People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another Provide...

16

Transcript of People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another Provide...

Page 1: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.
Page 2: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another Provide intimate relationships and a sense of

belonging Groups are not to be confused with:

Aggregate- a number of people who happen to be in one place but don’t interact– Shoppers standing in line

Category- people who share similar characteristics but don’t interact with one another or consider each others interest– All people who wear glasses

Page 3: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

Groups that are characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term face- to-face relationships Family and friends

Meets the basic need of humans to have a sense of belonging and the feeling of being appreciated

The values and attitudes of the primary group become fused into our identity Continue to influence how we see the world

Page 4: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

• Larger, more anonymous, more formal and more impersonal than primary groups

• Based on some interest of activity• American Sociological Association, Democratic

Party, etc.• Members are likely to interact on the basis

of specific roles: president, manager, worker, student

• Secondary groups tend to break down into primary groups: cliques at school or work

Page 5: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

• Voluntary associations are secondary groups made up of volunteers who have organized on the basis of some mutual interest• Boy Scouts for example• Inner circle- key members in the association

• Iron law of oligarchy- the tendency of the inner core to dominate the organization by become elites

Page 6: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

• In-Groups: groups toward which individuals feel loyalty– provide a sense of belonging

• Out-Group: those toward which the feel antagonism – Help to reinforce the loyalty of members in

the in-group• “US” vs. “THEM”• According to Robert K. Merton, the

behaviors of an in-group’s members are seen as virtues, while the same behaviors by members of an out-group are viewed as vices

Page 7: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

Groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves, whether or not we actually belong to those groups Family, neighbors, teachers, classmates,

co-workers, members of your church Can be a group you don’t belong to- college

students

Exert great influence over behavior- clothing, hairstyles, speech, etc.

Page 8: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

• Consist of people who are linked by various social ties– Cliques for example– Our interactions within social networks

connect us to the larger society– Think Facebook-everyone you know, everyone

they know, and so on.• Tend to perpetuate social inequality in

which whom you know might be more important that what you know– Good old boy network

Page 9: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

How individuals affect groups and how groups affect individuals

Size of the group is significant Dyad- 2 ppl smallest most fragile of all

human groupings Triad- 3 ppl bond between 2 of the

members is stronger, someone left out As more members are added stability

increases but intimacy decreases

Page 10: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

As it grows there is a diffusion of responsibility Think about group work, the more people in the

group the less you actually have to do As it grows, the group loses it sense of

intimacy Group becomes more formal

As it grows, group tends to divide into smaller groups cliques

Page 11: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

Groups generally reward members who conform to their norms

Group opinions strongly influence individual behavior and judgment toward that of the group.

Page 12: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

People who influence the behavior, opinions, or attitudes of others

Who becomes a leader? People who are perceived by group

members as strongly representing their values or as able to lead a group out of a crisis

Page 13: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

• 2 types of leaders:– Instrumental (task-oriented)- try to keep the group

moving toward its goal– Expressive (socioemotional) those who are less likely

to be recognized as leaders but help with the group’s morale

• 3 types of leadership styles:– Authoritarian leaders- those who give orders and

don’t explain why they praise or condemn a person’s work

– Democratic leaders- those who try and gain a consensus by explaining proposed actions, suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for evaluation

– Laissez-faire leaders- those who are passive and give the group almost total freedom to do as they wish

Page 14: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

Group decision making is slower but tend to be more accurate

People in groups are more willing to make riskier decisions

Page 15: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

A study by Dr. Soloman Asch indicated that people are greatly influenced by peer pressure

The group is so powerful that most people are willing to say things that they know are not true just to go along

Page 16: People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another  Provide intimate relationships and a sense of belonging  Groups.

Groupthink- coined by Irving Janis to refer to the collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop As they begin to think alike, they become

convinced that there is only one “right” viewpoint and a single course of action

Comes with great consequences Post 9/11 and Guantanamo Bay