-non-native approach- - Hiroshima...
Transcript of -non-native approach- - Hiroshima...
ANALYTICAL SYNTAX FOR TEACHING
ENGI.lISH (9)
-non-native approach-,
Kan ,KATAYANAGI
Septem ber 1979
9.7 Sa~ple lexicon for verbs
- 29-
The complexity of the nature of the actual Engli~h verbs difies any simplerendit~on
of theclass into such a two-dimensional lexicon-format as the ones ipto which weput
adj~ctives and adverbs (9.5 and 9.6 respectively.) The Il)odern linguistics,especial1y
with its semantic obsessions, has provided us with infinitely sub-divided lexicons whose
verh,、classifications,among others, do outnumber the membership qf the verbsthem-
seh;es., For .thepurpose of describing and discovering linguistic facts, a11 t,his is
indeed quite relevant, but .if it is for the ,purpose of teaching ,a foreign languag~
cal1edEnglish to linguistic adults, it will not serve the purpose.
Instead of giving the schematic total view of, the lexicon for English verbs, as such,
w;e shall here first present a si~able corpus of English verbs spread over, ,mOre o,r less,
an.empirically designated two-dimensional field (Table 1.) The general observation' of
the verhal lexicon as a ,whole, including the auxiliary verbs, may be 、1aterpr.,esentec:l
as.~ lund of after~thought to this section.
The lexicon contains some 2,500 verbs, selected more on a pedagogical ,than on a
scientific basis (such as, frequency count, etc.) These words are again、the,.ones . .found
in Prof. Gunji's Pocket Inverted English Dictionaryl) which enlists some 12,000 items of
English vocabulary consider,ed sufficient for toughestof English ,examinations for uni-
versity entrance in this country. Those words that are in bold face, amounting to
some 500, are the ones quoted by Prof. Torii et a12) as those found in ten authorized
continuation since Vol. 21, 1971 of tIle present pu bliれation1) ibid.
2) Jiko Torii et al, Hisshll-Bllnkei nQ Kenkyu, Kairyu・do,1969
加 (Kan KATAYANAGI)
series of English text books for junior high schools some years ago.
The inventory of verbs here are horizontally arranged from left to right in five
columns, the left-most are those that are supposed to be used only as intransitive,
whi1e the two right-most columns are for those that are used exclusively as transitive.
The second from the left contains those verbs that are used more as intransitive than
as transitive, while the third contains those used less as intransitive than as transitive.
the distinction being made according to the indications of Webster' s Student Dictionary3¥
The words beginning with a capital letter are those that can be used as nouns as
they are, while those su伍xedby a wedge (>) are those used as adjectives elsewhere
without form-changes. The minus marks (ー)at the head indicates that the verb can
be used as incomplete intransitive while the same at the end indicates that it can be
used as incomplete transitive. Plus marks (+) at the end indicate that the verb can
take double objects. These indications are halfway pedagogical. Those italicized
are irregular verbs whose past and past part iciples are relegated from the surface of
the lexicon.
Vertically the words are arranged experimentally in the manner we adopted for ad-
jectives, i. e. according to the way the words phonetically (rather than orthographically)
end, the policy being, though not fully consistent,“priority on the consonants", as the
majority of English words, especially verbs, end i n consonants. We consider that this
arrangement gives grammatical insight to the verbs beyond their phonetics.
Stress is generally on the last (or the only) syllable of the words unless indicated
otherwise by (/). We could, however, re-arrange the whole collection if we could find
any better sequence for retrieval than by ending sounds, or even by any other gram-
matical terms that will reveal a more practical and grammatical fascet of English verbs
as a whole.
The proposed table is a sample, or a basis, from which many words can be sup-
pressed or to which more may be added at the proper addresses to suit the purpose
of teaching and to satisfy the level of the mastery desired.
