Noun-Person, Place, Thing, or Idea (Naming) Pronoun-Words that Substitute Nouns Verb-Words that do...

Noun-Person, Place, Thing, or Idea (Naming)

Pronoun-Words that Substitute Nouns Verb-Words that do (action) or are

(existence) Adjective-words that describe or modify

a noun or a pronoun Adverb-words that modify a

verb(manner, place, frequency, time, and purpose)

Prepositions-describes a relationship between other words in a sentence Squirrel + verb + preposition + the tree. Squirrel + ran + toward/in front of + the

tree. Conjunctions-words that join FANBOYS Interjections-words that exclaim,

protest, or command

Simple SentenceJohn hit the ball.

Who or what=the Subject (Noun or Pronoun)

Does, Did, or will Do –Predicate (verb)

To what-The Direct Object

Simple Sentence with No-Action Verbs

Subject + To Be + Other Stuff The pitch + was/is + a curve ball/in the catcher’s

mitt.

Subject + Linking Verb+ Other Stuff John + feels/seems + nervous/a natural hitter.

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses (sentences) joined

by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Sentence+,+ F.A.N.B.O.Y + Sentence The pitch is a curve ball, and it missed the catcher’s

mitt.

Sentence+;+ Sentence The pitch is a curve ball; it missed the catcher’s mitt.

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A

complex sentence always has a subordinator such as: as, because, since, after, although, or when or

a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.

Subordinator + Sentence+, + Sentence Because Jack wanted to be chief, he created his own

tribe.

Sentence+ Subordinator + Sentence Jack wanted to be chief because he created his own

tribe.

Participles have three functions in sentences. They can be components of multipart verbs, or they can function as adjectives or nouns.

Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that every verb has.

Present will end in –ing Past will not always end in –ed. Consult a dictionary.

Verb Simple Present

Simple Past

Past Participle

Present Participle

Giggle Giggle (s) Giggled Giggled Giggling

Ring Ring (s) Rang Rung Ringing

Bring Bring (s) Brought Brought Bringing

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words.

Interrupts the sentenceRobbie, a hot-tempered tennis player,

charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

Starts the sentenceA hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie,

charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

Ends the sentence Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered

Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

An absolute phrase is a word group that modifies an entire sentence. It consists of a noun plus at least one other word, as shown here:

The hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack.Their breaths were white in the frosty air.

Turned into an absolute phrase simply by omitting the linking verb were.

Ending a sentence: The hunters rested for a moment in front of

the shack, their breaths white in the frosty air.

Beginning a sentence: Their breaths white in the frosty air, the

hunters rested for a moment in front of the shack.

A rhetorical term for a writing style that omits

conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (the

opposite of polysyndeton). Adjective: asyndetic.

A rhetorical term for a sentence style that employs

many conjunctions (the opposite of asyndeton). Adjective: polysyndetic.

"He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac."(Jack Kerouac, On the Road, 1957)

"He pulled the blue plastic tarp off of him and folded it and carried it out to the grocery cart and packed it and came back with their plates and some cornmeal cakes in a plastic bag and a plastic bottle of syrup."(Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006)

Sentences in which the verb/adverb comes before the subject are “inverted”. This is done to put more emphasis on the verb/ adverb.

“Judge me by my size, do you?…Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter.”

Never before was I so eager to reach home.

a recurring object, concept, or structure in a work of literature. A motif may also be two contrasting elements in a work, such as good and evil.

Prejudice & Justice in Twelve Angry Men

Loneliness & Companionship in Of Mice and Men

A motif is important because it allows one to see main points and themes that the author is trying to express, in order that one might be able to interpret the work more accurately.

To be Verbs Why?

Is Are Was Were Be Being Been

Obviously, being is essential to existence, so it’s no surprise that to be verbs are essential in writing.

However, most of us rely too heavily on to be verbs or use them unconsciously.

To be verbs lack the vigor and power offered by stronger, more-action packed verbs.

As a result, our writing suffers.

Weak & Wordy Strong & Specific

My sister is loud when she is telling her children to do their homework.

My sister bellows when she tells her children to do their homework.


The restaurant’s food is excellent.

The restaurant serves excellent food.


Jennifer Lawrence is the star of The Hunger Games.

Our mother was the driver of the bus.

Jennifer Lawrence stars in The Hunger Games.

Our mother drove the bus.


My sister is loud when she is telling her children to do their homework.

My sister bellows when tell her children to do their homework.


The food at the restaurant is excellent. The hamburgers are juicy. The onion rings are crispy. The pie is the best I have ever eaten.

The restaurant serves excellent food, including juicy hamburgers, crispy onion rings, and the best pie I have ever eaten.


The restaurant’s parking lot is narrow. There are not very many parking spaces and those that are available are too cramped.

The restaurant suffers from a narrow parking lot with only a few cramped spaces.


It is my intention to transfer to a four-year university.

There were some important findings resulting from this experiment.

I intend to transfer to a four-year university.

This experiment resulted in some important findings.


He struggled with the paper that was assigned by the professor.

He struggled with the paper assigned by the professor.


Electric car technology was in existence as early as 1830.

Negative advertising is influential on voters’ perceptions of candidates.

I am in receipt of your letter.

Electric car technology existed as early as 1830.

Negative advertising influences voters’ perceptions of candidates.

I have received your letter/ I received your letter.


The stock market was fluctuating wildly before the crash.

The concept of immortality is intriguing to me.

The stock market fluctuated wildly before the crash.

The concept of immortality intrigues to me.

Noun-Person, Place, Thing, or Idea (Naming) Pronoun-Words that Substitute Nouns Verb-Words that do...

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