- - population - 22 millionpopulation - 22 million- 90% of industrial goods, especially - 90% of industrial goods, especially

munitionsmunitions- efficient railroad system- efficient railroad system- controlled the navy, which could be - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade southern ports used to blockade southern ports

and shut and shut down the southern economy. down the southern economy.- but would have to fight an offensive war - but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar (long supply lines, unfamiliar

territory...)territory...)- capable military leaders, including - capable military leaders, including

Ulysses S. Ulysses S. Grant Grant

Confederates had excellent generals too -Confederates had excellent generals too -Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonJackson

Defending is always easier than attacking - Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar with climate and territory, possible (familiar with climate and territory, possible psychological advantages)psychological advantages)

Farmers fight better than factory workersFarmers fight better than factory workers Profitable economy, based on cotton exportsProfitable economy, based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller population of But disadvantages…a smaller population of

9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import industrial goods; veryhad to import industrial goods; very

little munitions productionlittle munitions production

It freed the It freed the slaves only in slaves only in states that states that have seceded have seceded from the from the Union.Union.

It did not free It did not free slaves in slaves in border states.border states.

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territorythe North on its own territory

July 1-3, 1863 - July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGBATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa., Pa. Confederate bombardment; Union held firmConfederate bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confederate Troops across open fields - Union on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confederate Troops across open fields - Union

mowed them down (= "mowed them down (= "Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge")") Lee was defeated and retreated to VirginiaLee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the It was the last time the South invaded the

North.North.

The Gettysburg Address is a speech The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

It was delivered by Lincoln during It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863,  four and of Thursday, November 19, 1863,  four and a half months after the Union armies a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg.decisive Battle of Gettysburg.

The speech invoked the principles of The speech invoked the principles of human equality espoused by human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and that would also to all of its citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant.rights were no longer dominant.

July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURGVICKSBURG

won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi RiverUnion control of Mississippi River

Grant was then given control of all Union armies Grant was then given control of all Union armies began a " began a "scorched earthscorched earth" policy to defeat the " policy to defeat the SouthSouth

After the After the Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation blacks Proclamation blacks began to join the began to join the Union ArmyUnion Army

Initially they were Initially they were only used for manual only used for manual laborlabor

Eventually, Blacks Eventually, Blacks saw live combatsaw live combat

5454thth regiment out of regiment out of MassachusettsMassachusetts

William Carney

April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's armyfinal blow to Lee's army

Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSEAPPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE

All Confederate troops forced to take an All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.oath of loyalty to U.S.

otherwise, terms of surrender were otherwise, terms of surrender were relaxed relaxed

Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflictfurther conflict

issue of states' rights now "solved"- issue of states' rights now "solved"- federal government had asserted its statusfederal government had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil WarOver 618,000 military deaths during Civil War..

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAREFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified countrycreation of a single unified country abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery increased power to fed. government – increased power to fed. government –

killed the issue of states rights killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationU.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalisma stronger sense of nationalism western lands increasingly opened to western lands increasingly opened to

settlementsettlement South was economically and physically South was economically and physically

devastated, w/ the plantation system devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus crippled...thus Reconstruction Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...of the North remained...