- Plus two Study Materials · 2018-10-12 · h 12 +--→

1 | G. SATHIYAMOORTHI. GHSS. JAYAPURAM. TIRUPATTUR . VELLORE DT. 9788890577

5. capupay; jhtutpay; - jhtunraypay; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1.xspr;Nru;f;if vd;why; vd;d ? jhtuq;fs; #upa xspapd; cjtpAld; fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L>ePupypUe;J fupk $l;L Nru;kq;fis gRq;fdpfj;jpy; jahupf;Fk; epfo;r;rp .

2. ijyfha;Lfs;.fpuhdh tiuaW. gRq;fdpfj;jpy; ];l;;Nuhkh gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; tl;ltbt mikg;Gfs; ijyfha;Lfs.; ijyfha;Lfs; xd;wd;kPJ xd;whf mLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;G fpuhdh.

3. nray;ikak; vd;why; vd;d ? Xspr;Nru;f;iff;F NjitgLfpd;w epwkpfs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w fpuhdh nynky;yhf;fs; nray;ikak; vdg;gLk;. 4. xspr;Nru;f;if xl;Lnkhj;j tpidia vOJ.

CO2+2H2O #upa xsp Mw;wy;gr;irak;-> (CH2O)n+ H2O+ O2

5. xspu;tpid.,Us;kWtpid NtWgLj;Jf. xspu;tpid ,Us;kWtpid

* gRq;fzpfj;jpy; fpuhdh gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ.

* Xsp cs;s NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ.

* ATP, NADPH2 cUthfpwJ.

gRq;fzpfj;jpy; ];l;Nuhkh gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ. 24 kzp NeuKk; eilngWfpwJ.

ATP, NADPH2 gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpwJ..

6. ePu; xspgpsj;jy; vd;why; vd;d ?

Xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; PSII Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyahdJ ePiu GNuhl;lhd;fs;>vyf;l;uhd;fs;> Mf;]p[id gpsf;Fk; epfo;r;rp ePu; xspgpsj;jy; vdg;gLk;. 7. Kjd;ik epwkp.Jid epwkp vd;why; vd;d ?

gr;irak; a Kjd;ik epwkp vdg;gLk;. ,J xspr;Nru;f;if nra;Ak; jhtuq;fs; midj;jpYk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. gr;irak; a my;yhj gpw xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs; Jiz epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh: gr;irak; b, fNuhl;bdha;L & rhe;Njh/gpy;fs;

8. xsp gh];gupfuzk; vd;why; vd;d ?

gRq;fdpfj;jpy; xspMw;wypd; cjtpahy; ADP apypUe;J ATP cUthFk; epfo;r;rp xsp gh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;. 9. Row;rp gh];gupfuzk; eilngw epge;jidfs; ahit?

1). PS I kl;Lk; nray;gLk; NghJ> 2). ePu; xspgpsg;G epfohj NghJ>

3). mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ> 4). xLf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd NADP+ fpilf;fhj NghJ

10. c4 xspr;Nru;f;if vd;why; vd;d?

N`l;r;& ];yhf; fUk;gpy; NtWgl;l xspr;Nru;f;if fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,jpy; 4C Nru;kq;fshd OAA> khypf; mkpyk;> m];gh;bf; mkpyk; cz;lhfpwJ. ,J. ,iyapil jpR> fw;iw ciw nry;fspd;; gRq;fzpfq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.

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11. ,U tbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

C4 jhtuq;fspy; ,iy ,iljpRtpy; fpuhdhf;fis nfhz;l gRq;fzpfq;fSk;>fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; fpuhdf;fs; mw;w gRq;fzpfq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ . ,J ,U tbt gRq;fzpfq;fs; vdg;gLk.;;;;;;;;; 12. xspRthrk; vd;why; vd;d ? Xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nru;f;if nra;Ak; jpRf;fspy; tof;fj;ij tpl mjpfkhd eilngWfpd;w Rthrk; xspRthrk; vdg;gLk;. 13. xspRthrk;>,Us; Rthrk; NtWgLj;Jf.

xspRthrk; ,Us; Rthrk; 1).xspr;Nru;f;if nry;fspy; eilngWk;. 2).xsp ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; eilngWk;. 3).gRq;fzpfk;> nguhf;]pNrhk;> ikl;Nuhfhz;l;upahtpy; eilngWfpwJ.

1).midj;J capUs;s nry;fspYk; eilngWk;.

2).xsp&Xsp ,y;yhj NghJ eilngWk; 3).ikl;Nuhfhz;l;upahtpy; eilngWfpwJ.

14. gpshf;nkd; fl;LgLj;Jk; fhuzp vd;why; vd;d? gpshf;Nkd;> Xspr;Nru;f;ifapy; vf;fhuzp kpfTk; Njitf;F Fiwthf fl;LgLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy; cs;sNjh mf;fhuzp xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; tPjj;ij fl;LgLj;Jk;. ,J fl;LgLj;Jk; fhuzp vdg;gLk;. 15. KOxl;Lz;zp> gFjpxl;Lz;zp tpsf;F. KOxl;Lz;zp gFjpxl;Lz;zp rpy jhtuq;fs; cztpw;fhf KKikahf Xk;Gapup jhtuq;fis rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; v.L: f];Fl;lh

rpy jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; fhzg;gLk;.Mdhy; xspr;Nru;f;iff;F fhuzkhd ePiu Xk;Gapup jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngw;W cztpid jhNd jahupj;J nfhs;Sk;. v.L: tp];fk;.

