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![Page 1: Quick Quiz. hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it= swf::600::480::/sites/dl/free/00735 32215/788069/How_the_Cell_Cycle_ Works.swf::How%20the%20Cell%20.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062304/56649dea5503460f94ae5aac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MitosisQuick Quiz
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• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::600::480::/sites/dl/free/0073532215/788069/How_the_Cell_Cycle_Works.swf::How%20the%20Cell%20Cycle%20Works
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MitosisOccurs in autosomes except red blood cells,
and mature neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle cell
Does NOT occur in gametes (reproductive cells)Needed to:• Grow (make more cells)• Replace cells (50 million die every second!)
Both plants and animalsChromosome number stays the same
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Mitosis During mitosis, follow what is happening to the
chromosomes! Chromosomes• One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of
numerous genes along with regulatory information• Humans have 46 chromosomes in every cell of their
body (except sex cells – they only have 23) If these 46 chromosomes were stretched out
straight and laid end to end they would be about 10 feet long!
That means there is 10 feet of DNA in everyone of your body cells
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Chromosomes
During cell division (mitosis), the DNA in eukaryotic cells is coiled into very tight compact structures called CHROMOSOMES.
Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of DNA and Proteins
The DNA in eukaryotic cells wraps tightly around proteins called HISTONES. They help to maintain the shape of chromosomes and aid in the tight packing of DNA.
Chromatin• Between cell divisions (interphase), DNA IS NOT so
tightly coiled into chromosomes. The less tightly coiled DNA-Protein complex is called CHROMATIN
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Interphase Chromosomes
+ =
Remember, this is what chromosomes are like during interphase – long and stringy.
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Interphase Chromosomes• Notice the nuclear membrane is still in tact, and
the DNA is loose, but contained within the nucleus.
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ChromosomesWhen preparing for cell division, chromosomes
form copies of themselves, each half of the chromosome is called a CHROMATID or SISTER CHROMATIDS. Chromatids form as the DNA makes copies of itself (during the S phase) before cell division.
The constricted area of each chromatid is called a CENTROMERE . The centromere holds the two chromatids together until they separate during cell division.
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Chromosome TerminologyDyad – Chromosome with two parts
Monad – Chromosome with only one part
1 centromere + 1 chromatid = 1 monad = chromosome
1 centromere + 2 chromatids = 1 dyad = 1 chromosome
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Human ChromosomeMonads
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Human ChromosomeDyads
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Chromosome Condensation
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MitosisMitosis is an amazing process that carefully
divides two sets of DNA• The process of eukaryotic cell division during which
the cell nucleus divides• During mitosis and cytokinesis each daughter cell
must receive a full set of DNA – no more, no less – to work properly
If chromosomes remained long and stringy during mitosis, they could become entangled. • Therefore part of mitosis involves converting the
chromosomes from a linear strand of DNA (chromatin) to its highly condensed form (chromosomes)
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Mitosis TerminologyCentrosome: The major microtubule
organizing center of an animal cell.Centriole: A paired organelle that helps
organize the microtubules in animal and protist cells during nuclear division.• Plant cells do not have centrioles, but still
have organizing centers for microtubules.Spindle fibers: An assemblage of
microtubules that coordinate chromosome movement during mitosis
• Spindle microtubules attach to the centromeres and begin tugging the chromosomes back and forth
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Centrosomes and Centrioles
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Spindle Fibers
• Parent cell
• centrioles
• spindle fibers
• centrosome
• nucleus with• DNA
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Mitosis4 Phases:
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
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ProphaseNucleolus disappearsNuclear membrane disappearsChromatin condenses (shortens and thickens)
into chromosomes (dyads)Centrioles (in animals) separate and migrate to
polesSpindle fibers grow from centrioles and radiate
toward center of cell
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Prophase
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Prophase
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MetaphaseSpindle fibers attach centrioles to centromere
of each chromosomeChromosomes (dyads) line up across equator of
cell• Most often referred to as the ‘metaphase
plate’oThis is a place, not a structure
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Metaphase
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AnaphaseSpindle fibers begin to shorten which pulls the
sister chromatids away from each other towards opposite ends of the cell• They separate to form individual chromatids
oDyads separate into monadsoAssures that each resulting cell (“daughter
cell”) gets one of each chromosome
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Anaphase
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TelophaseChromosomes (monads) reach
poles and unwind into chromatin.Nuclear membrane reforms around chromatinNucleolus reformsSpindle fibers disappearCentrioles (in animals) duplicateCytokinesis may occur
cleavage furrow
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Telophase
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CytokinesisCytokinesis• Division of the cytoplasm and cell into two
daughter cells• Differs in plant and animal cells
oIn animal cells a ring of filaments forms around the equator of the cell, and then tightens for form a cleavage furrow, which splits the cell in two
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Cytokinesis
Animals from the outside in Plants from the inside out
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Review Mitosis
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Review MitosisA single division
Starts with one nucleus and ends with two
In the end there is no change in the number of chromosomes.
Each resulting nucleus has the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus.
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Review the Cell Cycle Interphase• G1• S• G2
M Phase• Mitosiso Prophaseo Metaphaseo Anaphaseo Telophase
• Cytokinesis