3) Webster's Studellt Dictiollαry, G. & c, Merriam Co川 1945
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 31-
Table 1 Lexicon for V er bs 一-一-一4 時一←dー干一日一一・一4一一一一一『一一一四一一・一一,一
ending Intransitive Transitive Transitive
& transitive & intransitive
-rst burst
-st -Taste Paste
Waste
Last Blast cast
Contrast broadcast overcast
Feast Forcast
roast Toast
Jest conJest manifest suggest
digest molest> fnterest
Rest Nest arrest wrest
Protest Test detest
Contest Request
attest
invest
Harvest
list(2) enlist List(l) hoist
twist
consist assist resist
insist subsist
pursist
exist
coexist
desist
Cost+ accost Frost
Post
Rust bust Disgust adjust
Trust Dust Thrust entrust+
-ct I react transact Act enact counteract
interact distract refract
protract attract
subtract Extract
exact> affect(1)(2) Effect
infect perfect> object inJect reJect-ト
Project Subject>
eleet- Neglect
collect
recollect
select
reflect
connect Respect inspect
Pr6spect expect+
direct> erect> correct>
resurrect detect protect
- 32ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)
contradict
predict Conflict affiiCt inflict十
depict
restrict
Convict
Co.nduct abduct deduct
Abstruct> instruct
construct , reconstuct -ft Drift Shift sift rift
Lift Draft -mpt Attempt exempt prompt>
tempt except mtercept aeeept
il~opt adapt e~upt corrupt> bankrupt interrupt
-nt Chant enchant
slant> implant Plant Pant Want Grant+
Warrant
relent scent
dent
indent
Lament Cement
Experiment Comment Torment ferment Segment
augment
consent absent> assent Present>十 represent dissent Content pr~vent repent Rent i:nvent
frequent>
faint> Taint Paint- aquaint feint Squint
Hint Mint Dint Point appomt- disappoint Print imprint Tint
flaunt haunt daunt taunt Count Account
mount Discount recount Amount dismount surmount
Grunt Hunt confront stunt -lt halt exalt
melt tilt assault Salt jolt
Revolt
Result eonsult Insult -rt , depart dart impart thwart
Start Part
Cnrt
Concert disconcert
- 34ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)
stimulate
stipulate accumulate p6pulate
incubate inn6culate congraturate むtimate annimate> appr6ximate
underestimate
overestimate intimate>
amalgamate
stagnate fascinate alienate designate culminate co6rdinate Sub6rdinate
ab6minate
discriminate
predominate germinate dominate n6minate- denominate
ruminate terminate exterminate illuminate
donate assassinate
alternate> impersonate
participate dissipate ant1cipate
celebrate
separate> vibrate
deli berate >
federate
confederate consacrate liberate
accelerate
degenerate> exaggerate t61erate generate
co6perate 6perate venerate
enumerate
emigrate exasperate reiterate
immigrate integrate> obliterate
migrate
colla borate Pirate deteriorate commemorate
evaporate decorate P6st'lrate
elaborate> inc6rporate
penetrate dem6nstrate
concentrate pr6strate
rem6nstrate illustrate frustrate
perpeturate saturate
inaugurate
pulsate compensate
vegitate Dictate
hesitate agitate facilitate
precipitate imitate irritate
necessitate devastate
reinstate
evacuate extenuate evaluate
fluctuate Gr'duate habituate accentuate
innovate punctuate perpetuate
excavate aggravate
