120
8. :
)5.7 (:
1. )61.7 (%
)38.3 (%
)(
)(
.
2. )44.8(%
)16.1 (% ) 39.1(%
.
)5.7 (
%
132 61.7
82 38.3
- -
214 100.0
39 44.8
14 16.1
34 39.1
87 100.0
-
121
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
122
1. :
.
1.1. :
)5.8 (
.
)5.8( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
41.78 *0.000 58.49 0.902 46.59 *0.000 2
2.
36.24 *0.000 52.87 *0.003 41.07 *0.000 5
3.
39.53 *0.000 57.59 0.500 44.77 *0.000 3
4.
38.02 *0.000 58.74 0.494 44.05 *0.000 4
5.
46.01 *0.000 56.78 0.476 49.13 *0.000 1
40.34 *0.000 56.91 0.368 45.14 *0.000
*0.05.
-
123
"
"
)46.01% ( )36.24(%
)40.34(% .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)58.74 (%)52.87 (% )56.91%(
.)Sig ( )0.368(
0.05
.
)45.14(% .)Sig (
)0.000( " "
0.05
)6 (
.
.
(1994)
-
124
.
.
1.2. :
)5.9 (
.
)5.9( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
48.44 *0.000 57.13 1.000 50.97 *0.000 4
2.
29.62 *0.000 41.29 *0.000 32.96 *0.000 5
3.
56.12 0.571 63.49 *0.009 58.23 0.429 1
4.
53.22 *0.007 59.31 0.342 54.98 0.089 2
5.
48.79 *0.000 60.92 0.308 52.29 *0.000 3
47.32 *0.000 56.57 0.911 49.99 *0.000
*0.05.
-
125
"
"
)56.12 (% )29.62(%
)47.32 (% .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)63.49 (%)41.29 (% )56.57 (%
.)Sig ( )0.911(
0.05
.
)49.99(% ).Sig ( )0.000(
" "
0.05
)6 (
.
-
126
. )
2004 (
) 2003 (
)82.3 (% )77.2 (%
) 1995 (
)Poter, A.& Brophy, J., 1988 (
.
.
1.3. :
)5.10 (
.
.
-
127
)5.10( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
35.65 *0.000 55.58 0.488 41.37 *0.000 1
2.
31.40 *0.000 52.44 *0.004 37.43 *0.000 4
3.
30.56 *0.000 48.84 *0.000 35.80 *0.000 5
4.
32.77 *0.000 55.06 0.092 39.13 *0.000 2
5.
33.93 *0.000 47.21 *0.000 37.73 *0.000 3
32.89 *0.000 51.77 *0.000 38.31 *0.000
*0.05.
"
"
)35.65 (% )30.56(%
)32.89 (% .)Sig ( )0.000(
-
128
0.05
.
)55.58 (%)47.21 (% )51.77 (%
.)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)38.31(% .)Sig ( )0.000(
" "
0.05
)6 (.
.
.
) 1990 ( )47.1 (%
-
129
)Ho, Hua, Huo, 1996 (
.
1.4. :
)5.11 (
.
)5.11( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
38.79 *0.000 55.47 0.154 43.57 *0.000 1
2.
32.06 *0.000 47.09 *0.000 36.37 *0.000 5
3.
35.19 *0.000 47.79 *0.000 38.80 *0.000 4
4.
35.75 *0.000 51.28 0.073 40.20 *0.000 3
5.
36.87 *0.000 51.63 0.065 41.10 *0.000 2
35.73 *0.000 50.65 *0.006 40.01 *0.000
*0.05.
-
130
"
"
)38.79 (% )32.06(%
)35.73 (% .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)55.47 (%)47.09 (% )50.65 (%
.)Sig ( )0.006(
0.05
.
)40.01(% .)Sig ( )0.000(
" "
0.05
)6 (
.
.
) 2004 (
-
131
.
.
1.5. :
:
"
"
) ( )6(
)5.12.(
)5.12( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
39.04 *0.000 54.14 0.386 43.40 *0.000
*0.05.
" " )43.40%(
.)Sig ( )0.000(
-
132
)39.04 (%
)54.14(% 0.05
) 6(
"
"
.
. )1997(
.
.
2. :
2.1. :
)5.13 (
.
