© R Baker Year 7 Revision booklet 1 One sheet per topic Mind map, note or questionnaire type form...

© R Baker

Year 7 Revision booklet 1

Year 7 Revision booklet

• One sheet per topic• Mind map, note or questionnaire type

form• Some links to the internet

• For on-line Biology tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3biology/ks3biology.htm

• For on-line Chemistry tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3chemistry/ks3chemistry.htm

• For on-line Physics tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3physics/ks3physics.htm

• For a general revision site www.scibermonkey.org

• One sheet per topic• Mind map, note or questionnaire type

form• Some links to the internet

• For on-line Biology tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3biology/ks3biology.htm

• For on-line Chemistry tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3chemistry/ks3chemistry.htm

• For on-line Physics tests • go to http://www.docbrown.info/ks3physics/ks3physics.htm

• For a general revision site www.scibermonkey.org

© R Baker


All living things are made of

CELLSthe basic building blocks of life

MagnificationPower of eyepiece lens

X Power of Objective lens

Cells are very smallMicroscopes are needed to see them

All Cells have NUCLEUSCYTOPLASMCELL MEMBRANE

Plant cells also haveVACUOLECHOLOROPLASTSCELL WALL

Palisade cells perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS in the Chloroplasts which trap light energy and turn it into food, starch (carbohydrates)

NUCLEUSContain DNA and theGenes which control our inherited featuresThe nucleus also makesPROTEINS, vital for new Cells (growth)

GROUPS of CELLS make TISSUESGROUPS of TISSUES make ORGANS

Cells specialise for different functions

7A

© R Baker


REPRODUCTION The way a species survives

Male gamete (Sperm or Pollen)+

Female Gamete (Egg)

= Fertilised Cell (Zygote)

Sperm are tiny, have large head (nucleus) long tail for swimming and middle bit for energy

Ovum is much, much bigger than sperm. One ovum per month. It waits for up to 4 days for a sperm before it dies.

Zygote becomesball of cells, then embryo, then foetus.9 months to birth

Male puberty:

Deeper voice

Testes drop

Face hair & spots

Muscles & Shoulders develop

Female Puberty:

Hips broaden

Breasts develop

Menstruation starts (Periods)

Tut tutting, spots

Key words: Uterus (womb), oviduct (fallopian tube), placenta, amniotic sac & fluid, cervix, vagina, penis

7B

© R Baker


Environment and feeding relationships • A HABITAT is where an organism lives.• A habitat supplies plants and animals

(organisms) with shelter, energy and materials

• Animals and plants are ADAPTED to their habitats

• Plants make their own food (by photosynthesis)

• Animals eat plants (HERBIVORES or PRIMARY CONSUMERS) or other animals (PREDATORS or SECONDARY CONSUMERS)

• These feeding relationships are shown in a FOOD CHAIN

• An arrow means Food for, pointing into mouth of consumer.

• Many food chains for a complex number of organisms are shown in a FOOD WEB

7C

A F

ood Web!

A Food Chain starts with energy from the sun being turned into food by the Producer (any plant). Primary consumers get about 1/10 of the plant’s stored energy when they eat a plant, secondary consumers get about 1/10 of the stored energy of the primary consumer when they eat it. So Food chain are always short, never more than 4 links

Producer: Grass

Primary Consumer: Deer

Secondary Consumer: Wolf

Energy Source:The Sun

© R Baker


7D Variation and Classification

Animal Kingdom

Vertebrates Invertebrates

See above Arthropods

INSECTS

SPIDERS

Many other Classes

Insects and Spiders are different orders because:

Spiders have 8 legs & 2 part bodies

Insects have 6 legs & 3 part bodies

VARIATIONVARIATION Variations, e.g. eye and hair colour, which parents pass to offspring are called inherited variations these are caused by taking a gene from the father or mother alternately. Variations, e.g. language or scars, caused by the environment are called environmental variationsCHROMOSOMES

A human has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome carries an instruction for an aspect of the new organism, e.g. its sex.

