ê [% - } :q ã Ä Ú 6 # $å4? Ï t Ç o ¼ æ - Ô T â Ô - JAEA · 2017-05-10 · ii...
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http://www.jaea.go.jp
319-1195 2 4
029-282-6387, Fax 029-282-5920, E-mail: [email protected]
This report is issued irregularly by Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Inquiries about availability and/or copyright of this report should be addressed to
Intellectual Resources Section, Intellectual Resources Department,
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195 Japan
Tel +81-29-282-6387, Fax +81-29-282-5920, E-mail: [email protected]
© Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2009
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i
JAEA-Review 2008-035
2008 5 16
TRU
100m
60m
19
100-8577 2-1-8 11
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ii
JAEA-Review 2008-035
Investigation of Sub-Surface Disposal Concept
- The Cases of Finland and Sweden -
(Contract Research)
Hiroto KOIBUCHI, Terumi DOHI, Akio NAKAGOSHI* and Kiyoshi AMEMIYA
*
Radioactive Waste Management Unit
Nuclear Cycle Backend Directorate
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
Received May 16, 2008
Sub-surface disposal is one of the disposal methods for low-level radioactive waste in Japan. It will
operate below the generally used depth domestically. The waste disposed by this method is assumed to be
core internals and part of TRU (the transuranium elements) waste from reprocessing and MOX (mix oxide
fuel) fuel fabrication facilities. These contain the waste generated as a result of research activities, too. In
order to establish a safety regulation for the disposal, a case study of the overseas disposal is useful. The
similar disposal plan of Japan has been considerd or already operated especially in Finland and Sweden.
Therefore, in this study, we investigated current status and concept of appropriate sub-surface disposal in
both countries as below.
In Finland, waste management and disposal methods are regulated by Nuclear Energy Act and
national policy. Low and intermediate level wastes are disposed into the cave in bedrock at each nuclear
power plant site.
In Sweden, safety handling and disposal of waste are regulated by Act on Nuclear Activities. The
disposal of low and intermediate level wastes has been operated under the seabed. This operation is carried
out by a joint company which the nuclear companies have formed.
In addition, we reported a site selection, burial depth and financial plan etc. in both nations.
Keywords: Sub-Surface Disposal, Disposal Concept, Radioactve Waste, Finland, Sweden
This work was performed by the contract with Hazama Corporation in the fiscal year 2007.
* Hazama Corporation
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JAEA Review 2008 035
iii
1. ····················································································································································
2. ··················································································
2.1 ························································································································
2.2 ······································································
2.3 ·············································································································
2.4 ································································································································
2.5 ····································································································································
2.6 ········································································································································
3. ··················································································
3.1 ························································································································
3.2 ······································································
3.3 ·············································································································
3.4 ································································································································
3.5 ····································································································································
3.6 ········································································································································
···················································································································································
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
iv
Contents
1. Introduction ···········································································································································
2. Study of Sub-surface Disposal in Finland ······························································································
2.1 Nuclear Power Plants ·······················································································································
2.2 Strategy of the Nuclear Power and the Radioactive Waste Management ··········································
2.3 Nuclear Waste Management ············································································································
2.4 Authorities and Companies ··············································································································
2.5 Laws and Regulations ······················································································································
2.6 Financial Provision ··························································································································
3. Study of Sub-surface Disposal in Sweden ······························································································
3.1 Nuclear Power Plants ·······················································································································
3.2 Strategy of the Nuclear Power and the Radioactive Waste Management ··········································
3.3 Nuclear Waste Management ············································································································
3.4 Authorities and Companies ··············································································································
3.5 Laws and Regulations ······················································································································
3.6 Financial Provision ··························································································································
References ·················································································································································
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 1 -
1.
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 2 -
2.