-
133
)5.13 ((Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
48.08 *0.000 53.79 *0.015 49.73 *0.000 1
2.
37.15 *0.000 53.22 0.160 41.79 *0.000 4
3.
42.76 *0.000 54.60 *0.021 46.18 *0.000 3
4.
44.13 *0.000 58.74 0.556 48.37 *0.000 2
43.03 *0.000 55.09 0.308 46.52 *0.000
*0.05.
"
"
)48.08 (% )37.15(%
)43.03 (% ).Sig ()0.000(
0.05
.
-
134
)58.74 (%)53.22 (% )55.09 (%
.)Sig ( )0.308(
0.05
.
)46.52(% .)Sig ( )0.000( "
"0.05
)6 (.
.
) 2008 (
.
.
-
135
2.2. :
)5.14 (
.
)5.14( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
54.81 0.311 68.39 *0.000 58.74 0.102 1
2.
51.64 *0.001 67.59 *0.000 56.25 0.669 2
3.
44.67 *0.000 61.61 0.248 49.57 *0.000 5
4.
50.47 *0.016 68.39 *0.000 55.65 0.952 3
5.
49.15 *0.000 69.65 *0.000 55.05 0.205 4
50.19 *0.004 67.03 *0.003 55.06 0.450
*0.05.
"
"
)54.81 (% )44.67(%
-
136
)50.19 (% .)Sig ( )0.004(
0.05
.
)69.65 (%
)61.61 (% )67.03 (%
.)Sig ( )0.003(
0.05
.
)55.06(% .)Sig ( )0.450(
" "
0.05
)6(
.
.
)Riddel, Sh. & et.al, 1992 (
)
1999 (
)57.9.(%
-
137
.
2.3. :
)5.15 (
.
)5.15( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
45.19 *0.000 50.11 *0.001 46.61 *0.000 1
2.
42.25 *0.000 41.74 *0.000 42.11 *0.000 3
3.
42.10 *0.000 50.69 *0.012 44.58 *0.000 2
4.
34.86 *0.000 45.52 *0.000 37.94 *0.000 5
5.
36.57 *0.000 44.94 *0.000 39.00 *0.000 4
40.17 *0.000 46.63 *0.000 42.04 *0.000
*0.05.
-
138
"
"
)45.19 (% )34.86(%
)40.17 (% .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)50.69 (%)41.74 (%
)46.63 (% .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
.
) 2008 (
.
.
2.4. :
:
"
"
)6( )5.16.(
-
139
)5.16( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
45.19 *0.000 56.84 0.515 48.56 *0.000
*0.05.
" " )48.56%(
.)Sig ( )0.000 (
)45.19 (%
)56.84(% 0.05
)6( "
"
.
.
) 1999 (
) 2007 (
.
-
140
.
3. :
3.1. :
)5.17 (
.
)5.17( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
45.65 *0.000 59.43 0.242 49.63 *0.000 1
2.
42.85 *0.000 52.53 0.571 45.65 *0.000 3
3.
41.13 *0.000 59.65 0.442 46.45 *0.000 2
4.
29.11 *0.000 54.88 0.815 36.52 *0.000 5
5.
40.51 *0.000 54.14 0.403 44.45 *0.000 4
39.88 *0.000 56.08 0.515 44.56 *0.000
* 0.05.
-
141
"
"
)45.65 (% )29.11(% )39.88 (%
.)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05.
)59.65 (%
)52.53 (% )56.08 (%
.)Sig ( )0.515(
0.05
)6(.
)44.56(% .)Sig ( )0.000(
" "
0.05.
:
. ) 2007 (
:
-
142
)1991 (
.
.
3.2. :
)5.18 (
.
)5.18( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
34.00 *0.000 58.02 0.791 40.98 *0.000 3
2.
41.38 *0.000 56.90 0.500 45.93 *0.000 1
3.
38.86 *0.000 56.09 0.532 43.89 *0.000 2
38.14 *0.000 56.93 0.571 43.63 *0.000
*0.05.
-
143
"
"
)41.38 (% )34.00(% )38.14 (%
.)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)58.02 (%
)56.09 (% )56.93 (%
.)Sig ( )0.571(
0.05
)6(.