Gametes (sperm and egg cells) each carry 23 unpaired chromosomes which become paired in the zygote

Sperm carry and X and Y chromosome Eggs carry X and X chromosomes

So an XY becomes a new boy and an XX a new girl.

KingdomPhylumOrderClassOrderFamilyGenus Species

© R Baker


• Acid + Base= Salt + Water (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide= Sodium Chloride + Water) • Acid + Metal= Salt + Hydrogen (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium = Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen) • Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide (e.g. Hydrochloric Acid + Copper Carbonate =

Copper Chloride + Water +Carbon Dioxide)

• All 3 reactions are neutralisation reactions• All acids contain Hydrogen• The pH Scale shows:• acidity or alkalinity

• In farming Lime (Calcium oxide) is used to neutralise acid fields• Toothpaste is a weak alkali used to neutralise mouth acids• Indigestion tablets neutralise stomach acids (indigestion)• Tea, Citrus fruits & vinegar are all acids • Hydrogen Test is: “pop” with lighted splint• Carbon Dioxide test is: limewater (Calcium Hydroxide) goes cloudy • Acid rain is caused by Sulphur (from coal) burning to make sulphur

dioxide a very acid gas

7EAcids and Bases

© R Baker


Simple Chemical Reactions • There are 6 basic chemical reactionsThere are 6 basic chemical reactions:• COMBINATION is when two substances combine to make one new substance.• DECOMPOSTION is when one substance breaks down into two new substances• CORROSION is when iron reacts with water and oxygen to form a hydrated iron oxide (RUST)• NEUTRALISATION is the reaction between and ACID and a BASE• (ACID + BASE + SALT + WATER)• REVERSIBLE reactions are reactions which can go forwards and backwards. Reactions with Water and anhydrous Cobalt

Chloride or Anhydrous Copper Sulphate are REVERSIBLE.• DISPLACEMENT (or REDOX = REDUCTION / OXIDATION) reactions involve the swapping of a non metal between two

metals. The more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal (or the more reactive metal is OXIDIZED and the less reactive metal REDUCED)

• WORD EQUATION EXAMPLES OF THESE REACTIONS (plus colours!)WORD EQUATION EXAMPLES OF THESE REACTIONS (plus colours!)

• REDUCTION / OXIDATION or DISPLACEMENT • Lead Oxide + Carbon Lead + Carbon dioxide (Lead oxide is Reduced , Carbon is Oxidised)

Copper Sulphate + Iron Copper + Iron Sulphate (Copper is displaced by more reactive iron)

COMBINATION• Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

• DECOMPOSITION• Copper Carbonate Copper Oxide + Carbon dioxide

• NEUTRALISATION• Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride (Salt) + Water

• REVERSIBLE• Hydrated Cobalt Chloride Cobalt Chloride (anhydrous) + water (This is a chemical test for water)

7F

© R Baker


Particle model of solids, liquids and gases

Gas

Particles spread out, move fast no forces between particles, low density (high energy state)

Liquid

Particles very close together, move easily , strong forces between particles, high density (medium energy state)

Solid

Particles packed tightly together, only oscillation, very strong forces between particles, highest density (lowest energy state)

7G

All matter is made up of particles

Particle sizes vary from the smallest hydrogen atom to complex compounds made of thousands of different atoms.

All particles move randomly

This model is also called the kinetic theory of matter

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Density is a measure of how much mass is concentrated in a given volumeDensity of Block = Mass/ Volume=3300g/(5x11x6) cm³=10g/cm³

Block Weighs 3330g B=5cm; L=11cm,H=6cm

M

D V

REMEMBER “Mad Dogs Vomit”

© R Baker


Solutions • Solutions are clear mixtures of one or more components.

• The liquid is called the SOLVENT; the solid is called the SOLUTE.

• If the solid dissolves it is SOLUBLE forming a SOLUTION.

• If it doesn’t dissolve it is INSOLUBLE forming a SUSPENSION.

• Similarly liquids can mix, (MISCIBLE liquids) to form solutions or not mix (IMMISCIBLE liquids) which form EMULSIONS

• When a SOLUTION can hold no more SOLUTE, it is SATURATED.

