ku (- cs' ns bIdrd l=udrs

fYa%Ksh (- 9 fYa%Ksh

mdi, (- nm$ fyd$ iS,r;k u' js

wNHjldY .ufka jssldYh

)wNHjldyh iSudjla fkdfmkajkakls‘ ' tys we;s foa fudkjdo@ ta fld;ruso@ hkak lsis osfkl fijSh fkdyelsh ' tfy;a wNHjldYh ms<snoj .fjsIKhg wE; w;S;fha isgu usksid fhduq jsh' ta wkqj nsys jQ lafIa;% j,ska tlls " wNHjldY joHdj'

wNHjldY ,qyq~q b;sydih .ek Tn

okakjdo@1957 .10. 04 m%:u reishdkq pkaøsldj jQ iamqgsksla .=jka .; jsh'

1957.11.03 iamqgsksla 2 reishdkq pkaøsldj ,hsld kus ne,a, iu. .=jka .; jsh' 1959.05.18 wdfnS,a kus j÷rd iys; wefurslka hdkh .=jka .; jsh' 1959.10.04 reishdj ,Qkd kus pkaøsldj i| jgd hdug llI .; l<dh' 1961.05.05. reishdj hqrs ..drska kus wNHjldY .dushd re.;a fjdiafgdla 1 .=jka .; jsh' 1961.05.05. wefurslka wNHjldY .uS we,ka nS fImvs .=jka .; jsh'

1962.02.02 wefurslka Pd;sl fPdaka .af,ka f*%kavsIsma - 7 kus lemaiq,fhka mD:sjsh jgd ;=kajrla .sfhah'

1969.07.16 wefursldj wemf,da 11 hdkfhka kS,a wusiafg%daka Ts,avs%ka iy uhsl,a hk ..k.duSka i| fj; hejSh' 1969.07.21 jk osk i| u; md ;enSh' 1972.12.07 wefursldj mhkshra 10 hdkfhka usksiqka iy uQka n.s kus hdkh i|g hejsh' 1991.05.18 ns%;dkH Pd;sl fy,ka Iduka reishdkq fidhqia -72 hdkfhka wNHjldYhg .shdh'

b;srs gsl '''''''''''

kQk; miqnsu³

lD;s%u pkaøsld ' 

wNHjldY .fjsIKfha jeo.;a ikaOsia:dkhla jQfha ls%' j 1959 Tlaf;dusnra 4 jeks osk fidajshgs reishdj f,i .=jka .; lruska mD:sjsh jgd llaI .; lsrsuhs‘' fuu Ph.%yKh f,dalhu wNHjldY hq.hla lr f.k hEug iu;a jsh' ls%' j 1957fkdjeusnra 03 jeks osk iamqgsksla 2 pkaøsldj reishdj jsiska .=jka .; lrk ,os' wNHjldYhg .sh ,hsld ne,a,o fuu pkaøsldj ;=< jQjdh' ls% j 1958 oS wefursldj jsiska tlaimaf,dafra 1 iy jEka.dvs 1 hk lD;Su pkaøsld mD:sjs llaI .; lr we;'

usksiqka iys; wNHjldY .fjSIKh

1961 uehs ui 08 jeks osk oS fidajshgs reishdj fjdiafgka 1 hdkh hejsh' Wvq .=jkg hejqkq m%:u usksid hQrs ..drskah'

Tyq wNHjldYhg .sh m%:u wefursldkq Pd;slfhls'fjdiafgdla 6 hdkh u.ska Wvq .=jkg .sh m%:u ldka;dj reishdkq Pd;slfhls'weh je,kagskd f;friafldajdh'1963 Pqks 10 jeks osk th .=jka .; jsh'

hQrs ..drska

wemf,da jHdma;sh'

wefursldkq kdid wdh;kh jsiska 1967 oS wemf,da jHdma;sh osh;a lrk ,oS' tA u.ska wemf,da 1 isg 17 olajd .=jka .; lrk ,os'

..k.duska .ek f;dr;=re jsuid n,uq'

wemf,da 11 hdkh u.ska wNHjldY pdrsldfjs

fhÿkq kS,a wdusiafg%daka i| u; 1969 PQ,s 21

jeks osk md ;enSh' fuu pdrsldjg iyNd.s jQ

wfkl=;a ..k.duSka jQfha tvsjska TS,avs%ka yd

uhsl,a fld,Skaiah' kS,a wdusiafg%daka

we;=¿ msrsi jsiska wefursldkq OPh i| u;

kexjqfjsh'

