+

Leading Up to War

U.S. History

Chapter 21

Section 1

+Words to Know

Dictator: A ruler with complete power in a country

Fascist: A member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator

Nazi: A member of a political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler

Appeasement: The policy of giving into someone’s demands in order to keep peace

+The Rise of Dictators

1920s: many European countries still recovering from WWI: Economics

Some freedom based countries kept same governments

Other countries turned to dictators for help

+Communism in the Soviet Union

1917: Revolution: Communist party

revolted

After revolution, Russia changed its name to U.S.S.R.: Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics: (Soviet Union)

http://video.aol.com/video-detail/history-s-turning-points-1917-ad-the-russian-revolution/1696863792

+Russian Dictator

1924: Joseph Stalin: Cruel Leader Most Soviets did not

dare to challenge him

At least 10million Soviets will killed during his rule:(40-60million)

+Stalin cont.

Born in 1879

Came from a poor background: his father was a

cobbler mother was a peasant

Did well at school: won a scholarship to

go to a seminary where priests were trained

+Stalin cont.

At the seminary Stalin turned to Marxism: form the basis for the

theory and practice of communism: a society in which all

property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Became a follower of Lenin

Went to secret meetings and distributed leaflets

+Stalin cont.

Between 1902 and 1913 he was arrested 8 times and exiled to Siberia: He escaped 7 times!

In prison he adopted the name Stalin: Translates as "Man of Steel”:

He felt that it would be good for his image

Very good organizer and the part he played in the November 1917 Revolution was probably small: skills he gained while helping to

organize the Bolshevik Party were to prove invaluable

+Stalin cont.

After 1917, he was rewarded with a number of seemingly unimportant party positions which nobody else wanted: gave Stalin insight into

who could be trusted to support him and who could not

Stalin was seen as dull by the intellectual elite of the Bolshevik Party: They all made a fatal

mistake in assuming that he was stupid.

+Stalin cont.

Stalin became the undisputed leader of Russia in 1929: he realized that Russia was far

behind the west have to modernize her

economy very quickly if she was to survive.

Also a strong economy would lead to a strong military if Russia was going to survive threats from external forces.

A modernized Russia would also provide the farmers with the machinery they needed if they were going to modernize their farms - such as tractors.

+Fascism in Italy

Not defeated in WWI: Gov’t and economy were

weakened

Labor strikes and riots

Many people turned to political leader Benito Mussolini: For change and hope

Mussolini

1919: Mussolini started the Italian Fascist Party

Spoke a lot about is glories in war

1922: Prime Minister

+Totalitarian Governments

Complete control over the everyday lives of its citizens

Individuals have no right to: Think freely Speak freely Write freely

Spies to watch and report on every citizen

Many people were arrested, beaten, and killed for speaking out

+Nazism in Germany

Germany suffered the most out of all countries

In hope to solve its problems the National Socialist Party took over: Nazi’s were part of this

party Led by Adolf Hitler

+Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 

He quit school at the age of 16, partially the result of ill health and partially the result of poor school work. 

His mother developed terminal cancer and was treated by a Jewish doctor who served the poor.  

After an operation and excruciatingly painful and expensive treatments with a dangerous drug, she died on December 21, 1907.

+Adolf Hitler

Virtually penniless by 1909, he wandered Vienna as a transient: sleeping in bars flophouses shelters for the homeless:

including, ironically, those financed by Jewish philanthropists.  

During this period he developed: prejudices about Jews his interest in politics debating skills.  

Vienna was a center of anti-Semitism: The media's portrayal of Jews as

scapegoats with stereotyped attributes did not escape Hitler's fascination.

+Adolf Hitler

May 1913: Hitler, seeking to avoid military

service, left Vienna for Munich.  

In January, the police came to his door with a draft notice from the Austrian government: The document threatened a

year in prison and a fine if he was found guilty of leaving his native land with the intent of evading enlistment.

Hitler was arrested on the spot and taken to the Austrian Consulate: he was found "unfit...too

weak...and unable to bear arms."

+Hitler's World War I Service

 Hitler narrowly escaped death in battle several times, and was eventually awarded two Iron Crosses for bravery.  

He rose to the rank of lance corporal

In October 1916, he was wounded by an enemy shell and evacuated to a Berlin area hospital.  

After recovering, and serving a total of four years in the trenches, he was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack in Belgium in October 1918. 

Communist-inspired insurrections shook Germany while Hitler was recovering from his injuries.  

Some Jews were leaders of these revolutions, and this inspired hatred of Jews as well as Communists.

+Free Corps

Paramilitary organization: Made up of vigilante war

veterans who banded together to fight the growing Communist insurgency: Was taking over

Germany. The Free Corps crushed

this insurgency. Its members formed the

corps of the Nazi "brown-shirts” which served as the Nazi party's army.

+German Worker's Party

Soon after the war, Hitler was recruited to join a military intelligence unit, and was assigned to keep tabs on the German Worker's Party: members expressed a

doctrine similar with Hitler's.  

He saw this party as a way to get his message out 

His hatred of the Jews became part of the organization's political platform.

+German Worker's Party

Hitler built up the party, converting it from discussion group to an actual political party.  

Advertising for the party's meetings appeared in anti-Semitic newspapers.  

Hitler drafted a party program consisting of twenty-five points: This platform was presented at

a public meeting on February 24, 1920. 

Hitler electrified the audience. 

Jews were the principal target of his diatribe.

+German Worker's Party

Among the 25 points were: revoking the Versailles Treaty confiscating war profits taking land without

compensation for use by the state

revoking civil rights for Jews expelling those Jews who had

emigrated into Germany after the war began. 

The name of the party was changed to the National Socialist German Worker's party: The red flag with the swastika

was adopted as the party symbol.

+National Socialist German Worker's party

Hitler raised funds to a local newspaper, which appealed to anti-Semites, for the party

The Nazi party began drawing thousands of new members: many of whom were

victims of high inflation found comfort in blaming

the Jews for this trouble.  

+Hitler's Rise to Power

Hitler decided to seize power constitutionally rather than by force of arms.  

Hitler spoke to scores of mass audiences, calling for the German people to resist the oppression of Jews and Communists: Create a new empire which

would rule the world for 1,000 years. 

Hitler's Nazi party captured 18% of the popular vote in the 1930 elections.

+Hitler's Rise to Power

1932-Hitler ran for President: Won 30% of the vote forcing the eventual victor into a

runoff election. A political deal was made to

make Hitler chancellor in exchange for his support.

President dies in 1934: Hitler took over.  

Economy improves: Hitler claimed credit and

consolidated his position as a dictator

The German industrial machine was built up in preparation for war.

1935

Hitler said the Jews could no longer be German citizens

Jewish children no longer were allowed in German schools

All Jews were forced to wear yellow badges

+The Road to War

1936: Hitler decided to move beyond Germany’s boundaries

Army crossed into the Rhineland: Area between France and

Germany

France and Great Britain complained but took no action: Appeasement

http://www.encyclomedia.com/video-adolf_hitler.html

War Breaks Out

1939: German forces took control of all Czechoslovakia: Next stop Poland

August 1939: Hitler and Stalin agreed to

attack Poland and divide country between them

9/1/39: Germany strikes Poland: Great Britain and

France realize appeasement won’t work

Both declare war on Germany

+1940

German forces invade: Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg France

Next stop Great Britain

+

Class workC21S1CW