© J. Yan-1999-11 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Generation Technologies Jinyue Yan Luleå University of...

© J. Yan-1999-11

Advanced Gas Turbine Power Advanced Gas Turbine Power Generation TechnologiesGeneration Technologies

Jinyue YanJinyue Yan

Luleå University of Technology (LTU)Luleå University of Technology (LTU)

Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)Presented at Presented at

Sweden-China Workshop on Energy R&D and Climate Sweden-China Workshop on Energy R&D and Climate Change Change

Stockholm, November 14-16, 2001Stockholm, November 14-16, 2001

©J. Yan

Driving forces of power Driving forces of power marketmarket

Source: International Power Generation, Vol. 21, No. 5, Sept. 1998

©J. Yan

What happens in Nature when energy What happens in Nature when energy provides services ? A “heat engine provides services ? A “heat engine

model”model”

What have we paid What have we paid for the services?for the services?

Have we ever paid?Have we ever paid?

Forgot the nature?Forgot the nature?

Nature (Source)Nature (Source)

Nature (Sink)Nature (Sink)

SocietySociety

service/service/energyenergy

resourcesresources

wasteswastes

Nature (Sink)Nature (Sink)

©J. Yan

When are you going to payWhen are you going to pay

now or future ?now or future ?

©J. Yan

Gas Turbine R&D TrendsGas Turbine R&D Trends

Efficiency ImprovementEfficiency Improvement Reduce emissions including COReduce emissions including CO22

Integration with other advanced Integration with other advanced power generation technologies, e.g. power generation technologies, e.g. fuel cellsfuel cells

Distributed power generation- Distributed power generation- MicroturbineMicroturbine

©J. Yan

Fuel-based power plants - Fuel-based power plants - combustion engine basedcombustion engine based Steam TurbineSteam Turbine

– steam as working fluidsteam as working fluid– max temp 650-700Cmax temp 650-700C

Gas TurbineGas Turbine– combution gases as combution gases as

working fluidworking fluid– max temp. 1260 --> 1400Cmax temp. 1260 --> 1400C

Combined cycle: Combined cycle: ST+GTST+GT

Hero Steam Turbine BC200

©J. Yan

Market of Gas Turbines and TurbinesMarket of Gas Turbines and Turbines

Development of orders placed (MW) worldwide for hydrocarbon fueled power plants (Langston, Global Gas Turbine News, IGTI, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1996)

©J. Yan

((News) from Gas Turbine News) from Gas Turbine ManufacturersManufacturers

ABB: (1994) GT24/26: simple cycle 38%, CC ABB: (1994) GT24/26: simple cycle 38%, CC 58.5%.58.5%.

GE: (1995) G and H-Technology, CC 60%.GE: (1995) G and H-Technology, CC 60%. Siemens-WestinghouseSiemens-Westinghouse Capstone(2000): Microturbine 30kWe (60kWe)Capstone(2000): Microturbine 30kWe (60kWe)

– 1998: 3 units1998: 3 units– 1999: 211 units1999: 211 units– 2000: 790 units2000: 790 units

…………....

Note: Note: 1791: first gas turbine patent (John Barber)1791: first gas turbine patent (John Barber) 1900: first gas turbine operated in France by Stolze1900: first gas turbine operated in France by Stolze

©J. Yan

R&D on Steam and Gas R&D on Steam and Gas TurbinesTurbines

Annual Publications in “Steam Turbines” and “Gas Turbines” in the Last 30 Years.

Literature Searching Results from Ei – Engineering Index by Yan, May 10, 1999. Key Words: gas turbine, steam turbine.

0

400

800

1200

1970s 1980s 1990s

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

©J. Yan

Gas and Steam Turbine Efficiency Evaluation (McDonald, 1994)

©J. Yan

Efficiency vs turbine inlet temperatureEfficiency vs turbine inlet temperature

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Eff

icie

ncy

Inle

t Tem

pera

ture

60% CC

©J. Yan

Efficiency Improvement of Gas Efficiency Improvement of Gas Turbine CyclesTurbine Cycles

Turbine Machinery Turbine Machinery Aerodynamic Aerodynamic Advancement to Advancement to improve improve compressor and compressor and turbine efficiency turbine efficiency - CFD Code- CFD Code- Blading geometry- Blading geometry- Casing surface treatment- Casing surface treatment …... …...