2.1
2 4 2656MWe Loviisa 488 MWe
PWR Olkiluoto 840 MWe BWR
28.42)
Olkiluoto 3 1600 MWe PWR 2009
2.2
1988 (Nuclear Energy Act)
1994
Loviisa
1996 1995 FPH TVO Possiva
2.3
(1)
Olkiluoto
2010
Luiisa 1996 ( 330 U
)
(2004 )
Loviisa 351 tU 520 tU
Olkiluoto 1026 tU 1570 tU
(2)
a
(Nuclear waste)
2 1
1,377 tU 2004
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 3 -
1,984 m3
2004
( )
1MBq/kg
1MBq/kg 10GBq/kg
b
Loviisa
2006 Olukiluoto
c
Olkiluoto 400 700m
KBS-3
Olkiluoto
2000 2001 Posiva
Olkiluoto ONKALO
ONKALO 2004
Posiva 2012 2020
5640
Loviisa 2030 1020 Olkiluoto 2 2030
2620 Olkiluoto3 2070 2000
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 4 -
Loviisa
110m
2
2004 1234m3
0.26TBq
2500m3
2006
2 2 2 3
Olkiluoto
60m 90m
16
2004 4140m3
62.9TBq
9100m3
60
2 4 2 5
d
1970
Loviisa Olkiluoto 1992 1997
1980
1999 Olkiluoto
Posiva 2001
2.4
(1)
a
TVO (TVO: Teollisuuden Voima Oy)
FPH (FPH: Fortum Power and Heat Oy)
b
VTT: Technical Research Center of Finland
(2)
(MTI: Ministry of Trade and Industry)
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 5 -
(Ministry of Social Affaires and Health)
(STUK: Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority)
(Advisory Committee on Nuclear Safety)
STUK
(3)
Posiva Posiva Oy
1995
(4)
(GTK Geological Survey of Finland)
VTT STUK
GTK 30
2.5
(Nuclear Energy Act)
STUK
Posiva
Radiation Act (Radiation Decree)
2.6
(State Nuclear
Waste Management Fund)
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 6 -
MTI
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 7 -
3.
3.1
Forsmark, Oskarshamn, Ringhals 10 PWR3 : 2,750 MWe, BWR7 : 6,167
MWe7
Barsebaeck-2 2005
46.4
3.2
(Act on Nuclear Activities)
(Radiation Protection
Act) (Act
on the Financing of Future Experiences for Spent Nuclear Fuel etc.)
SKB
SKB 3
3.3
(1)
CLAB: Central interim storage facility for spent
nuclear fuel 30 CLAB 25m
1985 5000
3000 (2005 ) 8000
2004 4182
2004 734
(2)
a
734 tU 2004
CLAB 4182 tU 2004
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 8 -
Studsvic
CLAB
300KBq/kg
b
SFR
Studsvic
SFL-3)
Studsvic
CLAB)
SKI SSI
c
30 500 700m
2
10% 400
3 Osthammar,
Oskarshamn, Tierp) 2 Osthammar, Oskarshamn
4
2002 4 8 6
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 9 -
SFL-54)
SFR
133m 14 19m
(hydraulic cage)
5)
4)SFL-5
500m 8m3/ (300m 13m
3/ )
Zr
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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3 1
SFR
Forsmark 1km 60m 4
63,000m3
SFR-1
90,000m3
30,446m3 SFR-1
500 m /h
30 50m 0.8m
2.5 2.5
4 16 1
1.2
90/10 /
1m 1.5
/ 90/10
BMA
BMA
100 m/h
160m 19.5 16.5
15
2m
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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BTF
BTF BTF BTF
BTF
10 mSv/h
160m 14.8 9.5 10
32
BLA
BLA
/
2 mSv/h
160 15m 12.5
2 3 6
3 2 3 3 3 4
Ringhals Forsmark Oskarshamn Studsvik
100 300GBq 10TBq
10GBq 3 5
d
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 12 -
SKB KBS-3 Aspo
CLAB
e
CLAB
2006
2009
2017
2008/2009 /
2018
SFR
(SFR-3)
2010
2020
(SFL)
SFR
2035
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 13 -
BFA6)
CLAB Studsvic
2021
3.4
(1)
a
Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB
Vattenfall AB
OKG AB
b
(Studsvik)
c
(Westinghouse Atom AB)
(2)
(SKI: Swedish Nuclear Inspectorate)
R&D
(KASAM: Swedish Council for Nuclear Waste)
1985
(SSI Swedish Radiation Protection Institute)
R&D
(3)
(SKB: Swedish Nuclerr Fuel and Waste Management
Company)
1977
SFR
CLAB
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 14 -
3.5
(Act on Nuclear Activities)
(Radiation Protection Act)
(Act on the Financing of Future
Experiences for Spent Nuclear Fuel etc.)