• The particle theory describes how particles “disappear” in a solution and how they can be seen in a suspension.

• You can separate mixtures by using the differing physical properties of the components.

• Differences in SOLUBILITY– FILTERING or CHROMATOGRAHY

• Differences in Boiling point – EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION or DISTILLATION (simple or fractional)

• CHROMATOGRAPHY: separating colours using a liquid

• DISTILLATION: Evaporation following by condensation.

7H

The key “S” Words

SOLVENT: a liquid which dissolves a soluteSOLUTE: a solid which dissolves in a liquidSOLUTION: the resultant mixture of soluble solute and solventSATURATED: when a solution can hold no more solute at that temperature SUSPENSION: the resultant mixture of insoluble solute and solventSOLUBILITY is a measure of how much solute dissolves in a given amount of solvent. (SOLUBILITY increases with temperature.)

Copper Sulphate Solution

To see how salt (Sodium Chloride) dissolves in water go to: http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/dissolve.html

© R Baker


7G, H & F Particles, Solutions & Simple Chemical Reactions

You will need to know these terms Answer Formed when 2 or more elements join or bond together Forms when a solid does not dissolve in a liquid. The particles stay together in clumps. E.g. Chalk + Water

Describes a solid which does not separate and mix with liquid particles The random mixing and movement of (gas) particles The breaking down of a substance using an electric current A technique to separate coloured solutions The process in which solid particles disappear in a liquid Describes a solid whose particles mix evenly with the particles of a liquid The coating of one metal layer on top of another metal using electricity The liquid part of a mixture The solid part of a mixture The breaking down of one substance in to two or more simpler substances Forms because two liquids mix Forms because two liquids do not mix A process of evaporation and condensation A pure substance made up of one type of atom When 2 or more substances are joined together Formed when 2 or more substances are added together. It can be separated by simple physical means (e.g. filtration, chromatography, distillation etc.)

A solid which is formed when 2 liquids are added together Formation of rust (iron oxide) through the action of water and oxygen The result of mixing an acid and a base (alkali) to form salt +water. A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid A process in which a liquid turns to a gas, leaving a solid behind Burning in oxygen

Select answers from these terms:

Diffusion, Dissolving Soluble Insoluble Solvent Solute Suspension Miscible Immiscible Chromatography Distillation Evaporation Filtration Element Compound Combination Mixture Decomposition Precipitate Corrosion Electrolysis Electroplating Neutralization Combustion

© R Baker


Energy resources • NON RENEWABLE ENERGY • Fossil fuels are stores of energy formed from the remains of plants and animals that were alive

millions of years ago.• Coal, oil and gas are fossil fuels. The are running out and cause global warming. • RENEWABLE ENERGY• Energy Resources which will not run out nor cause a problem with global warming!• Biomass (e.g. Wood), Geothermal (heat from the Earth’s molten core), Tidal energy (which

comes from the movement of the tides), Nuclear energy (which comes from the splitting of uranium atoms), Hydroelectric power (which comes from the gravitational potential energy of water in mountains), Solar power (energy from the sun’s radiation), Wave power (from the energy stored up in waves), Wind power (harnessed by building wind turbines)

• To find out more and test yourself go to: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/energy/index.asp

7I

The Principle of The Principle of the conservation of the conservation of energy:energy: “Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed into a different form of energy”.

ENERGY IS THE ABILITY TO DO WORK

Type of Energy Caused By

Gravitational Potential EnergyKinetic EnergyElectrical EnergyHeat EnergySound EnergyLight EnergyElastic Energy

PositionSpeedCurrent & VoltageTemperatureVibrationsRadiation Compression

© R Baker


Electricity• A simple series circuit (09) with 2 cells and 3

bulbs• All bulbs light, one break whole circuit stops,

bulbs are dimmer as more bulbs added.

• A complex parallel circuit (21) with 3 parallel arms

• Each arm can be switched on/off, arms are same brightness as more arms added

• Electricity will only flow in a completed circuit

• Electricity is the flow of electrons through conductors.