)kS,a wdusiafg%daka'

)uhsl,a fld,Skaia'

)Tvsjska Ts,avs%ka'

..k.duska uqyqK fok .eg,q yd tajdg ms,shus fudkjd oehs oek .eksug Tn leu;so@

..k.duska uqyqK fok .eg,q

.=re;aj n,h wvq jsu'

fuS ksid we;sjk m%Odk;u .eg,qj jkafka yDohg reOsr iemhqu wvq jsuhs'

mSvk fjki'

wNHjldY.duskaf.a Yajik ls%hdj,shg fus u.ska wmyiq;d we;s fjs'

b;srs gsl'''''

my<g tafus os WIaK;ajh jevs jsu'

wNHjldY hdkhla mD:sjsh lrd wdmiq meusKsfus os jdhqf.da,h ;=<g we;=¿ jQ miq jdhqf.da,fha >raIK n,h ksid hdkd wOsl f,i r;a jsu .eg,qjls'bkaOk imhd .eksfus wmyiqj'

hdkh ;=< f.k hd yels bkaOk m%udKh iSud iys;h' w;r u.os bkaOK ,N .; fkdyels jsu .eg,qjls'

jd;h fkdue;s jsu'

fus ksid ..k.duskaf.a Yajik ls%hdj,shg wmyiq;d we;s fjs'

.eg,q Ph .eksfus Wml%u fudkjdoehs Tn okakjdo@

by; lshq .eg,q ioyd jsjsO jsiÿus fhdod .ks' ta fudkjd oehs fidhd n,uq'

•.=re;aj n,h wvqjsfusos we;s jk .eg,q ioyd lD;%su wNHjldY mrsir ;;aj ;=< mqyqKq jsfus lreKq ,efns'

•WIaK;ajh jevs jsu je,elajsug jsfYaI wdf,am fhdod .ks' tajd hdkdj, msg; wdf,am lrkq ,efns'

•bkaok wjYH;d iQraHh negrs u.ska imhd .ks'

•jd;h fkdue;s jsug jsiÿus f,i TlaisPka msrjq is,skavr Ndjs;hg .ks'

wNHjldY Ig, hdkd''

frdlgs hdkd kej; kej; Ndjs; l< fkdyels ksid Ig, hdkd ksmojsug usksid fm<Tsks' fPgs hdkhl yevrej we;s Ig, hdkd frdlgsgqjla fuka .=jka .; l<;a kej; fmd<j lrd meusfKkafka .=jka f;dgqm,lg meusfKk wdldrhghs' fus u.ska usksiqka muKla fkdj jsjsO NdKav o wNHjldIh fj; f.k hd yelsh Ig,hla u.ska tl jr .uka l< yelsh'

)b;srs gsl''

Ig,hla u.ska mD:sjsfha isg Wmrsu jYfhka lsf,dauSgra 35880 la by<g hd yelsh' bkaOk jYfhka øj TlaisPka yd øj yhsøPka hdkh ;=< .nvd lr we;' ksjfia we;s myiqlus Ig, hdkd ;=, o we;' fmd,jg meusKsfus os fuskdfha fjs.h mehg lsf,dausgr 225 335 la w;r fjs' fldf,dusnshd pef,kaPra" vsialjrs fujeks wNHjldY Ig, lsysmhls'

)wNHjldY

mrafhaIKd.dr)

1979 wf.daia;= 16 jeks osk uq,au wNHjldY mrafhaIlKd.drh Ig, hdkhla u.ska .=jka .; lrk ,os' fujeks mrafhaIKd.drhla ;=< PSjs; wdrlaIl WmlrK" o;a; ieliqus WmlrK tla l=gSrhla ;=< we;s w;r" wfkla l=gSrh iusmQrakfhkau mrafhaIKd.drhls' fujeks mrafhaIKd.dr ;=kla oekg .=jka .; lr we;'

jsjsO pkaøsld jra. yÿkd .ksuq'

ikaksfjsok pkaøsld'

.ukd.uk pkaøsld'

ld<.=ksl pkaøsld'

jsoHd;aul pkaøsld'