Turbine Inlet Turbine Inlet Temperature Temperature IncreasesIncreases- Material technology- Material technology- Cooling techniques- Cooling techniques

More advanced More advanced CyclesCycles

©J. Yan

Approaches for Gas Turbine R&D

Cycle innovation

Working fluids

Hardwareimprovement

System integration

Integration

©J. Yan

Advanced Gas Turbine Advanced Gas Turbine SystemsSystems

Combined cyclesCombined cycles Evaporative gas turbine (HAT) and STIG cyclesEvaporative gas turbine (HAT) and STIG cycles ReheatReheat Inlet air coolingInlet air cooling Microturbines (30kW-300KW)Microturbines (30kW-300KW) Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) Kalina bottoming cycleKalina bottoming cycle Chemical recuperationChemical recuperation Hydrogen combustion turbineHydrogen combustion turbine ……......

©J. Yan

Inlet air cooling

Intercooling

Reheat

Heat recovery

Recuperation

Recuperation

Modification of System Configuration by Additions of Options to Simple Cycle.

©J. Yan

ProductOutputs

Energy Sources

Natural Gas Fuel

Solid FuelsBiomass, Coal, etc

Processes

Waste Heat

Externally fired gas turbines- System optimization & analysis- Heat recovery subsystems- High temperature heat exchange- Topping combustion

Close cycles- System optimization & analysis- Working fluids- Economic analysis- Equipment sizing

Ammonia-water cycles- System optimization & analysis- Working fluids- Economic analysis- Thermophysical properties

Evaporative gas turbines- System optimization & analysis- Humidification tower- Transport characteristics- Water recovery

Power

Power+

Heat

Chemical looping combustion- System optimization & analysis- Economic analysis- Equipment sizing- CO2 reduction

©J. Yan

Role of Heat Exchangers in GT Role of Heat Exchangers in GT Cycles/ApplicationsCycles/Applications

(REHEATER)STEAM

GENERATOR

IGCCHEAVY DUTY GAS

TURBINE

COMB.CYCLE

SIMPLECYCLE

EvGTHAT

AERODERIVATIVEGAS TURBINES

STEAM GENERATOR

GASIFIERIGCC

I.C.REFORMER

CHEM.RECUP.

HATEvGT

I.C.R.C.A.F.

SATURATOR

INTER -COOLED

COMB.CYCLE

I.C.STEAM

GENERATOR

INTER-COOLED

I.C.

COMBINEDCYCLE

SIMPLECYCLE

STEAM GENERATOR

NO HEATEXCHANGER

NO HEATEXCHANGER

SUPPLIMENT.-FIRED

EFCC

PFBC

CLOSED CYCLES

COMB.CYCLE

I.C.R.C.

STEAM GENERATOR

COMB.CYCLE

COMB.CYCLE

HEATEXCH.

SATURATORI.C.R.C.A.F.

STEAM GENERATOR

GASIFIER

STIG

PRECOOLERI.C.R.C.

HEATER

HTHxSTEAM

GENERATOR

CHEM.RECUP.

REFORMER

I.C.HEATERSTEAM

GENERATOR

STIG

©J. Yan

R&D on Evaporative Gas R&D on Evaporative Gas TurbinesTurbines

A national R&D program, 1992: prestudy, 1993 -A national R&D program, 1992: prestudy, 1993 - Team includes industrial companies and universities: AlstoTeam includes industrial companies and universities: Alsto

m (ABB), (Volvo), Vattenfall, Sydkraft, El-forskare, El-Kraft (m (ABB), (Volvo), Vattenfall, Sydkraft, El-forskare, El-Kraft (Denmark), KTH, LTH, STEM.Denmark), KTH, LTH, STEM.

Three blocksThree blocks– Pilot plant: 600 KW simple cycle, EvGT started operation in 1998Pilot plant: 600 KW simple cycle, EvGT started operation in 1998– Water Circuit of EvGT: water recovery, humidification, flue gas conWater Circuit of EvGT: water recovery, humidification, flue gas con

densation ……densation ……– Advanced EvGT: Modifications of EvGT, future market and applicatAdvanced EvGT: Modifications of EvGT, future market and applicat

ions, EvGT+CO2, EvGT Cogeneration, …...ions, EvGT+CO2, EvGT Cogeneration, …... Other supporting projects: for example: thermodynamic pOther supporting projects: for example: thermodynamic p

roperties of humid air (supported by STEM in another progroperties of humid air (supported by STEM in another program: “thermodynamic processes for power generation“)ram: “thermodynamic processes for power generation“)

©J. Yan

air

water

aftercooler

Intercooler

IC

ECO

REC

AC

H

fuel

EvGT (HAT) Cycle with Partial Flow Humidification

by pass air

©J. Yan

Core Turbine: Core Turbine: Volvo VT600Volvo VT600 for Pilot EvGT Turbines for Pilot EvGT Turbines

©J. Yan

©J. Yan

Integration of advanced gas Integration of advanced gas turbines with CO2 removalturbines with CO2 removal

Semi-closed cyclesSemi-closed cycles

Chemical Looping CombustionChemical Looping Combustion

Hydrogen TurbinesHydrogen Turbines

……......