16. `h];Nlhupahf;fs; vd;why; vd;d? xl;Lz;zp jhtuq;fspy; Xk;Gapupia Jisj;J ePu;>fdpk cg;Gf;fs;;(k) cztpid cwpQ;r fhzg;gLfpd;w rpwg;ghd Ntu;fs; Nghd;w mikg;G `h];Nlhupahf;fs; vdg;gLk;. 17. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? iel;u[d; gw;whFiw cs;s ,lq;fspy; rpy jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfis cl;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. v.L: l;u]puh 18. Rthrpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d ? gytiahd fupk $l;LnghUl;fs; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; mile;J Mw;wiy ntspgLj;Jk; epfo;r;rp Rthrpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. 19. Rthrpj;jy; xl;Lnkhj;j tpidia vOJ.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----------- → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Mw;wy; (2900 kj

20. ATP mikg;gpid glk; tiuf.

21. Rthr jsg;nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk; nghUl;fs; Rthrjsg;nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.v.L:fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;

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22. fpisfhyp]; vd;why; vd;d? xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfh]; ,uz;L %yf;$W igUtpf;mkpykhf khWk; epfo;r;rp fpisfhyp]; vdg;gLk;. Vk;ld;> Nkau;M/g;> gu;dh]; --<];l; nry;fspd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fz;lwpe;jdu;;. 23. <NdhNyrd; vd;why; vd;d ? fpisfhiyrp]py; 2 gh];Nghfpsprupf; mkpy %yf;$W gh];Ngh <dhy; igUtpf;mkpykhf khWfpwJ. ,jpy; <NdhNy]; nehjp nray;gl;L ePu; ePf;fkilfpwJ. ,J <NdhNyrd; vdg;gLk;. 24. Mk;gpNghypf; #ow;rp vd;why; vd;d ? fpug; Row;rpapd; NghJ rpy %yf;$Wfs; fl;lg;gLfpwJ>rpy %yf;$Wfs; rpijf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J Mk;gpNghypf; #ow;rp(m) ,U tif Row;rp vdg;gLk;. 25. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vd;why; vd;d ?

Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ cUthd NADPH2& FADH2 Mfpait vyf;l;uhd; tupirahf mike;Js;s

g;NsNthGujk;> irl;NlhFNuhk;fs; topahf Mf;]p[Df;F vLj;J nrd;W ATP Mf khw;Wk; epfo;r;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vdg;gLk;. 26. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vd;why; vd;d ? rpy Ez;Zapupfs; Mf;]p[d; ,d;wpNa Rthrpj;jy; eilngWfpwJ.,J fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; vdg;gLk;. v.L : <];l;> rpy ghf;Bupah 27. nehjpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d ? FSf;Nfh]; %yf;$Wfs; fhw;wpy;yhky; rpijTw;W fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L (k) vj;jpy;My;f`hyhf khw;Wk; epfo;r;rp nehjpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; Eiuj;jy; nghq;Fjy; Vw;gLk;. 28. Rthr <T vd;why; vd;d ? Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspaplg;gLk; fhu;gd;il Mf;i]Lf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;]p[Df;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjNk Rthr <T vdg;gLk;.

Rthr <T = ntspaplg;gLk; fhu;gd;il Mf;i]L msT gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;]p[d; msT

29. rkepiyg;Gs;sp vd;why; vd;d? fhu;gd;il Mf;i]bd; ve;j nrwpT epiyapy; xspr;Nru;f;ifahdJ Rthrpj;jYf;F rkkhf cs;sNjh mJ fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L rkepiyg;Gs;sp vdg;gLk;. 30. tsu;r;rpapd; %d;W epiyfs; ahJ. 1). nkJepiy 2). Ntfepiy 3). epiyahd epiy (m) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy 31. rpf;kha;L tisT vd;why; vd;d ? xU capupdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ fhy mstpw;F vjpuhf xU tiuglj;jpy; tiue;jhy; >

tsu;r;rpahdJ S tbtpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J rpf;kha;L tisT vdg;gLk;.

32. Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; vd;why; vd;d ?

Rthrpj;jypd; vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ ADP apypUe;J ATP cUthFk; epfo;r;rp Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;. 33. ,aw;if >nraw;if Mf;]pd; c.k; jUf.

,aw;if Mf;]pd; : ,d;Nlhy; mrpbf; mkpyk;. (IAA) & gpdhy;mrpbf; mkpyk;.(PAA)

nraw;if Mf;]pd : ehg;jypd; mrpbf; mkpyk;;(NAA) , 2,4 il FNshNuh/gpdhf;rp mrpbf;mkpyk; (2,4 D)

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34. Edp(m)Kid Mjpf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? Mf;]pd; gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;J Edpnkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpapid Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. ,J Edp(m) Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 35. ghu;jpNdhfhu;gpf; fdpfs; vd;why; vd;d ? Mf;]pd;> [pg;uypd; `hu;Nkhdpd; nray;ghl;bdhy; fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa tpijapy;yhfdpfis cz;lhf;Ffpd;w fdpfs; ghu;jpNdhfhu;gpf; fdpfs; vdg;gLk;. 36. gf;fhNd(m) Nfhkhspjdkhd Neha; vd;why; vd;d ? [pg;uyPd; `hu;Nkhid gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ney;ypd; fZtpil gFjpfs; ePz;L tsu;fpwJ. ,J gf;fhNd(m) Nfhkhspjdkhd Neha; vdg;gLk;.

37. Nghy;bq; vd;why; vd;d ? [pg;uyPd; `hu;Nkhid gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ jpbnud jz;L ePo;tJk; mij njhlu;e;J kyu;jy; epfo;tJk; Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.

38. tsu;r;rp mlf;fpfs; vd;why; vd;d ? jhtuj;jpy; cz;lhFk; rpy fupk Nru;kq;fs; mj;jhtuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ. ,J tsu;r;rpjilnghUl;fs; (m) tsu;r;rp mlf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. v.L : mg;rprpf; mkpyk; ABA 39. Fspu; gjdk; vd;why; vd;d ?

kyu;jyhdJ kpff;Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; 10 C – 100 C y; J}z;lgLfpwJ. ,J Fspu;gjdk; vdg;gLk;. 40. Fspu;gjd ePf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ? Fspu;gjdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis ePf;fp gioaepiyf;F nfhz;LtUk; epfo;r;;rp Fspu;gjd ePf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

41. Fspu;gjd ePf;fk; gad;fs; ahit ? 1). ,ay;ghd fhyj;jpw;F Kd; kyu;jiy Njhw;Wtpj;jy;. 2). rhFgb fhy mstpid Fiwj;jy;. 3). jhtuq;fs; tsuhj ,lq;fspy; tsu nra;jy;.