)43.63(% .)Sig (
)0.000( " "
0.05.
.
.
-
144
3.3. :
)5.19 (
.
)5.19( (Sig.)
""
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
34.17 *0.000 48.85 *0.000 38.53 *0.000 4
2.
35.83 *0.000 55.86 0.416 41.68 *0.000 1
3.
34.45 *0.000 57.59 0.640 41.21 *0.000 2
4.
33.03 *0.000 53.26 0.097 38.89 *0.000 3
5.
32.65 *0.000 52.79 0.073 38.48 *0.000 5
6.
26.92 *0.000 49.66 *0.010 33.56 *0.000 6
32.88 *0.000 52.95 0.193 38.74 *0.000
*0.05.
"
"
-
145
)35.83 (% )26.92(% )32.88 (%
.)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
)57.59 (%
)48.85 (% )52.95 (%
.)Sig ( )0.193(
0.05
)6(.
)38.74(% .)Sig ( )0.000(
" "
0.05.
. )
2000 (
.
.
-
146
3.4. ::
"
"
) ()6( )5.20.(
)5.20( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
36.51 *0.000 54.94 0.450 41.84 *0.000
*0.05.
" " )41.84(% .)Sig (
)0.000 (
)36.51 (% )54.94(%
0.05
)6(
"
".
. )
1991 (
.
-
147
.
4. :
)5.21 (
.
)5.21( (Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
40.05 *0.000 55.40 0.289 44.49 *0.000 2
2.
35.98 *0.000 55.17 0.416 41.53 *0.000 6
3.
35.28 *0.000 56.98 0.731 41.54 *0.000 5
4.
39.58 *0.000 51.15 *0.004 42.94 *0.000 4
5.
41.50 *0.000 50.69 *0.006 44.17 *0.000 3
6.
42.50 *0.000 50.81 *0.016 44.90 *0.000 1
39.25 *0.000 53.34 *0.026 43.32 *0.000
*0.05.
-
148
"
" )44.90%( .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
.
"
" )41.53%(
.)Sig ( )0.000( 0.05
.
)43.32%( .)Sig ( )0.000( "
" 0.05
.
. )Gorgan, M. & et.al, 1980 (
.
.
-
149
5. :
)5.22 (
.
)5.22 ((Sig.)
" "
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
1.
37.43 *0.000 55.40 0.085 42.69 *0.000 4
2.
44.25 *0.000 59.20 0.712 48.60 *0.000 2
3.
48.21 *0.000 58.28 0.807 51.14 *0.000 1
4.
40.38 *0.000 52.76 0.065 43.98 *0.000 3
5.
34.29 *0.000 50.34 *0.021 38.96 *0.000 6
6.
36.93 *0.000 49.66 *0.003 40.64 *0.000 5
40.28 *0.000 54.27 0.445 44.35 *0.000
*0.05.
-
150
"
" )51.14%( .)Sig (
)0.000( 0.05
)6(
.
"
"
)38.96%( .)Sig ( )0.000(
0.05
)6(
.
)44.35%( .)Sig ( )0.000( "
" 0.05
)6(
.
.
-
151
)Lankatis, 2004 (
) 2007 (
. ) 1985 (
.
6. :
) ( )6(
)5.23.(
)5.23( (Sig.)
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
39.88 *0.000 54.74 0.236 44.18 *0.000
*0.05.
)44.18(% .)Sig ( )0.000 (
)39.88 (%
)54.74(%
-
152
0.05
)6(
.
:
.
) 2007 (
) 2001 (
.
-
153
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
-
154
1. :
)
- -(
.
1.1. :
) ( )
( )6(
.
1.2. :) 6(
Sig > 0.05) Sig 0.05 (
)6( Sig < 0.05) Sig 0.05 (
.
2. :
) (
-
155
) (
)5.24.(
)5.24 (
)Sig.(
0.834 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
)0.834( )Sig. (
)0.000 ( 0.05=
) =0.05.(
) 1999 (
:
.
-
156
3. :
) (
) (
)5.25.(
)5.25 (
)Sig.(
0.835 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
)0.835( )Sig. (
)0.000( 0.05=
) =0.05.(
) 1994(
-
157
) 1984 (
.