©J. Yan

Marriage of Gas Turbines Marriage of Gas Turbines and Solid Fuelsand Solid Fuels

Solid fuels: Coal, BiomassSolid fuels: Coal, Biomass Coal: 40 % of electricity based on coal Coal: 40 % of electricity based on coal

in the worldin the world Biomass: 17% of total energy supply in Biomass: 17% of total energy supply in

SwedenSweden Require: more efficient, cleaner, Require: more efficient, cleaner,

cheapercheaper

©J. Yan

Solid Fuel Fired Gas TurbinesSolid Fuel Fired Gas Turbines- Clean coal technology- Clean coal technology

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC)Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC)

Externally fired gas turbines (EFGT)Externally fired gas turbines (EFGT)

Direct solid-fuel fired gas turbineDirect solid-fuel fired gas turbine

Supercritical steam turbines (not gas turbine)Supercritical steam turbines (not gas turbine)

©J. Yan

Money?Money?

Is it affordable?Is it affordable?

©J. Yan

Strategy for R&D of Solid Fuel Strategy for R&D of Solid Fuel Power Generation TechnologiesPower Generation Technologies

R&D Trends

Increase efficiency

Reduce cost

Lower environmentalImpact

Improve availability

……

EFGT

PFBC

IGCC

Strategy for R&D:

Integration of featuresof different systems

Simpler integratedsystem

Based on acceptedtechnology

©J. Yan

Motivation for the Motivation for the EvGT-BATEvGT-BAT Cycle Cycle- Integration of three advanced - Integration of three advanced

Technologies -Technologies -

EFGT

EVGT

Biomass Gasification

EVGT-BAT

©J. Yan

Concept of EvGT-BATConcept of EvGT-BAT

~

Topping combustor

Air

Gas Turbine

Biomass

Cyclone

Furnace

Water

Humidifier

Recuperator

EVGTBiomass Gasification

Biomass

©J. Yan

Theoretic volume of the Theoretic volume of the gasifier, relative to a gasifier in gasifier, relative to a gasifier in

IGCCIGCC

1:121:9

1:6 1:5

EvGT-BAT

I G C

C

900 800 750 700

HTHx Temp. [C]

Rea

ctor

Vol

um

e [-

]

©J. Yan

FutureFuturePower plant --> Clean energy plantPower plant --> Clean energy plant

Integrated Integrated – large become largerlarge become larger

Distributed Distributed – small becomes smaller (PC power plants) small becomes smaller (PC power plants)

Flexible fuelsFlexible fuels Multi-productsMulti-products

©J. Yan

Future Hybrid SystemFuture Hybrid System

Fuel Cells

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Temperature

100 C

550 C

1200 C

District HeatingHeat

Combined Cycle

©J. Yan

Future Technology ModulesFuture Technology Modules

FeedstocksFossil- coal- gas- oil

OpportunityFeedstocks- Biomass

- Municipal waste

- Refinery waste

Fuel Upgrading

Gas streamcleanup

ProcessOptions

GasificationCombustion

Heat exchangeSeparationCatalysisFuel &

ChemicalSynthesis

Energy Conversion- Turbine

- Fuel Cells

OutputOptions

ElectricityChemicals

TransportationFuels

SyngasHydrogen

Steam

Ash/traceElements

CO2

Co-products

CO2-Rich Stream

© J. Yan-1999-11

Thanks

©J. Yan

Solid Fuels: Biomass, Coal etc

Natural Gas

Products

Heat

Power

Fuel stocks

Evaporative Gas Turbine

Rakine cycle

Kalina cycles

Kalina cycle

R&D on Externally fired gas turbines:- High temperature heat exchangers- topping combustion- furnace- system optimization

Exter

nally

fire

d

gas tu

rbin

e

R&D on Closed cycles:- system optimization- economic analysis- integration with other systems

Close

d cyc

leGas

turb

ine

Evaporative Gas Turbine

Combined Cycles

Kalina Cycles:- cycle optimization- properties of ammonia-water mixture

R&D on EvGT- System analysis and optimization - water recovery- air/water properties- transport characteristics

©J. Yan

Electricity Generation Electricity Generation - large contributes to environmental pollution- large contributes to environmental pollution