42. jw;rhu;G czTCl;lKiw vd;why; vd;d ? ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs; jkf;F Njitahd cztpid jhNk jahupj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,t;tif czT+l;lk; jw;rhu;G czT Cl;lKiw vdg;gLk;. vL: jhtuq;fs;

43. gpwrhu;G czT Cl;lKiw vd;why; vd;d ? gr;irak; ,y;yhj rpy jhtuq;fs; jhNd czT jahupf;f Kbahjjhy; kw;w jhtuq;fis rhu;e;J cztpid ngWfpwJ. ,J gpwrhu;G czT Cl;lKiw vdg;gLk;.

44. kl;Fz;zp vd;why; vd;d ? gr;irak; ,y;yhj rpy jhtuq;fs; jhNd czT jahupf;f Kbahjjhy; ,we;j jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; Nky; rhu;e;J cztpid ngWfpwJ. ,J gpwrhu;G czT Cl;lKiw (m) kl;Fz;zp vdg;gLk;. vL : khNdhl;Nuhgh

45. xspnjhFg;G ,U tiffis tpsf;F.

Xsp njhFg;G I (PS I )mjpf Kjd;ik epwkpfs; + Fiwe;j Jid epwkpfs;

Xsp njhFg;G II (PS II ) Fiwe;j Kjd;ik epwkpfs; + mjpf Jid epwkpfs;

46. NtjpNru;f;if vd;why; vd;d ? rpy capupfs; fdpknghUl;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J mjpypUe;J Mw;wiy ngw;W fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis jahupf;fpwJ. ,r;nray; Ntjpr;Nru;f;if vdg;gLk;. vL: rpy ghf;Bupaq;fs;

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47. fpug; Row;rp vd;why; vd;d ?

igUtpf; mkpykhdJ CO2 > ePuhf khWk; NghJ tupirahf eilngWk; epfo;TfNs fpug; Row;rp

vdg;gLk;. ,J rpl;upf; mkpy Row;rp / TCA Row;rp vdg;gLk;.

48. xspfhyj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d? xU jhtuj;jpy; xsp (k) ,Ul;fhy mstpw;F Vw;g Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; gjpy; nray; xspfhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.

49. ePs; gfy; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? kyu;jYf;fhz nray;jpwd; fhy mstpid tpl mjpfkhd ePz;lxspfhyj;Jtk; Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; ePs; gfy; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL: NfhJik>Xl;];

50. FWk;gfy; jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? kyu;jYf;fhz nray;jpwd; fhy mstpid tpl Fiwthd xspfhyj;Jtk; Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; FWk; gfy; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL : Gifapiy > fpiurhe;jpkk;.

51. ehs; eLepiy jhtuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? Xsp fhymstpdhy; kyu;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhj jhtuq;fs; ehs; eLepiy jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL: #upafhe;jp > kf;fhr;Nrhsk;.

52. igl;NlhFNuhk; vd;why; vd;d?

kyu;jiy J}z;Lk; xsp <u;g;G nghUNs igl;NlhFNuhk; vdg;gLk;. ,ij glyu;&FO 1959 y; fz;lwpe;jJ.

53. upr;khz;l;yhq; tpisT vd;why; vd;d? irl;Nlhifdpd; `hu;Nkhd; jhtuq;fs; KJik miltij jhkjgLj;JfpwJ . ,J upr;khz;l; yhq; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

54. tsu;r;rp xOq;FgLj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? jhtu tsu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpj;Njh (m) epWj;jpNah nray;gLfpd;w `hu;Nkhd; Nghd;w nraw;if

fupk Nru;kk; tsu;r;rp xOq;FgLj;jpfs; vdg;gLk; vL : ehg;jypd; mrpbf; mkpyk;.(NAA) 55. jhtu tsu;r;rp nghUl;fs; vd;why; vd;d ? jhtuj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; rpy nghUl;fs; me;j jhtuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp (k) capu;Ntjp nray;fis xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J jhtutsu;r;rp nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.

56. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl;topjlk; vd;why; vd;d? capUs;s nry;fspy; FSf;Nfhi] khw;W topapy; rpijf;Fk; Kiw ngd;Nlh];gh];Ngl; topjlk; (m)n`f;N]h]; gh];Ngl;topjlk; (m) Neub Mf;]p[Ndw;w topjlk; vdg;gLk;.

57. ntyhkd; jpR vd;why; vd;d ? njhw;W jhtukhd thz;lhtpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;ghd Mfha Ntu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gQ;R Nghd;w jpR ntyhkd; jpR vdg;gLk;. ,J fhw;wpYs;s ePu; (k) fdpk cg;Gfis cWQ;RfpwJ. 58.fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; Rthr <T Kbtw;wJ Vd;.

fhw;wpy;yh Rthrpj;jypy; CO2 ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; O2 it gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. vdNt fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; Rthr <T Kbtw;wJ.

RQ = 2 %yf;$W CO2

Rop %yf;$W O2

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59. vj;jpy; My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; >yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy; NtWgLj;Jf. vj;jpy; My;f`hy; nehjpj;jy; yhf;bf; mkpy nehjpj;jy;

1. FSf;Nfh];>vj;jpy;My;f`hyhf khWfpwJ.

2.<];bdhy; eilngWfpwJ.

1.FSf;Nfh];>yhf;bf; mkpykhf khWfpwJ.

2.Ng]py;y]; mrpl;ilyhf;il ghf;Bupahtpdhy;eilngWfpwJ.

60 jhtu nraypay; vd;why; vd;d ? jhtu nry;fs;> jpRf;fs;> (k) cWg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;G (k) tho;tpay; nray;fis gw;wp tptupf;Fk; capupay; gpupT jhtu nraypay; vdg;gLk;. 61.fpisfhiyrp]pd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpidia vOJ.

C6H12O6 + 2ADP+ 2Pi + 2NAD+ --2ATP → 2ADP → 2C3H4O3 + 2ATP + 2NADH2

[e;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1 .xspr;Nru;f;if Kf;fpaJtk; tptup. 1. midj;J capupdq;fis ,af;f czT>vupnghUSf;F MjhukhfTk;> 2. capu;Nfhsj;jpd; capu;rhu;e;j (k) capuw;w nray;fs; midj;ijAk; ,af;fTk;> 3. nfhOg;G>Gujq;fs;>epA+f;spNahGujq;fs;>epwkpfs;>nehjpfs;>itl;lkpd;>nry;Ynyh];>fupk mkpyq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;fplTk;.