)tla tla pkaøsld j,

f;dr;=re tla reia

lruq')

ikaksfjsok pkaøsld

tlai;a Pkmofha wdrlaIl fomdrafuska;=j u.ska 1964 oS llaI .; lrk ,o pkaøsldj iskaafldus 3 h' iskafldus 3 hkq N+ ia:djr llaIhla Ndjs; lrk ,o m%:u ikaksfjsok pkaøsldjhs' 1957 jifra isg fus olajd ikaksfjsok pkaøsld 300 lg jevs m%udKhla llaI .; lr we;' jra;udkfha N+ ia:djr llaI .; pkaøsld j,ska y~" o;a; yqjudrej iy rEmjdyks ikaksfjsokh isÿflfrk w;r f,dj jgd msysgs ksfjia j,g iDPq rEmjdysks jsldYkfhka isÿ lsrsfus yelshdjo we;'

ikaksfjsok pkaøsldjlska mD:sjsfha tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg ikaksfjsokh flfrk whqre'

.ukd.uk pkaøsld

tlai;a Pkmofha kdjsl yuqodj u.ska 1960 oS m%:u .ukd.uk pkaøsldj jQ gd%kaiaisgs 1 .=jka .; lrk ,os '1996 os fuu pkaøsldfjs wdhq ld,h wjika jq nejska tlai;a Pkmohg tys fiajh wysus jsh' tlai;a Pkmofha .=jka yuqodj u.ska ;u fufyhqus i|yd llaI.; lrk ,os'

B

NAVSTAR Global positioning System (GPS) kus moaO;shg pkaøsld 24 la wvx.= jsh' iusfma%Ilfha jra.h iy Ndjs; l< l%uh u; fuu moaO;shg uS‘ 100 isg fi uS 1 g jvd wvq m%udKhla olajd ksrjoH;djhlska ia:dkSh f;dr;=re iemhSug yelshdj we;' 2002 oSo fuu pkaøsld moaO;sla llaI .; flrsks'

GPS

ld,.=Ksl jkaøsld

ls% j 1960 oS kdid wdh;kh jsiska hjk ,o m%:u ld,.=Ksl pkaøsldj Television Infrared Observation Satelite (Tiros) 1 hkqfjka yeoskajsks' TIROSI pkaøsldj u.ska fus jk jsg mD:Sjsfha yd jdhqf.da,fha PdhdrEm 23 000 la muK fmdf,djg tjd we;' tu pkaøsldj;a N+ ia:djr pkaøsldjla f,i mej;sks' The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) jsiska fufyhjk ,o pkaøsld 3 ka oSra> ld,sk ld,.=KSl ;;a;aj ms<snoj o;a; tla ria lr .eksug yels jsh'

jsoHd;aul pkaøsld

mD:sjs llaIfha ia:dk .; lr we;s fujeks pkaøsld j,g mD:sjsfha is;shus ilia lsrsug i|yd wjYH o;a; ,nd .eksu" mD:sjsfha yevh iy m%udKh ksYaph iy id.r iy jdhqf.da,h iusnkaO .;sjsoHdjka wOHhkh lsrsu jeks ldrahhka is¥ l< yelsh'

tfukau jdoHd{hska jsiska ysre" iª" fjk;a .%yf,dal yd Tjqkaf.a pkaøhska" OQufla;=" ;drld iy uKaodlsks ms<sn|ksrslaIKh lsrsug;a fuu pkaøsldjka fhdod .ks‘' tfukau 1989 Tlaf;dausnra 17 osk .=jka .; flrekq .e,S,sfhda kus wNHjldY hdkdj fikiqre .%yhd ms<sn|j f;r;=re mD:sjshg tjk ,os'tu.ska tys o;a; iy tys pkaøhskaf.a o;a; ms<sn| f;dr;=re wLKavj tjuska mj;s'

Wvq .=jkg hejQ f,dalfha m%:u pkaøsldj

jsia;rh

jsIalusNh (- fi' uS 58 hs‘'

ialkaOh (- ls' .%E 83' 6 hs'

