Presentation Overview Prevalence of Pain and PTSD Rationale for the Development of an

Integrated Treatment The Treatment Development Process Pilot Study Results Future Directions for Research

Pain often results from injuries related to events such as occupational injuries, motor vehicle accidents, or military combat.

This has led to a growing interest in the interaction between pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as research and clinical practice indicate that they frequently co-occur and can interact in such a way to negatively impact the course of treatment for either disorder.

Prevalence of Chronic Pain in OEF/OIF Veterans

In a study of 1,800 OEF/OIF Veterans, 46.5% reported some pain, with 59% of those exceeding the VA clinical threshold of ≥ 4 on a 0 to 10 scale (Gironda et al., 2006).

Prevalence of PTSD in OEF/OIF Veterans

Seal et al., (2007) studied 103,788 OEF/OIF veterans to assess the proportion of veterans seen at VA facilities who received mental health diagnoses. 13% met criteria for PTSD.

RAND (2008) studied 2,000 OEF/OIF veterans 18.5% met criteria for PTSD or depression

GP=6.8% (Kessler et al., 2005 )

However, the true prevalence of PTSD secondary to these wars is unknown; research to date employed only screening measures for PTSD.

Summary of Research Literature

Between 34% to 50% of patients referred for the treatment of pain have PTSD or significant PTSD symptomatology.

Between 45 to 87% of patients referred for the treatment of PTSD have a chronic pain condition.

The Comorbidity of Chronic Pain

and PTSD

In a sample of 113 Veterans referred for pain treatment at VA Boston, 35% (n=50) met criteria for PTSD based on a PCL cutoff score of 50.

In a sample of 30 OEF/OIF veterans referred for pain treatment at VA Boston, 73% (n=22) of the sample met criteria for PTSD based on a PCL cutoff score of 50.

Morrison, J., Scioli, E, Schuster, J., & Otis, J. (March, 2009). The Prevalence and Impact of Comorbid Chronic Pain and PTSD on U.S. Veterans. Poster presented at the 29th annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, New Mexico.

The Comorbidity of Chronic Pain

and PTSD

The Interaction between Chronic Pain and PTSD

Analysis of the entire sample (N=143) indicated that veterans with chronic pain who also met criteria for PTSD endorsed significantly higher scores on measures of pain, distress and disability than Veterans with chronic pain only.

Morrison, J., Scioli, E, Schuster, J., & Otis, J. (March, 2009). The Prevalence and Impact of Comorbid Chronic Pain and PTSD on U.S. Veterans. Poster presented at the 29th annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, New Mexico.

Clinical Examples “When ever I'm laying in bed at night and my

shoulder starts hurting, I start having thoughts of when I was shot.”

“When I think about the day our humvee was hit I can feel the pain in my back flare up right where I was hurt.”

“I tried my PT exercises but the pain started increasing and I started thinking about what I saw and heard in Vietnam so I just said the heck with it and called it quits for the day.”

“I managed to avoid dealing with my PTSD all of my life, but when the other car hit me it brought all of the feelings to the surface (feeling powerless).

Potential Mechanisms Anxiety Sensitivity – a fear of arousal-

related sensations arising from the belief that they will have harmful consequences.

Catastrophizing – exaggerated beliefs and expectations that events will lead to negative outcomes.

Both of these factors may increase the fear and avoidance of activities or thoughts associated with recovery.

PAIN: The avoidance of physical activities PTSD: The avoidance of feared

thoughts/situations

Given the high rates of comorbidity between chronic pain and PTSD, and evidence suggesting that these two disorders may interact in some way, efforts to develop more effective treatments for this population are greatly needed.

A Need for Research

Parallel Treatment Poor collaboration among providers Different philosophies of treatment Patient receives no treatment because no one

takes responsibility

Sequential Treatment Untreated disorder worsens the treated disorder Disagreement as to which should be treated

first Clinicians don’t follow through with referral for

the untreated disorder

Efficacy of An Integrated CBT Approach to Treating Chronic Pain

and PTSDJohn D. Otis, Ph.D. and Terence M. Keane Ph.D.

A VA Merit Review funded by the VA Rehabilitation, Research & Development Service

Evaluate the efficacy of an integrated CBT approach to the treatment of co-morbid Chronic Pain and PTSD

A 12-session integrated treatment that contains elements of evidence-based treatments for Chronic Pain and PTSD.

Assessment Measures

Pain PTSD Affective Distress Physical Functioning/Disability Catastrophizing Anxiety sensitivity

Post-treatment

6-MonthFollow-up

12 sessions

Pre-treatment

Research Design

Participants: Veterans with a co-morbid diagnosis of chronic pain and PTSD

Participants are randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions

1.CBT - Pain2.CBT - PTSD3.CBT - PTR (Integrated treatment)4.Wait-List

Treatment

CBT for Pain and CBT for PTSD Treatment follows a 12-session, individual,

manualized treatment protocol.