cultivate elevate
captivate m6tivate
8ft quit
自t> befit Slit
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 35-
kit
Split> Spit remit emit omit Permit commit十 transmit
submit卜 admit
knit vomit Limit
Exhibit inhabit inhibit
solicit prohibit
inherit十 Merit十
Visit Deposit dispirit
revlslt aquit
Exploit
Bet Net
-get十一 beget forget
let .Fret Regret十
Set- beset
upset> revet
oJJset covet
Sweat wet> Market Trumpet Bracket Pocket
eat Defeat
υvereat
Heat
cheat
beat Retreat Treat entreat ill.treat
repeat greet compete
meet Seat
Sleet bleat complete Hoot Root Skoot uproot
Dispute Salute Repute refute
compute impute Pr6stitute
Substitute c6nstitute Ir凶 itute
contribute distribute Attribute
pr6secute persecute execute
Chat C6mbat Bat
Pat
squat rot Blot allot十
Trot Plot
Jot Spot
Strut jut Cut undercut glut
put
skut> Riot Pivot Pilot Parrot
B6ycott
- 36ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)
dote Float Note denote
Vote devote quote
shout Spout
Sprout Rout
Doubt Bite
recite cite excite
Sight
SfJl1tc
unite
ignite
right> write卜
rewnte
Fight typcwntc invite
Delight Slight> Plight
Light(2)二〉-nd light(l) End
Bend
。百end defend send-j
condescend ascend transcend apprehend comprehend
descend reprehend befriend lend-j
Blend
mend
amend commend recommend卜
rend-
depend spend 十 expend
impend suspend
contend attend
tcnd extend intend
pretend
despond Second> respond
correspond
abound resound Sound confound Compound
r-ound> expound surround
Wound astound
Band hand+
Command Repremand
Demand Brand
expand Land
Strand
-Stand understand
misunderstand
withstand
bind Blind> 。fiiid-ト
Wind
grind
Mind
remind
Analytical SyntaX' f¥)r Teaching English (9) - 37ー
-ld Shield wield yield
build十 gild Fold bUnd.fold
uIIIold
Hold behold 8cold withhold uphold Mold
scald -rd discard bombard
Regardー disregard
Guard retard
Accord+ afford
Record Ward Reward Award
Board gird Word -d bide Hide-ト
coincide abide decide
collide confide Glide Slide Guide Side Ride deride Pride suhside Stride provide preside chide Divide
subdivide {orebode ex.plode
corrode erode Aid raid Braid
fade Shade upbraid Blockade wade lade evade invade pervade
Masquarade Grade degrade
Parade Trade persuade desuade
allude conclude exclude include extrude intrude elude delude
protrude seclude wed
ohed Shred Thread
Spread
Head
Dread
Tread avoid
Bid+ forbid rid read-ト
Breed
bleed Heed
plead Lead mislead Feed
acceed 間 cceed Seed cede Speed Weed impede
-38- (Kan KATA Y ANAGI)
intercede precede
recede(l)
recede(2) Need
Nod p10d add
Promenade un1Qad Load 6ver1oad
app1aud 1aud
Crowd Shroud
overcrowd
brood F100d stud
一k8 ! Wax re1ax coax vex
Perp1ex
Mix A伍x PrefIx
五x Su伍x
-ps I 1apse e1apse elips
collapse -n8 Danee enhance Lance
G1ance Chance tEnxfpelurieennece e
Silence
commence
wlnce mmce convmce nnse
Bounee announee denounce
pronounce renounce
condense License despence
recompense Sense
-18 repu1se
-r8 plerce Force enforce
Discourse reinforce Divorce
rehearse endorce
disperse lmmerse
Curse Purse
reverse> traverse
-8 confess 十 profess十 bleBB Mess
Pr6gress Dress Adress
undress
transgress
Press depress expre8s
compress lmpress