4. vspa nghUl;fshd CO2> ePu; (k) xspMw;wwiy gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 5. epyf;fup>ngl;Nuhy; gLk vupnghUs; tbtpy; Mw;wiy xspr;Nru;f;if toq;FfpwJ. 2. gRq;fzpfj;jpd; mikg;gpid tptup.

gRq;fzpfj;jpd; msT 4 –6 ikf;uhd;fs;> jl;ilahdJ> ,ul;il rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l gFjpapy; ];l;Nuhkh vDk; jputk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

];l;Nuhkhtpy; gy fpuhdhf;fs; (40–60) cs;sd. ,jpy; jl;L tbt ijyfha;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy gr;irak;>fNuhl;bdha;Lfs;>rhe;Njh/gpy;fs;>irl;NlhFNuhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

];l;Nuhkhtpy; tl;ltbt DNA ,RNA (k) ];lhu;r; cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd nehjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Xspr;Nru;f;iff;F NjitgLfpd;w epwkpfs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;w fpuhdh nynky;yhf;fs; nray;ikak; vdg;gLk;. 3. xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs; vd;why; vd;d ? Xspr;Nru;f;ifapy; <LgLk; epwkpfs; xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk; 1. Kjd;ik epwkp 2. Jiz epwkp

1.Kjd;ik epwkp: gr;irak;a Kjd;ikepwkp vdg;gLk;.,J xspr;Nru;f;if nra;Ak; jhtuq;fs; midj;jpYk;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2. Jiz epwkp: gr;irak; a my;yhj gpw xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs; Jiz epwkpfs; vdg;gLk;.

v.fh:gr;irak; b, fNuhl;bdha;L & rhe;Njh/gpy;fs;

epwkpfs;,U njhFg;ghf nray;gLfpwJ mit Xsp njhFg;G I (PS I )>Xsp njhFg;G II (PS II )

Xsp njhFg;G I (PS I )mjpf Kjd;ik epwkpfs; + Fiwe;j Jid epwkpfs;

Xsp njhFg;G II (PS II ) Fiwe;j Kjd;ik epwkpfs; + mjpf Jid epwkpfs;

PS I> PS II ,ize;J xNuNeuj;jpy; nray;gLfpwJ. Mg gr;ira cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.

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4. Row;rp Royh gh];gupfuzk; NtWgLj;;Jf. Row;rp gh];gupfuzk; Royh gh];gupfuzk;

1. ,jpy; PS I klLk; gq;Fnfhs;fpwJ. 2. gr;ira %yf;$wpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nru;fpwJ.

3. ePu;xspgpsj;jy;>O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWtjpy;iy. 4. xsp gh];gupfuzk; ,U ,lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.

5. NADP xLf;fk; miltjpy;iy.

1. PS I> PS II Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ. 2. vyf;l;uhd;fs; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;F te;J Nru;tjpy;iy.

3. ePu;xspgpsj;jy;>O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.. 4. xsp gh];gupfuzk; xU ,lj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

5. NADP xLf;fk; mile;J NADPH2 MfpwJ.

5. c4 xspr;Nru;f;if tpsf;F.

xU rpy jhtuq;fspy; C 4 topj;jlk; %yk; NtWgl;l xspr;Nru;f;if N`l;r;(k)];yhf; fUk;gpy; fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,t;tpizfs; eilngw ,Utifahd gRq;fzpfq;fs; Njit.mit 1).,iy,iljpRtpy; fpuhdhf;fis nfhz;l gRq;fzpfq;fs; 2).fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; fpuhdf;fs; mw;w gRq;fzpfq;fs;.

C 4 topj;jlj;jpy; ,U fhu;gd; Nru;g;G tpidfs; eilngWfpd;wd.

Kjy; fhu;gd; Nru;g;G tpidfs; : ,iy ,iljpRtpy; eilngWfpwJ.

1). PEP(3C) cld; xU CO2 ,ize;J PEPfhu;ghf;]pNy];

nehjp %yk; OOA (4C) cUthfpwJ.

2).OOA, buhd;];mkpNd]; nehjp %yk;

m];ghu;bf;mkpyk;(m) NADP khypf;bi`l;u[Nd]; nehjp %yk; khypf; mkpyk; cUthfpwJ. 3). ,iy,iljpRtpypUe;J khypf;mkpyk;(m)m];ghu;bf; mkpyk; fw;iw ciw nry;fSf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,e;j mkpyj;jpypUe;J CO2 ePf;fg;gLtjhy;

igUtpf;mkpyk; cUthfpwJ. ,ij NADP+ khypf; nehjp Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fhu;gd; Nru;g;G tpidfs; : fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; eilngWfpwJ.

4). RuBP(5C) cld; xU CO2 ,ize;J PGA (3C) cUthfpwJ. RuBP fhu;ghf;]pNy]; nehjpgad;gLfpwJ.

5). igUtpf;mkpyk; ,iy,iljpRf;fSf;F flj;jg;gl;L ATP apdhy; PEP cUthfpwJ. ,ij igUtpf;ifNd]; nehjp Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

6). Nkw;fz;l tpidapy; AMP, ATP apdhy;gh];gupfuzk; mile;J 2 ADP cUthfpwJ. ,ij mbdpNyl; ifNd]; nehjp Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

7). Xspr;Nru;f;ifjpwd; mjpfk;.Vnddpy; epiyepWj;j Njitg;gLk; ATP,NADPH2 vz;zpf;if FiwT.

6. c3 .c4 xspr;Nru;f;if NtWgLj;Jf.

c3 xspr;Nru;f;if c4 xspr;Nru;f;if

1). ,iy,iljpR gRq;fzpfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

2). CO2 Vw;gpahf RuBP cs;sJ.

3). Kjypy; cUthFk; nghUs; PGA (3C) 4). xspRthrk; mjpfk;.

vdNt CO2 epiyepWj;JtJ FiwT.

