Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience 18-1 Learning Examples.
Learning A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience.
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Transcript of Learning A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience.
Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience
Learning
How do we learn?
Conditioning – the process of learning associations
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Experiments
Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome (a “reward”) is likely to happen again.
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Behavior followed by a pleasant outcome (a “reward”) is likely to happen again.
Credit: Yale University Library
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=BDujDOLre-8&vq=small#t=33
Law of Effect
Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber (“Skinner box”) to study operant conditioning.
Shaping Behavior
Shaping–a procedure in which reinforcers (such as food) guide an animal’s actions toward desired behavior (also known as the method of successive approximations).
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&vq=small
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=vGazyH6fQQ4&vq=medium
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=3-12N3kVh3Q&vq=small
Shaping Behavior
A rat shaped to sniff mines (left), and a manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes (right).
Credit: Khamis Ramadhan/Panapress/Getty Images Credit: Fred Bavendam
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=BHYLcNSZM9o&vq=small
Types of Reinforcers
Reinforcer–any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response.
Types of Reinforcers
Reinforcer–any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a preceding response.
Types of Reinforcers
Types of Reinforcers
Types of Reinforcers
Types of Reinforcers
Primary reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus
Conditioned reinforcer: a stimulus that gains its power to reinforce through its association with a primary reinforcer
Credit: Brurger:Twid
Punishment
Punishment–any event that weakens (decreases the frequency of) a preceding response.
Punishment
Swift and sure punishers can powerfully restrain unwanted behavior, including criminal behavior. The threat of harsh sentences is generally ineffective.
Credit: Andrew Bardwell
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Extending Skinner’s Understanding
Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Latent learning–a type of learning that becomes apparent only when there is incentive to demonstrate (and in the absence of reinforcement).
Credit: Will and Deni McIntyre/Photo Researchers
Biological Predispositions
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. For example, it’s easy to train a pigeon to peck to obtain food, but not to flap its wings to obtain food. Or to teach cats tricks that involve leaping high and landing on their feet!
Credit: Saota/Gamma Liaison/Getty Images
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Skinner’s Legacy
Credit: Falk/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Applications of Operant Conditioning
At school: Skinner introduced the concept of teaching machines that shape learning in small steps and provide reinforcements for correct rewards.Credit: Worth Publishers
Applications of Operant Conditioning
In sports: shaping can be used to train complex skills such as hitting a golf ball.
Applications of Operant Conditioning
At work: rewarding specific, achievable behaviors, rather than vaguely defined “merit,” increases workplace productivity
Applications of Operant Conditioning
At home: In children, reinforcing good behavior increases the occurrence of these behaviors. Ignoring unwanted behavior decreases their occurrence.
Credit: Worth Publishers
Learning
Learning by Observation
Bandura’s Experiments
Bandura’s Experiments
A child watches an adult actor behave either in an aggressive manner toward a stand-up doll (“Bobo”) or in a neutral manner. The child is taken to a room containing a few toys, and a Bobo doll.
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=Pr0OTCVtHbU&vq=small
Learning
Learning by Observation
Applications of Observational Learning
Prosocial vs. Antisocial Effects
Prosocial models can have positive effects on behavior, but antisocial models can have negative, even destructive, effects.
Credit: Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
Credit: Worth Publishers
Prosocial vs. Antisocial Effects
Credit: Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
Credit: Glassman/The Image Works
Chapter Review
What is learning?
What is classical conditioning?
What is operant conditioning?
What is observational learning?