Destress opress
suppress Stress
Guess obsess assess
Witness Pr6cess
PaBB C1ass amass C6mpass
trespass surpass
embarass harass
Grimace Menace S61ace Purchace十
Faee efface
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 39-
Pace Race Place Space
Brace displaee replace
Embrace Disgrace erase
Trace debase
Chaee encase
Conduce induce deduce
reduce
produee introduee
reproduce
T088 gloss> Cros8 engross
cease
Decrease release
Increase
His8 Kis8
Mi88
Promiss 十
su伍ce Slice entice Price
Sacrifice
Pr'etiee Notiee
reJolce Voice
loose
Fuss Focus diseuss -nz cleanse -rz Parse -z Bi8e advertise compnse Surpri8e
anse Advise Disguise dispise
Devise supervise revlse
Surmise
capsize Prize slze -izρap610gize criticise standardize scandalize
re6rganize 6rganize individ ualize
tyranize scrutinize revolutionize idolize
harmonize c610nize lionize jeopadize
t白・rorize emphasize
patronize satirize
authorize stigmatize
theorize vaporize victimize
visualize equalize actualize
m6bilize stabilize sterilize
crystalize fertilize utilize
Americanize civilize individualize
militarize humanize
s61emnize m6dernize
familiarize p6pularize
regularize 16calize
realize idealize legalize
specialize s6cialize n6rmalize
materialize nationalize interna tionalize
ra tionalize centralize mentalize
generalize capitalize vitalize
- 40- (Kan KATAYANAGI)
moralize
naturalize totalize imm6rtalize
C6mpromise recognize antagonize
Exercize mechanize memorize
summarize synthesize dramatize
tantalize systematize dem6cratize
baptize analyze
paralize
Sneeze freeze Squeeze
Seize
Ease please displease
tease appease
Gaze Craze amaze Daze
graze
Phrase
Paraphrase raise
Praise appralse
COO08e
l08B
Use Disuse Abuse
Misuse
fuse accuse Exeuse
defuse> amuse
refuse寸 eonfuse
Cruise Bruise ; peruse
elooe enclose disclose
doze Pose lmpose
Repose
eompose oppose expose
propose→
suppose
interpose
dispose
decompose
Pause Cause+
rouse arouse
browse
Buzz Poise
-sh Clash Dash abash
Flash Lash Cash
Splash
81ash
gnash Smash
squash
wash
thresh afresh refresh
Fish Wish十
gush hush
Blush 自ush
Rush Brush
-'-42ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)
forge -dj I Age Cage engage
disengage enrage Outrage Stage Wage Gauge Edge Pledge十
Wedge al1ege Pillage Damage manage ravage Salvage enc6urage
disc6urage envisage ackn6wledge Bridge abridge
dodge Lodge trudge Judge grudge
oblige beseige
一nk think blink Link shrink Drink sink stink
Wink
Rank Spank 官lank
ーlk Mi1k -sk Mask Task ask+
Risk whisk ーrk bark embark Mark Remark
hark Park Earmark Spark Fork Cork lurk Work Jerk
-k I Quake Shake bake Cake Break make+←
Wake Rake forsake
awake take-ト partake undertake
overtake ache Mistake Stake
slack Lack smack(l) Crack Smack(2) Rack
Baek unpack Paek Stack Attack
click Kiek liek piek
Trick prick tick Stick
fr6lic Mfmic Flock Shock Loek
Knoek Rock mock Stock Leak sneak
speak
creak squeak seek
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 43ー
shriek eke
Joke choke evoke devoke
poke provoke soak
stalk Talk Balk
Walk
Look Cook+ Book Hook
overlook
Buck tuck
pluck
Suck
like dislike
Strike
rebuke -g I Lag brag drag Tag
sag nag
wag