• All metals are good conductors• Non metals, wood, plastic are insulators• Current is measured in Amps using an

Ammeter• The voltage of a cell is the pushing force

which get the electrons moving.• Resistors block the flow of electrons.• You must learn the basic electrical

symbols • There are others e.g. Fuse, Reed Switch,

Electromagnet, Diode, Light Dependent Resistor

7J

© R Baker


7K

A Force is

push or a pull

Speed is

distance divided by time D

T S

F

P A

Pressure is force divided by area

Gravity is the force of attraction between masses. On Earth Gravity acts on mass to produce weight.

1 kg becomes 10N, N= Newton, the unit of force is measured with a force or Newtonmeter. Bigger masses exert bigger gravitational pulls

A force will stretch a spring ; more force means more extension. This is used to measure forces in the

Newton meter

Moment =Force x Distance

When a balance occursMoments are equal So we can determine an unknown weight

Forces’ direction are indicated by an arrow

Forces can only: Forces can only: Change shape, Change shape, Change direction Change direction Speed things up Speed things up Slow things downSlow things down

Other key forces: Upthrust, Friction, Air resistance (drag)

Don’t Throw Stones

Flying

Parrots Attack

2N ?N

4cms 8cms

? X 8=2X4 so ?= 1N

© R Baker


THE SOLAR SYSTEM• Planets are held in their orbits because of the BALANCE between their GRAVITY and their SPEED.• The combination of the orbit and the tilt of the planet (Earth) give us SEASONS.• Planets also ROTATE on their AXIS giving us night and day and moving the shadows from long in the

mornings to short at midday to long in the afternoon.• Although the Sun (and stars at night) appear to move across the sky during the course of the day (or night);

their apparent movement is caused by the rotation of the Earth.• The Sun is LIGHT SOURCE, whilst the Moon orbits the Earth it reflects sunlight to us on Earth. This

combination of ORBITING and Reflection give rise to the PHASES OF THE MOON.• The moon both ORBITS the Earth and spins on its own axis every 28 days. Consequently we only ever see

one side of the moon.• The Earth ORBITS the Sun and because the Earth’s AXIS is tilted, this causes one hemisphere to point

towards the sun (summer) and one hemisphere away from the sun (winter) as it moves around the Sun.

• The order of the planets is: M V E M J S U N P• (Rocky) (Gas giants) Rocky

• Stars do not move but appear to circle the earth because of its rotation.

• Key Words:• ORBIT: To path around a larger object, the Earth orbits the sun, the moon orbits the Earth • AXIS: an imaginary line about which the object (Earth) rotates or spins• WAXING: getting bigger, applied to the visible part of the moon• WANING: getting smaller, applied to the visible part of the moon• NEW, CRESCENT, HALF, GIBBOUS, FULL: the order of the PHASES OF THE MOON: when it is WAXING• STAR a stationary large luminous object• GALAXY millions of solar systems, our galaxy is called the Milky Way.• UNIVERSE all galaxies, matter, everything!• GRAVITY the force of attraction between 2 large bodies, it increases as the bodies get bigger and closer

7L

© R Baker

Year 7 Revision booklet

The SOLAR SYSYTEM

SPACE

Planets orbit stars because of the balance Between their speed and The attractive gravitational force

Planets orbits are circular, with the more distant planets taking much longer to orbit the sun

Stars are massive, stationary and give out light;

Planets orbit stars, are smaller and reflect light

The moon is a satellite.

It reflects sunlight, as it orbits the Earth, every 28 days, we see more or less of its surface, this called phases of the moon.

Total surface = Full Moon

No Surface = New moon

The Universe contains all matter. It is made up of

Galaxies, which contain millions of Stars, each of

which has a Star (or Solar) system, each of

which has planets, which

usually have satellites or moons.

The Earth rotates (spins) on an Axis. This gives us day & night.

The axis is tilted relative to a line to the sun and this gives usThe seasons of the year, which different amounts of sunlight

7LGroups of stars are called constellations. Orion is a good example

The Earth, Distance to moon, The Moon (all same scale)

© R Baker Year 7 Revision booklet 1 One sheet per topic Mind map, note or questionnaire type form...

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