Tijqus hdkh (- 1 iamqgskslaA

f,dalfha m%:u pkaøsldj jQ iamqgsksla -1

m%%:u weursldkq lD;%su pkaøsldj tlaiamaf,darra - 1

jssia;rh

frdlgsgqj iu. os. (- fi uS 203hs ^wÕ,a 80hs&'

jsIalusNh (- fi uS 15hs ^wÕ,a 6hs&'

ialkaOh (- ls .%E 13 9hs'

tijqus hdkh (- cQmSgra - ^cqfkda -1' C

uerskra -2

jsia;rh

Wi (- uS 3 &hs ^wvs 12hs&'

m<, (- uS 5hs ^wvs 16hs wÕ,a 6hs&'

ialkaOh (- ls .%E 203hs'

tijqus hdkh (- wegs,ia wecskd nS'

ksIamdokh (- fcgs m%pd,k jsoHd.drh'

frdlgs ksraudKfha b;sydih³

psk Pd;slhka ls% j 1200 Y; jraIfhaos frdlgs Ndjs’; lr we;s njg idOl yuqfjs' l=vd k,hla ;=< ;oska isr jk fia fjvs fnfy;a wiqrd tajd B;, j, ijs lr hqOj,os Ndjs; lr we;' tu k,fha B;, ysig wdikak fl<jr jsjD;j ;nd ;snsK's tfyhska fjvs fnfy;aj,g oykh jsug yels jq w;r ksmojk jdhqj jsjD; fl<jrska msgjsh' fuu l=vd frdlgsgqj,g iudkj ksraudKh l< .sksfl<s ^wyial+re& jra;udkfha olakg ,efn's b;d blsuksksu frdlgsgq ms<snoj hqfrdamhgo jHdma; jsh ls% j 1429 oS fPdaka T*a wdlaf.a fufyhjsu hgf;a m%xYh TSra,shkaia igfkaos tajd fhdod .;a nj mejfi'a ls% j 1800 Y;jraIh wjidk Nd.fhaos wNHjldY pdrsld ioyd frdlgs ;dlaIKh fhdod .eksug usksiqka Wla; jsh'

frdlgs i|yd Ndjs;d lrk bkaOk )

frdlgsgqjla .=jka .; lsrsug fyda .uk lrjsug jsYd, Yla;shla wjYH fjs 'fuu Yla;sh ,nd .' frdlgsgq i|yd fhdod .kakd m%pd,k yd øj m%pd,k jYfhka fojra.hla fjhs'

>k m%pd,k fhdok frdlgsgq b;d ir, ieleiaulska

hqla; fjs' tajd ;=< uola jsYd, jQ is,skavrhl m

%pd,k wiqrd we; oykfhka ksmojk jdhQka

msgjSu ioyd fl<jfrys l=vd jsjrhla ;nd we; tu

is,skavdldr fldgi bkaOk oyk l=gSrh f,i o ls%hd

lrh's

>k m%pd,k

ø%j m%pd,k

wNHjldY .; lsrsu ioyd fhdod .kq ,nk frdlgsgq ioyd >k m%pd,k j,g jvd øj m%pd,k fhdod .ks 'øj m%pd,k >k m%pd,k j,g jvd jsYajikSh;ajfhka by<jSu o tla jdishls wNHjldY Ig,hka yS m%Odk frdlgs tkacska j, oykfhaoS bkaOkh f,i øj yhsv%cka o Tlaisydrlh f,i øj Tlaisscka o fhdod .kS '

fuu m%pd,k fol tlg usY% jSfukac,h ksmojk w;r jsYd, ;dmhla o msg lrkq ,nhs' c,h jdhq njg m;ajS frdlgsgQfjs fkdi,h ;=<ska wOsl fjs.fhka msg;g kslafuhs' ;j;a iuyr frdlgsgqj, bkaOkh f,i .efid,Ska fyda yhsv%iSka fhdod .kq ,nhs '

rhsgs *a,hra

f,dalfha m%:u .=jkahdkh jQ 1903 rhsgs *,hra kus l=vd .=jka hdkfha m<uq mshdiersh tosk isÿjsh .=jka kshuqjd f,i TSjs,a rhsgs ;;amr 12 la mqrd uSgra 37 la ÿr .uka lsrsug iu;a jsh' tu oskh ;=< ;j;a ;=ka j;djla tu .=jka hdkh mshdir lrjSug js,anra iy Tsjs,a rhsgs hk fidfydhqrka iu;a jsh' tu .ukaj,os Tjqka fofokd udrefjka udrejg .=jka kshuqjka f,i ls%hd l<y' oSra>;u .=jka .ufkaos th ;;amr 59 la mqrd uSgra 260 la ÿr .uka lsrsug iu;a jsh' l%s j 1899oS Tjqka ksmojq irex.,hlska fuu w;ayos ne,Sus wdrusNjQ w;r 1905 oS Tjqkag idra:l f,I ;kd ksu yels jsh'

jsia;rh

;gq w;r ÿr ( uSgra 12'3 ^ wvs 40hs wÕ,a 4&'

os. ( uSgra 6'4 ^ wvs 21hs&'