Peg
Zigzag
dig ng
Intrigue Fatigue
Flog
Plug hug
shrug
Tug -mf Triumph Dwarf engulf -lf Lαugh
一rf Cough snuff -f Puff Bluff
Sni百
Scoff -lv resolve solve involve
shelve delve
一rV carve
observe
deserve Reserve
serve preserve conserve
swerve Curve -v I cleave(l) celave(2)
believe- leave十 relieve
heave breave
weave sheave
interweave
achieve
gneve retrieve
deeefve
recefve
concelve
ロl1SCOnCelve
percelve
dive
CQnmv<<; I)rive
← 44 - (Kan KATAYANAGI)
thrive derive nve deprive contrive
arrive
strive reVlve
survlve
rave crave brave>
Slave Wave save+ enslave welve
shave pave stave
behave engrave grave
behoove
Move
remove
approve
lmprove reprove disprove
live glVe十 outlive
mlsg1ve forgive十
rove shove
Love have十一 halve
-th Mouth smooth>
bequeeth+
-the bathe
breathe wreathe
seethc loathe soothe
clothe
writhe tithe
-sp Gasp Clasp
Grasp
-mp I Camp Tramp Swamp encamp damp>
Stamp
Jump bump
Slump -clump Lump Pump
thump
limp
romp
ーlp yelp Help-
Gulp
-rp Chirp usurp
warp
-p Skip Dip Ship+ Whip
Chip
Slip(1) clip(l) Clip(2) slip(2)
Tip mp eqUlp
Slp
np
frip drip
Gtip
strip
G6ssip
elap Fla:p overlap slap
Nap snap rap Trap Strap
wrap Scrap
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) -45ー
swap tap Sap
Garrop Crop Prop Drop
川 pop Stop Hop Chop
Mop Envelop Flop develop
Leat Heap
'1. oversleep Sleep Sweep peep keep+-Creep reap
U1eep gape Eseape scrape Ape Shape
Tape Pipe wfpe
Type
Hope cope
Slope grope droop Group stoop Scoop
Sup
Hiccouph -rb absorb Curb
purturb disturb
-b Bribe ascribe subscribe describe
prescribe inscribe
throb bob Mob rob
Sob snub stub
grub scrub rub
Jab grab stab
Ebb
-rm Farm Harm
Arm Charm Alarm
unarm disarm
Swarm warm> Storm Form Reform
conform deform inform
transform
perform a伍rm con五rm
-m I seam(2) gleam Beam Seam(l)
Scream Drea.m Stream
-seem beseem deemー redeem+
teem Steam Scheme esteem
Aim Claim- acclaim
declaim reclaim proclaim
excla.im disclaim
E--EE園臨UV罰躍。
vbJ
- 46ー (Kan KATAYANAGI)
Blame
tame> Shame Loom Boom Doom bloom presume resume
consume assume succumb Hum Sum Plumb
Drum numb> come Welcome overcome become B16ssom Ransome accustom
Fathom slam Jam damn cram
owim skim tnm hem(l) Stem hem(2)
condemn roam Comb climb Bomb Rhyme
ーrn earn learn yearn unlearn
Burn Concern descern Turn
Return
spurn
overturn mourn
warn scorn adorn
Sojourn govern Pattern -n Pain ordain Disdain
Gain regam -remain Chain explain refrain Rain Drain
Train
Strain restrain constram overstrain
obtain(2) obtain(l) detain retain maintain
partain attain contain abstain Stain sustain Reign deign faign
Sign Design asslgn reslgn
Whine ohine Decline
incline recline dine fine define
refine C6oUndhine e
Underline
Mine undennint; pme destine
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 47-
Twine entwine Function Fashion Cushion
Petition Section Sanction M6tion Partition Mention Question Caution lean clean> mean wean convene glean intervene Screen Reason Season
Poison imprfson
bekon+ rekon
summon Iノron
Pardon Button 即 in十 Spin Skin Pin din
Grin -begin Bun overrun shun stun
Fan Ban
Can
scan Span Plan Tan
atone Stone (tele)phone+ drolle postpone
Dawn ロlOan Loan yawn