5). cfe;j ntg;gepiy 20oC -- 30oC 6). v.L: ney;>NfhJik>cUis.

1). ,iy,iljpR(k) fw;iw ciw gRq;fzpfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

2). CO2 Vw;gpahf PEP cs;sJ.

3). Kjypy; cUthFk; nghUs; OOA(4C) 4). xspRthrk; kpf FiwT.

vdNt CO2 epiyepWj;JtJ mjpfk;.

5). cfe;j ntg;gepiy 30oC -- 45oC 6). v.L:fUk;G>kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> l;upGy];>mkuhe;j];

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7. Ma;T Foha; Gdy; Nrhjid tpsf;F.

Xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJO2ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Ma;Tf;Foha; Gdy; Nrhjid %yk; tpsf;Fjy;. i`l;upy;yh jhtuq;fis ePu;epuk;gpa gPf;fupDs; jiyfPohf ftpo;f;fg;gl;l GdypDs; nrWfp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gPf;fupy; cs;s ePu;kl;lk; Gdypd; jz;bw;F NkNy ,Uf;FkhW itf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;j mikg;G #upa xsp gLkhW Nrhjidf;fhf itf;fNtz;Lk;. GdYf;fbapy; cs;s jhtuj;jpypUe;J thA Fopo;fs; ntsptUfpwJ. ,t;thA Ma;TFohapy;

Nky;gFjpapy; NrfukhfpwJ. Nrfupff;fg;gl;l thA O2 jhdh vd mwpa vwpAk; jPf;Fr;rpia Ma;TFohapy; thaUNf nfhz;L nrd;why; gpufhrkhf vwpfpwJ.

,jpypUe;J xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ O2 ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd;gij mwpfpNwhk;.

8.Nfdhq;fpd;xspj;jpiu Ma;T tptup. Xspr;Nru;f;iff;F #upaxsp mtrpak; vd;gij Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu Ma;T %yk; tpsf;Fjy;. njhl;bapy; tsUk; ];lhu;r; ePf;fg;gl;l ,iyapy; Nfdhq;fpd; xspj;jpiu nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G #upa xsp gLkhW Nrhjidf;fhf itf;fNtz;Lk;. xspj;jpiuapy; cs;s Jisapy; kl;Lk; #upa xspgLfpwJ. Xspj;jp;iuia ePf;fp ,iyahdJ ];lhu;r; Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,iyapy; #upa xspgl;lel;rj;jpu tbt gFjp kl;Lk; ePy epwkhf khwpAs;sJ. ,jpypUe;J Xspr;Nru;f;iff;F #upaxsp mtrpak; vd;gij mwpfpNwhk;. 9. njhw;W jhtuq;fs;- tpsf;F. njhw;W jhtuq;fs; xl;Lz;zpahf ,y;yhky; Mjhu jhtuj;ij thoplkhf kl;LNk gad;gLj;JfpwJ. ,uz;L tifahd Ntu;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit 1).Mfha Ntu;fs; 2).gw;W Ntu;fs; gw;W Ntu;fs; kufpisfspy; Cd;Wtjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. Mfha Ntu;fs; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLk;>gRikahdJ> ntyhkd; jpRtpid cilaJ.ntyhkd; jpR fhw;wpYs;s <ujijAk;> kio ePiuAk; cwpQ;RfpwJ. v.L : thz;lh 10. gpwrhu;G Cl;lKiw tpsf;F. gr;irak; ,y;yhj rpy jhtuq;fs; jhNd czT jahupf;f Kbahjjhy; kw;w jhtuq;fis rhu;e;J cztpid ngWfpwJ. ,J gpwrhu;G czT Cl;lKiw vdg;gLk;. ,J kl;Fz;zp>xl;Lz;zp vd ,U tifg;gLk;. kl;Fz;zp gr;irak; ,y;yhj rpy jhtuq;fs; jhNd czT jahupf;f Kbahjjhy; ,we;j jhtu tpyq;Ffspd; Nky; rhu;e;J cztpid ngWfpwJ. ,J gpwrhu;G czT Cl;lKiw (m)kl;Fz;zp vdg;gLk;. vL : khNdhl;Nuhgh xl;Lz;zp : gr;irak; ,y;yhj rpy jhtuq;fs; jhNd czT jahupf;f Kbahjjhy; kw;w capupdq;fis rhu;e;J cztpid ngWfpwJ.,J xl;Lz;zp vdg;gLk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk; 1).KO xl;Lz;zp 2).gFjp xl;Lz;zp

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KO xl;Lz;zp: rpy jhtuq;fs; cztpw;fhf KKikahf Xk;Gapup jhtuq;fis rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; v.L: f];Fl;lh gFjp xl;Lz;zp : rpy jhtuq;fspy; gr;irak; fhzg;gLk;.Mdhy; xspr;Nru;f;iff;F fhuzkhd ePiu Xk;Gapup jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngw;W cztpid jhNd jahupj;J nfhs;Sk;. v.L: tp];fk;. 11. G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuk; (l;u]Puh) tptup. rpy jhtuq;fs; iel;u[d; gw;whFiw fhuzkhf Gujj;ij jahupf;fKbtjpy;iy.,e;j jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfis czthf cl;nfhs;fpd;wd.,it G+r;rpAz;Zk; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.v.L: bu]Puh ,J rJg;G epy jhtukhFk;. ,jd; ,iyfs; cNuhkq;fs; Nghd;w czu; ePl;rpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ. ePl;rpapd; Kidapy; cs;s Rug;gpfs; xl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s jputj;ij Ruf;fpwJ. ,j;jputj;Jsp #upaxspapy; gdpJsp Nghy gpufhrpg;gjhy; #upa gdpj;Jsp jhtuk; vdg;gLk;. G+r;rpfs; ,iyapd; kPJ mku Kaw;rp;f;Fk; NghJ xl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s jputj;jpy; rpf;fpnfhs;fpwJ. clNd czu;ePl;rpfs; tise;J me;j G+r;rpapid #o;e;J neUq;fp rpijj;J> clypYs;s Gujj;jpid nrupf;fpwJ. gpd; ,iyfs; tpupe;J gioa epiyia milfpwJ. 12. NtjpNru;f;if tptup. rpy capupfs; fdpk nghUl;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J mjpypUe;J Mw;wiy ngw;W fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfis jahupf;fpwJ. ,r;nray; Ntjpr;Nru;f;if vdg;gLk;. vL: rpy ghf;Bupahf;fs; ,J ,U tifg;gLk;. 1).NtjpNru;f;if jw;rhu;G Cl;l capupfs; 2).NtjpNru;f;if gpw rhu;G Cl;l capupfs; 1).NtjpNru;f;if jw;rhu;G Cl;l capupfs;: iel;uNrhNkhd]; mNkhdpahit Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J iel;iul;lhf khw;WfpwJ. ,jpy;ntspg;gLk; Mw;wy; fhu;Nghi`l;Nul; jahupf;fgad;gLfpwJ.