4. :
) (
)()5.26.(
)5.26 (
)Sig.(
0.814 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
)0.814( )Sig. (
)0.000( 0.05=
) =0.05.(
-
158
) 1999 (
) (
.
5. :
) (
) (
)5.27.(
)5.27 (
)Sig.(
0.643 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
)0.643( )Sig. (
)0.000( 0.05=
-
159
) =0.05.(
) 1991 (
.
6. :
) (
)()5.28.(
)5.28 (
)Sig.(
0.855 * 0.000
* 0.05= .
).8550( )Sig. (
)0.000( 0.05=
-
160
) =0.05.(
)Lankatis, 2004(
.
7. :
)
.(
)5.29 :(-
)Sig.(
-6.743 *0.000
-3.990 *0.000
-7.479 *0.000
-5.337 *0.000
-5.127 *0.000
-6.610 *0.000
* 0.05.
-
161
)5.29 ( "- "
)Sig. ( 0.05
.
)5.30 (
.
)5.30 (-
129.43 204.05
138.24 182.39
127.08 209.84
133.94 192.97
133.58 190.01
129.86 203.01
.
.
-
162
–-
.
8. :
: "
"
:
"- "
.
"- "
)3( .
8.1.
.
-
163
)5.31:(–
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
-2.646 *0.008 -3.186 *0.001 -3.805 *0.000
-2.913 *0.004 -2.804 *0.005 -3.977 *0.000
-1.410 *0.159 -2.265 *0.024 -2.202 *0.028
-3.083 *0.002 -3.214 *0.001 -4.254 *0.000
-0.994 0.320 -1.577 0.115 -1.392 0.164
-2.625 *0.009 -2.667 *0.008 -3.486 *0.000
*0.05.
)5.31 ("- "
)Sig. ( ) (
0.05
)Sig. ( 0.05
.
)5.32 (
-
164
)5.32( –
132.84 171.06
132.02 171.97
140.49 162.61
130.71 173.42
143.38 157.32
134.36 169.38
.
.
.
.
-
165
8.2.
) (.
)5.33 :(–
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
114.407 *0.000 2.147 0.543 0.294 0.863
143.114 *0.000 1.150 0.765 35.905 *0.000
84.643 *0.000 1.446 0.695 10.098 *0.006
104.747 *0.000 0.335 0.953 0.109 0.947
59.338 *0.000 4.850 0.183 5.748 0.056
119.033 *0.000 1.149 0.765 1.095 0.578
*0.05.
)5.33 ( - "
)Sig. ( )
( 0.05
)Sig. (
0.05
.
-
166
)5.34 (.
)5.34( –
71.13 62.80 61.19
36.88 77.86 38.30
89.63 54.65 73.59
68.25 62.45 62.06
95.50 57.65 67.88
79.13 63.09 59.97
.
.
)2007 (
.
-
167
8.3.
)
(.
)5.35 :(-
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
)Sig.(
56.815 *0.000 14.150 *0.001 61.896 *0.000
91.795 *0.000 23.196 *0.000 95.571 *0.000
30.957 *0.000 11.462 *0.003 41.467 *0.000
52.253 *0.000 20.692 *0.000 51.196 *0.000
20.981 *0.000 9.980 *0.007 16.460 *0.000
60.793 *0.000 16.778 *0.000 60.902 *0.000
*0.05.
)5.35 ( - "
)Sig. ( 0.05
.
)5.36 (
.
-
168
)5.36(
119.00 177.11 233.12
107.69 200.45 220.99
128.34 162.10 230.63
121.31 176.90 222.31
133.32 164.28 190.76
119.18 177.16 232.07
.
.
.
) 2001 (
.
-
169
-
170
:
"
"
.
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.
)8.4.(%
4.
)74.7(%.
5. .
6. .
-
171
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
.
11.
.
-
172
12.
.
13.
.
14.
.
15. "
"
.
-
173
16.
"
"
.
17.
.
:
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
-
174
4.
.
5.
.
6.
.
7.
.
8.
.
9.
.
10.
.
-
175
11.
.
12. .
13.
.
14.
.
15.
.
16.
.
:
:
1.
.
2.
.
-
176
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
-
177
:
:
:
:
:
-
178
::
1. .
2. .
