. . . . . OK! Now, let’s try to . . . . . OK! Now, let’s try to rememberremember

How many sounds does the ending “-ed” have?How many sounds does the ending “-ed” have?

33

Can you tell me the different Can you tell me the different sounds?sounds?

-ed-ed

-d-d

-t-t

The “-ed” sounding wordsThe “-ed” sounding words

post/posted /ed/post/posted /ed/

Verbs which end in the sounds /t/ or /d/ have Verbs which end in the sounds /t/ or /d/ have their past endings pronounced /ed/: their past endings pronounced /ed/:

//tt/ pos/ postteded //dd/ ad/ adddeded

The -ed ending is pronounced as an extra The -ed ending is pronounced as an extra syllable added to the base form of the verb.syllable added to the base form of the verb.

The “-d” sounding wordsThe “-d” sounding words

play/played /d/play/played /d/

Verbs which end in the following sounds have Verbs which end in the following sounds have their past endings pronounced /their past endings pronounced /dd/: /:

//bb/ ru/ rubbbbeded / /gg/ tu/ tuggggeded //dZdZ/ mana/ managgeded

//ll/ fi/ filllleded //mm/ di/ dimmmmed ed //nn/ liste/ listenneded

vowel + /rvowel + /r/ st/ stirirredred / /vv/ loved/ loved / /zz/ sei/ seizzed ed

The -ed ending is not pronounced as an extra The -ed ending is not pronounced as an extra syllable.syllable.

The “-t” sounding wordsThe “-t” sounding wordswork/worked /t/work/worked /t/

Verbs which end in the following sounds have Verbs which end in the following sounds have their past endings pronounced /their past endings pronounced /tt/: /:

//kk/ pac/ packked; ed; //ss/ pas/ passsed; ed; //tS/tS/ wa watchtched;ed; /S/ wa /S/ washshed; ed; //ff/ lau/ laughghed; ed; //pp/ ti/ tippppeded

The -ed ending is not pronounced as an extra The -ed ending is not pronounced as an extra syllable.syllable.

The Final –s and –es as /s/ and /z/The Final –s and –es as /s/ and /z/

The final –s and –es has 2 sounds. The sounds are s and z. The final –s and –es has 2 sounds. The sounds are s and z. /s/ and /z/ are related sounds --the same, except /z/ uses the /s/ and /z/ are related sounds --the same, except /z/ uses the voice, /s/ does not.voice, /s/ does not.

Now when you form a plural by adding an "s" (also to form Now when you form a plural by adding an "s" (also to form singular verbs), it 'follows the lead' of the sound just before it on singular verbs), it 'follows the lead' of the sound just before it on whether of not to use the voice,.whether of not to use the voice,.

After 'voiced' consonant sounds s (b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v) and After 'voiced' consonant sounds s (b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v) and vowels (which ALWAYS use the voice in English), the "s" ends vowels (which ALWAYS use the voice in English), the "s" ends up being voiced -- making the /z/ sound.up being voiced -- making the /z/ sound.

If the preceding sound is NOT voiced (f, k, p, t) the "s" will make If the preceding sound is NOT voiced (f, k, p, t) the "s" will make the /s/ sound (without the voice).the /s/ sound (without the voice).

Short and long vowel soundsShort and long vowel sounds

ĂĂ atat

ĔĔ betbet

ĬĬ mitmit

ŎŎ cotcot

ŬŬ cutcut

ĀĀ ateate

ĒĒ eateat

ĪĪ bitebite

ŌŌ overover

ŪŪ suitsuit

r- controlled vowelsr- controlled vowels

"R controlled vowels" are those that are "R controlled vowels" are those that are followed by an "r" and do not make their followed by an "r" and do not make their regular short or long sound. regular short or long sound.

ar ar (p(parark), k), erer (c (cerertain), tain), irir (c (cirircle), cle),

oror (m (morore), e), urur (t (tururn)n)

Combining simple sentences with Combining simple sentences with butbut

The word The word butbut is a conjunction like the words is a conjunction like the words andand / / or. or. These words are used to combine two simple sentences into one complex sentence.

The word but means in contrast to, on the other hand. It is used to join to opposite sentences or ideas:

example: I want to go, but but I can’t.

I need to buy a new car, but I don’t have the money.

AdjectivesAdjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns.Adjectives are words that describe nouns.

They can either go before the noun the They can either go before the noun the describedescribe

Example: The Example: The gentle gentle elephant.elephant.

oror

It can be placed after a verbIt can be placed after a verb

Example: The elephant is Example: The elephant is gentlegentle..

Spelling of the regular pastSpelling of the regular pastThe regular past always ends in -d:The regular past always ends in -d:arrive/arrivedarrive/arrivedVerbs ending in Verbs ending in -e-e add add -d-d: e.g. phone/phoned, smile/smiled. This rule applies equally to agree, : e.g. phone/phoned, smile/smiled. This rule applies equally to agree, die, lie, etc.die, lie, etc.wait/waitedwait/waitedVerbs not ending in -Verbs not ending in -ee add - add -eded: e.g. ask/asked, clean/cleaned, follow/followed, video/videoed.: e.g. ask/asked, clean/cleaned, follow/followed, video/videoed.stop/stoppedstop/stoppedVerbs spelt with a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter double the consonant: Verbs spelt with a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter double the consonant: beg/begged, rub/rubbed.beg/begged, rub/rubbed.occur/occurredoccur/occurredIn two-syllable verbs the final consonant is doubled when the last syllable contains a single vowel In two-syllable verbs the final consonant is doubled when the last syllable contains a single vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter and is stressed: pre'fer/preferred, re'fer/referred. letter followed by a single consonant letter and is stressed: pre'fer/preferred, re'fer/referred. Compare: 'benefit/benefited, 'differ/differed and 'profit/profited which are stressed on their first Compare: 'benefit/benefited, 'differ/differed and 'profit/profited which are stressed on their first syllables and which therefore do not double their final consonants. In American English labeled, syllables and which therefore do not double their final consonants. In American English labeled, quarreled, signaled and traveled follow the rule. In British English labelled, quarrelled, signalled quarreled, signaled and traveled follow the rule. In British English labelled, quarrelled, signalled and traveled are exceptions to the rule.and traveled are exceptions to the rule.cry/criedcry/criedWhen there is a consonant before -When there is a consonant before -yy, the "y, the "y"" changes to " changes to "i"i" before we add - before we add -eded: e.g. carry/carried, : e.g. carry/carried, deny/denied, fry/fried, try/tried. Compare: delay/delayed, obey/obeyed, play/played, etc. which deny/denied, fry/fried, try/tried. Compare: delay/delayed, obey/obeyed, play/played, etc. which have a vowel before -have a vowel before -yy and therefore simply add - and therefore simply add -eded in the past. in the past.