ngf;fpaNlhth H2S – I Mf;]pfuzk;; nra;J ry;/gu;;(k) ePiu cUthf;FfpwJ. ,jpy; ntspg;gLk; Mw;wy; tsu;r;rpf;F gad;gLj;jpnfhs;fpd;wd. 2).NtjpNru;f;if gpw rhu;G Cl;l capupfs;: jk; tsu;r;rpf;F NjitgLfpd;w Mw;wiy Ntjptpidfs; %yk; fupk nghUl;fis Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J ngWfpd;wd.vdNt ,it NtjpNru;f;if gpw rhu;G Cl;l capupfs; vdg;gLk;. vL: G+Q;irfs;>tpyq;Ffs;> kdpju;fs;. 13. Nfdhq;fpd; Rthrkhdp Nrhjidia tptup.

Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ CO2thA ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Nfdhq;fpd; Rthrkhdp Nrhjid %yk; mwpjy; Rthrkhdpapd; Fkpo; gFjpapy; Kisf;Fk; tpijfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

fPo;Kidg;gFjp xU gPf;fupy; cs;s KOH y; %o;fp ,Uf;FkhW nghUj;j Ntz;Lk;. Foypd; fiurypd; njhlf;f kl;lk; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nrhjidfhf me;j Ma;T rpWJ Neuk; itf;fgLfpwJ. gpd; Foypd; fiurypd; kl;lk; cau;e;Js;sJ njupfpwJ.

KOH fiury; tpijfspypUe;J ntsptUk; CO2 thAit cwpq;Rtjhy;

Vw;gLk; ntw;wplk; fhuzkhf KOH kl;lk; caUfpwJ.

,J Rthrpj;jypyd; NghJ CO2 thA ntspapLtij fhl;LfpwJ.

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14. $d;Flit Nrhjidia tptup. nehjpj;jy; Ma;tpid $d; FLit Nrhjid %yk; ePUgpj;jy;.

nuhl;b <];l; fye;j 10% ru;f;fiu fiury; $d;FLitapDs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ePskhf cs;s Foypy; ru;f;fiu fiury; KotJkhfTk;> gf;fthl;L Foypy; Kf;fhy;gFjpAk; ru;f;fiu fiury; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,r; Nrhjid rpwpJ Neuk; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. nehjpj;jy;; epfo;tjhy; My;f`hy; thrid Vw;gLfpwJ.

nehjpj;jyhy; cUthd CO2 thA ePskhd Foypypd; kl;lj;ij fPo; Kf ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;F

cs;shf;FfpwJ. $d;FlitapDs; KOH gbfk; Nru;j;jhy; kl;lk; kPz;Lk; caUfpwJ. 15. yPtu; Mf;]hNdhkPl;lu; Nrhjidia tptup. yPtu; Mf;]hNdhkPl;liu gad;gLj;jp jhtu tsu;r;rpapid fhZjy;. fg;gpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s miutl;l msT Nfhy; ,f;fUtpapd; ghfkhFk;. fg;gpapd; topahf E}ypd; xU Kid njhl;bapy; tsUk; nrbapd; EdpapYk;> kw;nwhU Kid rpwpa vilfw;fSld; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhtuk; ePz;L tsUk; NghJ fg;gp Rw;Wtjhy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s FwpKs; msTNfhypd; fPo; gFjpia Nehf;fp efUk;.

jhtu cz;ikahd tsu;r;rp = FwpKs; fle;j J}uk; X fg;gpapd; Muk;. FwpKs;spd; ePsk;. Nkw;fz;l mstPL %yk; jhtu cz;ikahd tsu;r;rpia fzf;fplyhk;. 16. ngd;Nlh];gh];Ngl; topjlj;jpd; Kf;fpaJtj;jpid tptup.. 1). fhu;Nghi`l;Nul; rpijTf;F khw;W top.

2). ,jpy; cUthFk; NADPH2 %yf;$Wfs; gy nry;nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpapy; XLf;fpahf gad;gLfpd;wd.

3). NADPH2 Vw;gLtJ ATP cw;gj;jpNahL ,izf;fg;gl;ljy;y. 4). epA+f;spf; mkpy cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd iuNgh]; ru;f;fiu ,t;top jlj;jpy; fpilf;fpwJ. 5). mNuhNkbf; Nru;k cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd vupj;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; ,t;top jlj;jpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

6). ,jpy; cUthFk; RUBPP xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ CO2 epiy epWj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

17. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpypia tptup.

Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ cUthd NADPH2& FADH2 Mfpait vyf;l;uhd; tupirahf mike;Js;s

g;NsNthGujk;>irl;NlhFNuhk;fs; topahf Mf;]p[Df;F vLj;J nrd;W ATP Mf khw;Wk; epfo;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;J rq;fpyp vdg;gLk;.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; flj;jg;gLk; NghJ ADP apypUe;J ATP cUthJ.Mf;]p[Ndw;w gh];gupfuzk; vdg;gLk;. vyf;l;uhd; flj;J mikg;gpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd; Vw;gpfs; ehd;F $l;likTfshf cs;sd.

mit $l;likT I>$l;likT II>$l;likT III>$l;likT IV vdg;gLk;.

NAD +Kjd;ik Vw;gpahf ,Ug;gpd;NADH2 vyf;l;uhd;fis ehd;F $l;likT topNa flj;jg;gLk;

NghJ 3 ATP cUthfpwJ.