StrategiesStrategies Increase efficiencyIncrease efficiency Reduce emissionsReduce emissions Shift to alternative Shift to alternative

fuelsfuels

Coal fired steam turbine plants

Natural gas fired combined cycle

©J. Yan

ChallengesChallenges

Nature

Human Society

Resource, Resource, Resource

- Reflection by the forgotten Nature

Nature

• Shortage of resources• Environmental impacts:

particulate pollution,SOx, NOx, CO2

Service, service, service

©J. Yan

Technology + Technology + Take care of NatureTake care of Nature

Solution: Sustainable developmentSolution: Sustainable development

Nature

HumanSociety

Nature

HumanSociety

Nature

HumanSociety

©J. Yan

Schematic of Biomass and Coal Co-fired Schematic of Biomass and Coal Co-fired EFCC with Externally Heated EFCC with Externally Heated

Gasification for Topping CombustionGasification for Topping Combustion

MediumBtu gas

coalAir

Furnace

Gas TurbineSteamTurbine

Flue gas

Moisturebiomass

Externallyheatedgasifier

Cleanupsystem

©J. Yan

Externally Fired Combined Cycle

Externally Fired Humid Air Turbine

N-gas(optional)

Solid fuelAir

Furnace

Gas Turbine

SteamTurbine

Flue gas

N-gas(optional)

Solid fuel

Air

Furnace

Gas Turbine Humidifier

AfterCooler

Water

Recuperator

Eco

©J. Yan

EFHAT System ConfigurationEFHAT System Configuration

compressor

turbine

generator

air top combustornatural gas

combustorsolid fuel

high temperatureheat exchanger

recuperator

make-upwater

GAS TURBINE SUBSYSTEM

HEAT RECOVERY SUBSYSTEM

SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION SUBSYSTEM

humidifiercombustion air

humid airheat exchanger

preheatereconomizer

flue gasfrom gas turbine

flue gas from solid fuel combustor

preheater

aftercooler

inter-cooler

condensingheat exchangers

district heat network

©J. Yan

Externally Fired Combined Cycle Performancebased on 14 references

20

30

40

50

60

700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

Efficiency based on HHV Efficiency based on LHV

metallic ceramic

Ele

ctri

cal

Eff

icie

ncy

Inlet Temperature of Gas Turbine

©J. Yan

Externally Fired Evaporative Turbine Performance based on 9 references

20

30

40

50

60

700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

Inlet Temperature of Gas Turbine

Ele

ctr

ica

l Eff

icie

nc

y

Efficiency based on HHV Efficiency based on LHV

metallic ceramic

©J. Yan

Features of Biomass Air Turbine (BAT?) Features of Biomass Air Turbine (BAT?) CycleCycle

with Topping Combustion by with Topping Combustion by GasificationGasification

High efficiencyHigh efficiency– Topping combustion increases air temperature to the TIT of modern GTs.Topping combustion increases air temperature to the TIT of modern GTs.

Low costLow cost– Metallic HTHx working at moderate temp.Metallic HTHx working at moderate temp.– Small gasifier compared to IGCC.Small gasifier compared to IGCC.– Using existing proven technologies, boiler at atmospheric pressure, gas Using existing proven technologies, boiler at atmospheric pressure, gas

turbine.turbine.

Technical featuresTechnical features– Clean working fluid in gas turbine path.Clean working fluid in gas turbine path.– Less volume-flow to turbine which means no/less modification needed for Less volume-flow to turbine which means no/less modification needed for

gas turbine design compared to IGCC.gas turbine design compared to IGCC. Low emissionsLow emissions

– Possible to use CFB with reduction of SOx and NOx.Possible to use CFB with reduction of SOx and NOx.– High preheated air combustion in topping combustor to reduce NOx.High preheated air combustion in topping combustor to reduce NOx.

©J. Yan

Studies on EFHATStudies on EFHAT

EFHAT

Parameters Analysis

Subsystem Investigation

Case StudyHeat Recovery

System

©J. Yan

OutlineOutline History of Power GenerationHistory of Power Generation Current Market and R&D Driving Current Market and R&D Driving

Forces - ChallengeForces - Challenge State-of-Art of Gas TurbinesState-of-Art of Gas Turbines R&D of Gas Turbine CyclesR&D of Gas Turbine Cycles

- Chance- Chance The Marriage of Gas Turbine and The Marriage of Gas Turbine and

Solid Fuels (Coal and Biomass)Solid Fuels (Coal and Biomass)

© J. Yan-1999-11 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Generation Technologies Jinyue Yan Luleå University of...

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