CBT-PTR Treatment follows a 12-session, individual,

manualized treatment protocol developed for this research study that integrates empirically supported treatment components for both conditions.

Treatment Components

Education re: pain Relaxation training Cognitive

restructuring Stress management Activity pacing Pleasant activity

scheduling Anger management Sleep hygiene Relapse prevention

Education re: PTSD Cognitive restructuring

vs Prolonged Exposure therapy

Teach coping skills Social support Anger management &

sleep Reprocessing the

meaning of the event

CBT for Pain CBT for PTSD

GOALS:

Create a treatment that amounted to more than the sum of its parts.

Create a treatment that was effective and transportable so that it would be considered clinically practical to use by therapists.

It had to be easy to understand for therapist and patient and not too time intensive.

Step 1

Meetings with collaborators to discuss “essential elements” of treatment Relaxation Training Interoceptive exposure to address anxiety

sensitivity Behavioral goals to address behavioral avoidance Cognitive elements from CPT to address the

impact of the trauma on patient beliefs The sequencing of treatment elements

Integrated Treatment

• Session 1 Education on Chronic Pain and PTSD• Session 2 Making Meaning of Pain and PTSD• Session 3 Thoughts/Feelings related to Pain and PTSD

& Cognitive Errors• Session 4 Cognitive Restructuring• Session 5 Diaphragmatic Breathing and Progressive

Muscle Relaxation• Session 6 Avoidance and Interoceptive Exposure• Session 7 Pacing and Pleasant Activities• Session 8 Sleep Hygiene• Session 9 Safety/Trust• Session 10 Power/Control/Anger• Session 11 Esteem/Intimacy• Session 12 Relapse Prevention and Flare-up Planning

Step 2

Pilot test Treatment and Address Challenges to Implementation

Participant Alcohol Use Establishing Trust Attendance Addressing Avoidance Homework Completion

Pilot Data Six participants were recruited to pilot

the treatment: Two of the six participants dropped out of

treatment before the third session. One participant dropped out due to family

health problems. A total of three participants completed the

12 session integrated treatment.

Otis, J. D. Keane, T., Kerns, R.D., Monson, C., & Scioli, E., (In Press). The Development of an Integrated Treatment for Veterans with Comorbid Chronic Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Pain Medicine.

Participant 1: A 59 year old Caucasian male with pain and

PTSD related to combat and injury in Vietnam. Significantly depressed Longstanding history of alcohol abuse, in

remission. Not socially active and avoided many

situations

Participant 2: A 51 year old African American female with

pain and PTSD due to military sexual trauma. Musculoskeletal pain located in her back, neck

and shoulders. Significant anger

Participant 3: 58 year old Caucasian male with PTSD

related to events witnessed while in Vietnam

Neck, shoulder and back pain Marital difficulties, discomfort being around

children, and difficulty trusting people in authority.

PTSD Measures

Participant 1

83

73

35 36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CAPS PCL

Pre

Post

15

41

30

1

16

34

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

MPQ Roland Morris BDI

Pre

Post

Pain, Disability, & Distress

PTSD Measures

Participant 2

91

64

55

48

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CAPS PCL

Pre

Post

41

15

28

16

10

21

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

MPQ Roland Morris BDI

Pre

Post

Pain, Disability, & Distress

PTSD Measures

91

60

79

54

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CAPS PCL

Pre

Post

41

20

24

40

11

33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

MPQ Roland Morris BDI

Pre

Post

Pain, Disability, & Distress

Participant 3

Outcomes for 3 Pilot ParticipantsParticipant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3

Measure Pre Post Imp Pre Post Imp Pre Post Imp

CAPS 83 35 58% 91 55 40% 91 79 13%

PCL 73 36 51% 64 48 25% 60 54 10%

MPQ 15 1 93% 41 16 61% 41 40 2%

BDI 30 34 -13% 28 21 25% 24 33 -38%

RMDQ 15 10 33% 8 4 50% 20 11 45%

CAPS: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (50 cutoff)PCL: PTSD Checklist-Specific Version (50 cutoff)MPQ: McGill Pain Questionnaire (0-78)BDI: Beck Depression Inventory (0-63)RMDQ: Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire (0-24)

28

Current Status of Research

Over 47 participants have participated to date

Recruitment of new patients is ending One participant is completing treatment Several participants are in the 6-month

follow-up phase Data analysis phase will begin once all

follow-ups are completed

Future Directions

Intensive Treatment of Pain and PTSD for OEF/OIF Veterans

John D. Otis, Ph.D. and Terence M. Keane Ph.D.A Pilot Study funded by the VA RR&D

Purpose: Develop an Intensive (3-week 6-session) integrated Pain and PTSD treatment program specifically for OEF/OIF Veterans

Advantages of this approach: More time efficient = more acceptable to veterans Less costly to administer Quicker re-establishment of adaptive functioning

(military or civilian)