FAD+ Kjd;ik Vw;gpahf ,Ug;gpd; FADH2 vyf;l;uhd;fis ehd;F $l;likT topNa flj;jg;gLk;

NghJ 2 ATP cUthfpwJ.

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,Wjpapy; cs;s O2 %yf;$W vyf;l;uhd;fis Vw;W js nghUs;fspypUe;J GNuhl;lhd;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

FSf;Nfh]; KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milAk;NghJ38 ATP cUthfpwJ.,jpy; 4 ATP Neubahf cUthfpwJ.

18. Mf;]pdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit. 1). jz;L (k) Kis FUj;jpid ePl;rpailar;nra;fpwJ. 2).; Edpnkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ. MapDk; Edpnkhl;L ePf;fg;gLk; NghJ gf;fthl;L nkhl;L tsu;r;rpailfpwJ. 3). Edpnkhl;L gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ.,J KidMjpf;fk;(m) EdpMjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 4). ,uz;lhk;epiy tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzkhd Nfk;gpaj;jpd; nry;gFg;gpid J}z;LfpwJ. jpR tsu;g;gpy; fhy]; jpR cUthf Mf;]pd; gad;gLfpwJ. 5).; kpfFiwe;j Mf;]pd;; Ntupd; tsu;r;rpapid Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ.mjpf nrwpT Ntupd; tsu;r;rpapid jilnra;fpwJ 6). ,iyfSk;>fdpfSk; cjpu;tij Mf;]pd; jilnra;fpwJ. 7).; jhtuq;fspy; tpijapy;yh(m) fUTwhf;fdpfis cz;lhf;FfpwJ. vL. jf;fhsp>Mg;gps;; 8). epyj;jpy; fisfis ePf;f; 2>4 il FnshNuh/gpdhf;]p mrpbf;mkpyk; gad;gLfpwJ.

19. [pg;uyPd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit. 1). jz;L ePl;rpailtij [pg;uypf; mkpyk; J}z;LfpwJ. 2). kugpay; uPjpapy; Fl;il jd;ikia ePf;FfpwJ. 3). fZtpilgFjp mjpftsu;r;rp mile;J jz;L ePs;tJk; mij njhlu;e;J kyu;jy; epfo;jYk; Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;. 4). <uhz;L jhtuq;fspy; Kjyhk; Mz;bNyNa kyu;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fr;nra;fpwJ. 5). jhtuq;fspy; tpijapy;yh(m) fUTwhf;fdpfis cz;lhf;FfpwJ v.L:jf;fhsp>Mg;gpy;> nts;sup. 6). Xsp Njitg;gLk; tpijfis ,UspNyNa Kisf;Fk;gb nra;ayhk;. 7). cUis fpoq;fpy; tsu;tlf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ. 20. irl;Nlhifdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit. 1). nry; gpupjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

2). IAA cld; Nru;e;J fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J nkhl;L (k) Ntu; cUthtij J}z;LfpwJ. 3). gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia J}z;LfpwJ. 4). tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp Kisf;Fk;gb nra;fpwJ. 5). jhtuq;fs; KJikailtij irl;Nlhifdpd; jhkjgLj;JfpwJ.,J upr;kz;l;yhq;f; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

21. vj;jpypd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit. 1). jz;L (k) Ntupd; ePs;thl;l tsu;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ. 2). jhtu ghfq;fs; jbg;giltij J}z;LfpwJ. 3). Ntu;fs; jiuNehf;fp tsu;tij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. 4). gl;lhzp ehW;Wf;fspy; gf;fthl;L nkhl;bd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;fpwJ. 5). fdp gOg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. 6). ,iy>kyu;>fdp cjpUk; gFjpia Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjhy; KjpUk; Kd;dNu cjpu;e;J tpLfpwJ. 7). igd;Mg;gpy; (k) kh G+j;jiy J}z;LfpwJ. 8). jhtu jz;L gjpad;fspy; Ntu;>Ntu;J}tp (k) gf;fthl;L Ntu;fs; tsu;r;rpia J}z;LfpwJ. 9). nkhl;L (k) tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp Kisf;Fk;gb nra;fpwJ. 22. mg;]p]pf;mkpyk; tho;tpay;tpisTfs; ahit. 1). jhtuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpia jilnra;aTk;>nkhl;Lcwf;fj;ij J}z;lTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

2). ABA tsu;r;rpmlf;fpahFk;. 3). jhtughfq;fs; cjpu;tij J}z;LfpwJ. 4). Ntu;fspd; Gtp ehl;lj;ij J}z;LfpwJ. 5). ,iyJisia %lnra;fpwJ.

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23 xspfhyj;Jtk; tiffis tptup. jhtuj;jpy; xsp kw;Wk; ,Ul;fhymstpw;F Vw;g Vw;gLk; jhtuj;jpd; gjpy; nray;xspfhyj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;.

ePs; gfy; jhtuq;fs;: kyu;jYf;fhz nray;jpwd; fhy mstpid tpl mjpfkhd ePz;lxspfhyj;Jtk; Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; ePs; gfy; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL: NfhJik>Xl;]; FWk;gfy; jhtuq;fs;: kyu;jYf;fhz nray;jpwd; fhy mstpid tpl Fiwthd xspfhyj;Jtk; Njitg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; FWk; gfy; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL: Gifapiy > fpiurhe;jpkk;. ehs;eLepiy jhtuq;fs;: Xsp fhymstpdhy; kyu;fs; ghjpf;fg;glhj jhtuq;fs; ehs;eLepiy jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vL:#upafhe;jp >kf;fhr;Nrhsk;.

24. igl;NlhFNuhk; (k) kyu;jiy tptup. kyu;jiy J}z;Lk; xsp <u;g;G nghUNs igl;NlhFNuhk; vdg;gLk;.

,ij glyu;&FO 1959 y; fz;lwpe;jJ. Ntjpapay; uPjpahf,J xU igyp Gujk;. ,J ,U tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

1). 660 nm miyePsKs;s rptg;G xspia <u;f;fpwJ.,J pr vdg;gLk;.