(Environmental Code)
3.6
SKB
SKI
0.01 0.02SEK/kwh
460 SEK
SFR 3000
SEK 5.3 CLAB 1 SEK 17.6
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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National Report
2-2 2-3
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent fuel and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management, 2nd
Finnish National Report as referred to in Article of the Convention,
OECD/NEA Country Profile, Finland (2007)
Sweden’s second national report under the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent fuel and on the
Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
Deep repository for Long-lived low- and intermediate-level Waste, TR-99-28, SKB (1999)
RD&D-Program 2001 TR-01-30, SKB (2001)
RD&D-Program 2007 TR-07-12, SKB (2007)
OECD/NEA Country Profile, Sweden (2007)
(http://www.rwmc.or.jp)
Loviisa Repository for Low and Intermediate Level Waste,Fortum Report
Tapani Eurajoki,Tomi Routamo:Assessing the performance of Loviisa radwaste repository,Nuclear
Europe Worldscan 5-6/2001
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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2 1
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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2 2 Loviisa
2 3 Loviisa
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
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2 4 Olkiluoto
2 5 Olkiluoto
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 19 -
3 1 SFL-5
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 20 -
3 2 SFR
3 3 SFR BMA
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JAEA-Review 2008-035
- 21 -
BMA
3 4 SFR BMA
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1024 10-1 d
1021 10-2 c
1018 10-3 m
1015 10-6 µ
1012 10-9 n
109 10-12 p
106 10-15 f
103 10-18 a
102 10-21 z
101 da 10-24 y
SI
SI
min 1 min=60s
h 1h =60 min=3600 s
d 1 d=24 h=86 400 s
° 1°=( /180) rad
’ 1’=(1/60)°=( /10800) rad
” 1”=(1/60)’=( /648000) rad
ha 1ha=1hm2=104m2
L l 1L=11=1dm3=103cm3=10-3m3
t 1t=103 kg
SI SI
SI
eV 1eV=1.602 176 53(14)×10-19J
Da 1Da=1.660 538 86(28)×10-27kg
u 1u=1 Da
ua 1ua=1.495 978 706 91(6)×1011m
SI SI SI
SI
Ci 1 Ci=3.7×1010Bq
R 1 R = 2.58×10-4C/kg
rad 1 rad=1cGy=10-2Gy
rem 1 rem=1 cSv=10-2Sv
1 =1 nT=10-9T
1 =1 fm=10-15m
1 = 200 mg = 2×10-4kg
Torr 1 Torr = (101 325/760) Pa
atm 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
1cal=4.1858J 15 4.1868J
IT 4.184J
µ 1 µ =1µm=10-6m
10 SI
cal
(a)SI
(b)rad sr
(c) sr(d)(e)
(f) activity referred to a radionuclide ”radioactivity”(g) PV,2002,70,205 CIPM 2 CI-2002
CGS SI
a amount concentration
substance concentration
SI
Pa s m-1 kg s-1
N m m2 kg s-2
N/m kg s-2
rad/s m m-1 s-1=s-1
rad/s2 m m-1 s-2=s-2
, W/m2 kg s-3
, J/K m2 kg s-2 K-1
J/(kg K) m2 s-2 K-1
J/kg m2 s-2
W/(m K) m kg s-3 K-1
J/m3 m-1 kg s-2
V/m m kg s-3 A-1
C/m3 m-3 sAC/m2 m-2 sAC/m2 m-2 sAF/m m-3 kg-1 s4 A2
H/m m kg s-2 A-2
J/mol m2 kg s-2 mol-1
, J/(mol K) m2 kg s-2 K-1 mol-1
C/kg kg-1 sAGy/s m2 s-3
W/sr m4 m-2 kg s-3=m2 kg s-3
W/(m2 sr) m2 m-2 kg s-3=kg s-3
kat/m3 m-3 s-1 mol
SISI
m2
m3
m/sm/s2
m-1
kg/m3
kg/m2
m3/kg
A/m2
A/m(a) mol/m3
kg/m3
cd/m2
(b) 1(b) 1
SISI
SI SI
( ) rad 1 m/m( ) sr(c) 1 m2/m2
Hz s-1
N m kg s-2
, Pa N/m2 m-1 kg s-2
, , J N m m2 kg s-2
W J/s m2 kg s-3
, C s A, V W/A m2 kg s-3 A-1
F C/V m-2 kg-1 s4 A2
V/A m2 kg s-3 A-2
S A/V m-2 kg-1 s3 A2
Wb Vs m2 kg s-2 A-1
T Wb/m2 kg s-2 A-1
H Wb/A m2 kg s-2 A-2
( ) Klm cd sr(c) cdlx lm/m2 m-2 cdBq s-1
, ,Gy J/kg m2 s-2
, ,,
Sv J/kg m2 s-2
kat s-1 mol
SISI
SI
bar bar=0.1MPa=100kPa=105Pa
mmHg 1mmHg=133.322Pa
=0.1nm=100pm=10-10m
M=1852m
b b=100fm2=(10-12cm)2=10-28m2
kn kn=(1852/3600)m/s
Np
dB
SI SI
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
SI SI
SI
erg 1 erg=10-7 J
dyn 1 dyn=10-5N
P 1 P=1 dyn s cm-2=0.1Pa s
St 1 St =1cm2 s-1=10-4m2 s-1
sb 1 sb =1cd cm-2=104cd m-2
ph 1 ph=1cd sr cm-2 104lx
Gal 1 Gal =1cm s-2=10-2ms-2
Mx 1 Mx = 1G cm2=10-8Wb
G 1 G =1Mx cm-2 =10-4T
Oe 1 Oe (103/4 )A m-1
CGS
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