3. )1990 :(.
4. )1997 :(
.
5. )1995 :(
.
6. )2001 :(
"2" .
7. )2003 :(
.
8. :
)2004 :(.
9. )1998 :(
.
10. )2003 :(
.
11. )2005 :(
.
12. )1998 :(
.
-
179
13. )1967 :( :
.
14. )2008 :(
.
15. )1992 :(
.
16. ) 1998 :(
.
17. )1996 :( -
.
18. )2006 :(
.
19. )2000 :(
.
20. )1991 :(
.
21. )2001 :(
.
22. )2002 :(
.
23. )1997 :(
.
-
180
24. )1989 :(
.
25. )2008 :(
.
26. )2003 :(.
27. )2002 :(
.
28. )2001 :(
-.
29. )2000 :(
.
30. )2000 :(.
31. ) 1982 :(
.
32. )2002 :(
.
33. )2000 :( :
34. )1981 :(.
35. )2002 :(
.
-
181
36. )1980 :(
.
37. )2003 :(
.
38. )1996 :(
.
39. )1999 :(
.
40. )1999(
.
41. )1978( :
.
42. )2004 :(.
43. )2000 :(
.
44. )2001 :(
.
45. )1969 :(
.
46. )1980 :(.
-
182
::
1. )2004 :(
.
2. )1999 :(
.
3. ) 2007:( " ""Virgo "
.
4. )1994 :(
.
5. )1999 :(
.
6. )1985 :(
.
7. )2002( :
.
8. )2007 :( :
.
9. )2007 :(
.
-
183
10. ) 2004( :
–
.
11. )2007 :(
.
12. )2008 :(
.
::
1. )1997 :( :
.
2. )1991 :(
3
4-8 1991.
3. )1999 :(
117
.
-
184
4. )1974 :(
17-22/3/1973
.
5. )1995 :(
)34 ()9(.
6. )1998 :(
)6()3(.
7. )1990 :(
2312
.
8. )1981 :(
)2122(.
9. )1994 :(
)2(26-28 1994.
10. )2007 :(
:
.
11. )2001 :(
.
12. ) 2004 :(
- MBA
:.
-
185
13. )1991 :(
111
.
14. )1995 :(
12
.
15. ) 2009:(
:.
16. )2001 :(
)25(-.
17. ) 2006:( :
.
18. )1984 :(
:
.
::
1. ) 1999 :(
.
2. )1995 :(
.
3. )2010(
.
-
186
4. ) 2004 :(
.
5. )2000 :(
.
6. )1999 :(
.
7. )1999 :( 1999 :
.
8. )1999 :(4 1999.
9. )1996 :(
.
10. )2001 :(
)25(.
11. )2010 :(
.
12. )/2009 :( 282.
)http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/ar/index.html(
13. :.
14. )2006 :( )47(
.
15. )1998 :(
1998-2003.
-
187
16. )1990 :(
)37( 28\1\1990
.
17. )1999 :(
.
18. )1997 :(
.
19. )1994 :(
-)2(15-17 .
: :
1. Bowser, G., Reed, P. R. (1995). Education TECH Points for Assistive Technology Planning. Journal of Special Education Technology, 12(4), 325-338.
2. Craven, Jenny (2003): Access to electronic resources by visually impaired
people, Information Research, vol. (8) No. (4) 3. Gorgan, M. & et.al (1980): Involving Parents in the Deliver or Services to
Handicapped Children, Houghton and Mifflin Company, Boston. 4. Kintsh, A., DePaula, R. (2002). A Framework for the Adoption of Assistive
Technology. Paper presented at the SWAAC 2002: Supporting Learning through Assistive Technology, Winter Park, Colorado, USA. Available online: [http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/clever/assets/pdf/ak-SWAAAC02.pdf]
-
188
5. Lankatis, T. (2004): Special Needs Technologies, An Administrator's Guide
Technology and Learning. 6. Ohuchi, Makoto & Iwaya Yukio & Suzuki Yˆoiti & Munekata Tetsuya
(2006): Cognitive-map formation of blind persons in a virtual sound environment, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University.