2). 730 nm miyePsKs;s njhiy rptg;G xspia <u;f;fpwJ.,J pfr vdg;gLk;. ,U tbtq;fSk; xd;wpypUe;J kw;nwhd;whf khWgit.

FWehs; jhtuq;fspy; pr kyu;jiy J}z;LfpwJ. pfr kyu;jiy jilnra;fpwJ. ePs;gfy; jhtuq;fspy; ,jw;F khwhf eilngWfpwJ. 25. Fspu;gjdk; tptup.

kyu;jyhdJ kpf Fiwe;j ntg;g epiyapy; 10 C –100 C y; J}z;lgLfpwJ. ,J Fspu;gjdk;

vdg;gLk;. u\;a ehl;L T.D iynrd;Nfh mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.

nray;Kiwfs;: tpijfis Kisf;f itf;fNtz;Lk;. Kisj;j tpijfis Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyf;F cl;gLj;jNtz;L;k;. gpd; tpijfis cyu;j;jp tpijf;fNtz;Lk;. gad;fs; 1). ,ay;ghd fhyj;jpw;F Kd; kyu;jiy Njhw;Wtpj;jy;. 2). rhFgb fhy mstpid Fiwj;jy;. 3). jhtuq;fs; tsuhj ,lq;fspy; tsu nra;jy;. Fspu;gjd ePf;fk:; Fspu;gjdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis ePf;fp gioa epiyf;F nfhz;LtUk; epfo;r;;rp Fspu;gjd ePf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 26. Royh xspgh];gupfuzk; tpsf;F

PS I d; %yf;$Wfs; xspia <u;j;J>fpsu;e;J Mw;wy; kpF vyf;l;uhd;fis ntspNaw;WfpwJ.

,J nguplhf;]pd; XLf;Fk; jsnghUl;fs; >nguplhf;]pd;(k)nguplhf;]pd; NADPuplf;Nl];topahf

flj;jg;gl;L NADP ia NADPH2 Mf xLf;fkilanra;fpwJ.

PS I y; Vw;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; ,og;ghy; Vw;gl;l fhyp ,lj;ij PS II tpypUe;J tUk; vyf;l;uhd;fs;

epug;Gfpd;wd. PS II fpsu;r;rpaile;J cz;lhFk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; PQ> Cyt b6 .Cyt f (k) PC topahf PS I ia mile;J fhyp ,lj;ij epug;GfpwJ.

PS II d; Mf;]p[Ndw;wepiy ePiu GNuhl;lhd;fs;>vyf;l;uhd;(k)Mf;]p[dhf gpsf;Fk; jpwd;mspf;fpwJ.

,J ePu; xspgpsj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; Mn,Ca,Cl madpfs; Kf;fpa gq;;fhw;WfpwJ.

Nkw;fz;l epfo;r;rpapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; vq;fpUe;J vtspNawpNawpaNjh mNj ,lj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; te;J

Nru;fpwJ. vdNt ,J Royh xspgh];gupfuzk; (m) Z topj;jlk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

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27.RoYk; xspgh];gupfuzk; tpsf;F

1). PS I kl;Lk; nray;gLk; NghJ 2). Xspgpsg;G epfohj NghJ 3).mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ

4). xLf;fj;jpw;F Njitaahd NADP fpilf;fhj NghJ> PS I xspahy; fpsu;r;rp miAk; NghJ mjpypUe;J

ntspNaWk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; xLf;fj;jpw;F Njitaahd NADP fpilf;fhjjhy; nguplhf;]pd;

jsg;nghUs;fspypUe;J nguplhf;]pd;>Cyt b6 .Cyt f (k) PC topahf PS I ia mile;JfpwJ. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ ,U ,lq;fspy; gh];Ngl; Nru;g;G eilngWfpwJ.

vdNt 2 ATP cUthfpwJ. vyf;l;uhd;fs; FRS ypUe;J PSI f;F fPo; Kfkhf flj;JfpwJ.

28. xsp Rthrk; (c2 Row;rp ) tptup. 29.,Us;tpid (fhy;tpd;Row;rp)c3 xspr;Nru;f;if tptup.

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30. fpisfhiy]p]; gbepiyfis vOJ. 31. fpug; Row;rp (rpl;upf; mkpy Row;rp)tptup.

32.ngz;Nlh]; gh];Ngl;topj;jlk; tptup. 33. xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit .

Xspr;Nru;f;ifahdJ #o;epiy> kugpay;(k) jhtufhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fpwJ. fl;LgLj;Jk; fhuzp : ve;j fhuzp Njitf;F kpf Fiwthf fl;LgLj;jf;$ba epiyapy; cs;sNjh mJXspr;Nru;f;ifia tPjj;ijbfl;LgLj;Jk;.vdNt ,J fl;LgLj;Jk; fhuzp vdg;gLk;. Xsp: xspapd; juk;> xspapd; NrwpT Xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk;. Xspapd; miy ePsk; 400 nm –700 nm Xspr;Nru;f;ifia jpwk;glJ}z;Lk;. jPtpuxsp Xspr; ;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk;. Vnddpy; jPtpu xsp; gr;iraj;ij mopj;JtpLk;. ntg;gk;: xspu;tpizfs; ntg;gj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; nehjpfshy; eilngWk; ,Us;tpizfs; mjpf ntg;gepiy(k)Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy nehjpfis nraypof;f nra;fpwJ. CO2 nrwpT :tspkz;lyj;jpy; CO2 nrwpT 0.036 % (m) 360ppm. 500 ppm mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nru;f;ifapd;mjpfupf;fpwJ. ePu; :Xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; Kf;fpafhuzp. ePupd; msT FiwAk; NghJ Xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk;. N2:,J xspr;Nru;f;ifia Neub njhlu;GilaJ. ,J gr;irak; cUthf;fk;;>,Us;tpid nehjpfspy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.,jd; gw;whFiw (k) Kf;fpa jdpkq;fspd; gw;whFiw Xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk;. ,iyapd; taJ>,iyfs;mike;Js;s Nfhzk;> ,iy

mikT Kiw Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,iyfs; %g;gilAk; NghJ gr;iraj;ij ,of;fpwJ.NkYk; nehjpfspd; nray ghjpf;fpwJ vdNt Xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk;.

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