Wi ( uSgra 28 ^ wvs 9hs wÕ,a 3&'

tkacsu ( ^N+usf;,a tkacsu" wYaj n, 12&'

ksIamdokh ( Tysfhdaj, fvsgkaysos js,anra iy Tjs,a rhsgs

jsiska 1903 oS'

)rhka .=jka hdkhNYP

1927 uehs 21 jk osk pd,aia ta ,skavsnra.a jsiska b;sydifha m<uq tal, gd%kaia w;a,dka;sla .=jka .uk iusmQraK lsrsug iu;a jsh' Tyqf.a fyj;a zzfikags ,Qjsia yS cSjhZZ kus jQ hdkfhka Tyq ksjsfhdaralaj, f,dax ¥m;ayS rEiafj,ags N+ush;a m%xYfha mersia w;r jQ ls'us 5810 l ÿr m%udKh;a meh 33hs usks;a;= 30 loS ksud lsrsug iu;a jsh' fuu .=jka .uk;a iu.u ,sksvsnra.a fvd,ra 25"000l ;Hd.hl ysuslrejl= jQ w;r ksjsfhdara isg merSish olajd w;a,dka;sla id.rh yryd mshdir l< m%:u .=jka kejshd njgo m;a jsh' merSisfha ,dfndaraf.ags N+ushg ,skavsnra.a msjsiSu;a iu. Tyq f,dal jSrhl= njgo jQw;r tu oYlfha uyck;djf.a weia Tyq fj; fhduq jSugo th fya;= jsh'

Ryan NYP

jsia;rh

;gq w;r ÿr ( uSgra 14 hs ^wvs 46hs&'

hdkfha os. ( uSgra 8 hs ^wvs 27hs wÕ,a 8hs'

Wi ( uSgra 3hs ^wvs 9hs wÕ,a 10hs&'

o< jYfhka nr ( ls' .%E 2330 hs'

tkacsu ( rhsgs jhrajskavs ^wYaj

n, 223&'

ksIamdokh ( le,sf*dakshdfjs iekavshdf.days

rhka thdra,hskaia iud.u

^1927&'

J-5C

fn,a -59 .=jka hdkh XP A

w;ayod ne,Su wruqKq lr .ksuska fuh ksmojd ;snsKs

'th w;ayod ne,Su;a iu.u grafndafcgsj,ska

n,.ekajq .=jka hdkd m%dfhda.slj bosl, yels nj;a tajd

wfkla .=jka hdkdj,g jvd b;d ldrahlaIu nj;a ;yjqre

lr .eksug yelsjsh'fn,a .=jka hdkd iud.u uÕska ie,iqus

lr boslrk ,o fuu hdkh jraI 1942 Tlaf;dusnra 01 jeks

osk le,sf*dakshdfjs jsh<s ushfrdla jsf,ka .=jka .;

flrsks 'fn,a iud.fus m%Odk w;ayodne,sfus kshuq

frdngs tus iageka,s tys kshuqjd jsh' B<. oskfha

^Tla'2&lrak,a f,darkaia l%Scatys kshuqjd jQ w;r

thska grafnsafcgs .=jka hdkhla meojQm%:u

wefursldkq .=jka kshuqjd njg m;ajSug Tyqg yelsjsh'

jsia;rh

;gq w;r os. ( uSgra 14'9hs ^wvs 49hs&'

hdkfha os. ( usgra 12hs ^ wvs 38hs wÕ,a 10hs&'

Wi ( usgra 3 8hs ^usgra 12hs wÕ,a 4hs&'

tkacsu (

ksIamdokh ( ksjsfhdaralayS n*f,days fn,a .=jka hdkd

iud.u'

2 Genaral Electric I-A Centrifugal

(flow turbojet) '

mska;+r lreKq

Encarta SearchBar.

wka;racd,h u.ska'

9 A fY%aKsfha jsoHdj yd ;dlaIKfjsoh fm< fmdf;ka'wNHjldY f;dr;=re we;=,;a fmdf;ka'

fudjqkayg fuu ksmojSus idra:l f,i ksul< yela jQfha Tjqkayg we;s W;aiyh;a" lemjSu;a ksidh' ug;a Tng;a fuhska .;yels wdoraYh jkafka W;aiyfhka lemjSfuka lghq;= lsrSuhs'

ug yef.k foA