7. Poter, A.& Brophy, J. (1988): Synthesis of Research on Good Teaching,
Educational Leadership, Vol. 45, No.8. 8. Riddel, Sh. & et.al (1992): Specific Learning Difficulties Police, Practice and
Provision Sterling Unit, Department of Education, Scottish Office Education Dept., Edinburgh.
9. Wikowski, Terrence.H. and Wolfinarger, Marty.F.(2002), Comparative
service quality: German and American ratings across service settings, Journal of Business Research,vol. 55.
-
189
-
190
)1( –
:.......................................
:....................................
/:
...:
.
.
.
-
191
:
1 .:
( ) ( ).
2 .: ( ) 10-15 ( )15-18 ( )18-22
( )22-30 ( )30-40 ( )40
3 .: ( ) ( )
4 .: ( ) ( ) ( )
5 .: ( ) ) ( ) (: ..................................
6 .: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 . : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8 . : ( ) ( ) ( )
)1 ()10(
.
)1 (-) 10(
:.
.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.:
1.
2.
-
192
)1 (-) 10(
3.
4.
5.
.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
193
)1 (-) 10(
:.
.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.:
1.
2.
3.
.
4.
5.
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
-
194
)1 (-) 10(
:.
.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
. :
1.
2.
3.
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
196
)2(
::
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
::
5. .
6. .
::
7. .
8. .
::
9. .
10. .
11. .
-
197
)3(
)(
-- 87 179 266
145 -- -- 145
-- -- -- --
145 87 179 411
)(
17
33
25
75
25
9
10
44
119
-
198
)4(
/ -
10 March 2011
-
199
.
:
.
.
.
1. .
2.
.
3. .
. :
. :
. :
-
200
.
10/3/2011
.
.
. 5
.
. .
: . .
.
. .
. .
.
-
201
:
: : - .
- . - . - .
:
-
. - .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
:
- .
- .
- .
-
202
::
- . -
).(
- .
- . -
.
: :
- .
- A.
- ).( - .
:
-
.
- .
- ).(
:
- . - .
- .
:
- ).( - .
-
203
)5(
10/3/2011
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
-
204
)6(
/ ......................................................
................................................
/
:
/.
.
.
.
.
-
205
1 .:
2 .:
3 .:
1.
2.
3.
4 .:
*.
-
206
5 .:
6 .:
:
.
) (.
-
207
)7( :
1 ..
2 .4 1999.
3 ..
4 .
40 .
5 .. 6 ..
1 . : )
.....(
2 . :.
3 . :.
4 . :.
5 ..
6 ..
1 ..
2 ..
3 .
4 ..
5 ..
)
(
1 .
.
2 .
)
... .(
3 .)
.(
4 .)
.(
5 .)
.(
-
208
)
(
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
4 .).(
5 ..
1 ..
2. .
3 ..
4 .. 5 .) :(
6 ..
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
4 ..
5 ..
)25-30( - - - -
-
:
)7-15(
)15-35(
)35-60(
1 ..
2 ..
3 .)(
4 .
5 ..
)
(
1 ..
2 .).(
3 ..
)
(
:
1 .).(
2 .) .(
3 .).(
4 ..
5 ..
-
209
)
(
1 .)
.(
2 ..
3 ..
)
(
1 ..
2 ..
3 ..
4 .
.
-
210
)8(
2011
:
/
1.
1962 2860735 2860735
2.
1982 2826961 2826961
3.
1995
2827808 2827808
4.
1995 2829211 2826193
5.
2000
2860700 2860800
6.
2006
2868999 2864888
-
211
:
/
1.
1979
2805155 2805155
2.
1983
2866887 2868148
3.
1990
2861266 2821082
4.
1993
2828304 2828304
5.
1996
2845902 2845902
6.
1997 2534192 2534192
:
/
1.
1997 2067040 2067040
2. 1998 -- --
3. 2005 -- --
4.
2006 2451062 2456628
5. 2007 -- --
-
212
)9(
: .................... :......../........ /2011.
/ :............................................................
/
.
.
.
-
213
:
::
::
::
::
::
::
-
214
)10(
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
-
215
)11(
/
/
/
"
"
:
1.
.
2. .
3. .
4.
.
.
. .
-
216
)12(
/
/
/
"
"
.
.
. .
-
217
)13(
/
/
"
"
.
.
. .