swoon Tune maroon Lampoon Harpoon
ex'mine cross-exa mme
determine Descipline
imagineー
join Coin adjoin Ruin
Bargain ascertain Frown Crown drown own十 disown
Pen h'ppen open> Burden over-burden
-en lighten(1) re・6pen enlighten glisten liven enliven even> 1isten leven
deafen hearken blacken
lengthen strengthen threaten
dishearten hearten whiten frighten brfghten redden
br・oaden deaden
gladden
madden
- 48- (Kan KATAYANAGI)
sadden
widen
harden
stiffen :"waken weaken
awaken
sIacken
thicken
sicken
quicken
liken ripen cheapen
shai'pen
160sen
lessen
sweeten
s6ften straighten straiten heighten lighten(2) tighten
sh6rten 'smarten fasten chasten hasten moisten christen flatten
-ng ! r.ling fling Sling Spring String Ring(2) Wrillg bring
Ring(l) Sting 81,ng Swing
belong prolong Wrong overhang h,ang Bang clang
一tl nest1e
Bustle Ruotle Hustle Whistle
wrestle
startle
Rattle
Battle settle Bottle beHttle dwindle Hurdle swindle Handle dandle fondle
kindle -ndl Paddle straddle Saddle -dl meddle
toddle huddle muddle idle riddle dawdle
-11 Drizzle
dazzle Puzzle Muzzle -nkl twinkle sprinkle
Analytical Syntax' for Teaching: English (9) - 49ー
tinkle
sparkle
-kl crackle tackle
trickle tickle Buckle
suckle
-ngl wrangle dangle spangle
tangle entangle
,tingle .zingle mingle mangle
single>
-rgl gargle
-gl Struggle juggle
snuggle smugle
giggle
wriggle
straggle
-fl ba銅e
snuffie Shuffie muffle ruffie
stifle
-mpl ripple crumple cripple
-pl scrupple crapple
topple
-mbl Gamble
ramble Scramble assemble resemble
fumble jumble
、mumble
rumble grumble crumble
stumble tumble
-rbl warble
-bl bable gabble
disable enable
scribble
Bubhle Double> Trouble
hobble Curl
furl
hurl
twirl snarl
-1 Shell knell f.ell -Smell Spell selJ.+ undersell
tell+ dwell swell {oretell-ト
yell repel .cc.mpel expel
impel dispel
excel Lfbel
Y“el
(Kan KATAYANAGI) - 50ー
Parallel
M6del
C6unsel十
Chisel
Level
Quarrel
Sh6vel
Jail Blackmail derail curtail
Revel
l
i
l
卜
jiu-------
1.UHaa日
-M凶
au抽
出
航
hMNmmV
ail
Hail
Trail
retail
Travel
Smi1e
Fail
Sai1 avail
Marvel
conceal+
Seol reveal+
M
M
U
U
--‘A
,E-v'
q'oi
〆
E
T
R
unveil
wail
Regale
inhale
exhale
-Feel Heel
heal
Peel
Appeal
Deal steal
Dial
Pedal Signal十
prevail
kneel reel
klll fulfill flll spill Thrill
still<
chill
Drill
till
imperil
011 8poil
Poll extoll
shri1l distill
cavil
Toil
recoil foil Soil boi1
Roll
Toll
enroll
troll
Stroll
Patrol Control gambol
condole
appall
forestall
recall
install
scowl
cull
console
gall Call stall
haul
lull
befall
叫
wwJ川
a明
M
m
M
H
F
HU
酌
Fm・-m
brawl
sprawl
crawl
Analytical Syntax for Teaching English (9) - 51ー
dull> Pull
cool> Pool Fool
Rule overrule Ridicule -r I Care
Fare Share scare dare Flare Glare declare-
compare ensnare stare forbare bare beware spare十 prepare sware
Despair Pair Repare Chair Tear lmpalr
interfere Fear endear revere adhere hear- overhear
-appear shear Smear disappear clear
rear
sear $wear卜 Wear
Jeer steer Cheer sneer volunteer resplre Fire hire admire conspue expue aspue mspue perspue Desire
retire tire Attire mqutre acqutre requue
soar Roar pour abhore War bore十 adore pore Score deplore implore Shore explore 19nore
Store restore scour devour
Tour Moor
Cure procure
secure> endure
mature> lure allure ensure msure assure
mar Bar
stir -er Cluster muster
bluster administer f6ster
Plaster Master Register
-ntr enter
Enc6unter ーltr falter alter
Shelter ーrtr barter
一tr W'ter better>
一位一 (KanKATAYANAGI
chatter batter
Matter scatter
patter(2) patter(l) shatter
clatter flatter
gl1tter twitter
t6tter 自白tter clutier utter
mutter
8t也tter
Tutor
-ndr wander squander bewilder Slander
engender render-
Surrender十 tender
Wonder ponder
hinder
blunder Plunder
-rdr Order
murder
-dr Shudder consider reconsider
Powder
-sr Aノ nswer 1- censor Sponsore
Censure
一tur Lecture Conjecture Feature capture
Venture Picture十 Puncture
T6rture
-dir conJure -..Measure injur endanger
Treasure
-kr ()Ccur lncur
recur
concur Ae白町Eql王uOer flicker nCKor succor
Masscre
-gr l.inger s:tAgger Trigger
Figure disfigure -司fr Transfer decipher
infer
eonfer
differ Offer十 pr6ffer
suffer-
defer prefer
refer
-vr shiver quaver sever cover
quiver rec6ver dfscover
unc6ver
Endeavor Maneuver Favor Flavor
h6ver
ーthr wither
gather further> tether
sm6ther
Weather
-spr pr6sper
-mpr scamper Whisper Temper hamper
Ana lytica 1 Syntax for TeachingEng lish (9) - 53-
taper
-mbr slumber rem~mber
lumber(l) Luntber(2)
Number outnumber
Harbor
一br Labor
一日lr Murmur
glimmer stammer Hammer
demur> clammer Rumor
Honor dish6nor
一lr Color
Blur Slur
-r err
-wr Tower Fl6wer Sh6wer emp6wer
-al Tie
untie
die Dye deny-t-
pr・6phesy Sigh defy
-ify solidify edify c6dify
qualify m6dify deify
magnify amplify nunify
signify dignify exemplify
simplify
unify pers6nify terrify
elatify verify g16rify
purify h61ify electrify
falsify
versify intensify diversify classify
ratify gratify
sanctify identify
notify certify
testify mortify fortify justify
beautify mistify satisfy
dissatiffy
crusify pacify
stupify
vle buyト
Spy occupy pre6ccupy
reply apply
comply Supply十
lie(1)(2)
rely mutiply
ally underlie
Cry try decry
dry
Fry Eye
-ei -stay(2) StaY(l)
say unsay
Decay PαU
repay convey Survey
Bay obey
- 54- (Kan KATAYANAGI)
disobey dismay Play lay display
Delay Relay inlay slay
waylay underlay stray pray array betray Prey spray portray
sway -weigh Convey -01 ! Toy enjoy
annoy employ
destury -1 empty>
Pity
tidy> st匂dy> ready> Remedy Study
C6urtsy Fb〆aEnvcyy -ト
Copy
Mutiny acc6mpany
J6urney
sally Rally
Parley bully tarry earry十 worry Quarry
marry
vary
weary> Ferry bury
Hurry
一1%
disagree agree Decree free< Ski 8ee- foresee Qrlel'see f/ee gurantee+
-u: Stew Tatoo
do卜 outdo undo ensue sue subdue
persue
Shoe
chew
argue hew Rescue
Shampoo
mew(1) mew(2)
eontinue discontinue
renew
Review View 〆Interview
Value undervalue
Glue brew strew Rue
woo
saw -:>I thaw gnaw
Claw
Analytical Syntax fOI・TeachingEnglish (9)
-au bOW(l)
ーou
go
Snow
blow(l) Flow
Glow
Bellow
Crow -grow
'hu
draw withdraw
Vow
al10 w
Plough
avow
tow
Veto
Shadow overshadow
sow
sew Showl
Echo
forego forgo
Bow(2) mow
know wlnnow
blow(2)
overflow
slow>
swal10w
mel1ow>
follow hallow
row
borrow
harrow>
outgrow
Throw+ owe十
l265-;-360jM2J1,u
2,583
note: accent shift due to nomi泊nalizat“ionnot indicated, e. g. Record.