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Transcript of “ Inventing the Future ” & Basic Electronics Storytelling alternatives Triggers of innovation...
“Inventing the Future” & Basic Electronics
• Storytelling alternatives
• Triggers of innovation
• Communications and rate of change
• Power = voltage x current
• AC vs DC
• Transformer
• Vacuum tubes
• Solid state electronics
Burk’s Eight Primary Technological Developments
• Nuclear power
• Telecommunications
• Computer
• Assembly line
• Jet engine/Air Transport
• Plastics/Synthetic polymers
• Liquid fuel rockets
• Television
Storytelling Alternatives
• Heroic treatment of history
• Thematic treatment of history
• Periodic treatment of history
Heroic Treatment of History
• Assesses history based on special persons– However, no individual is
responsible for an invention.
– Denies involvement of humbler members of society whose contributions made the inventor successful.
Thematic Treatment of History
• Based on subjects such as computers, telecommunication, etc.
• However, this neglects the interrelation of different subjects.
• Naively implies a degree of foreknowledge.
Periodic Treatment of History
• Chronological approach to history based on definite time periods
• Oversimplified
• Developments do not normally occur in linear fashion.
Triggers of Innovation
• Deliberate attempts
• Unexpected discovery
• Unrelated developments
• War and Religion
• Accidents & unforeseen circumstances
• Weather
Deliberate attempts to develop
• Soc. For the Encouragement of Nat’l Ind.
• The electric light bulb
• Kinetoscope
• Von Linde’s refrigeration system
Unexpected discovery through experimentation
• Looking for one thing and finding something new.
• Perkin’s synthetic dye or Guericke’s electricity
• Oersted’s unexpected electromagnet
• Moissan’s calcium carbide fertilizer, acetylene
Unrelated Developments (“Connections”)
• New technology from old technology
• Pegged cylinder Bouchon’s perforated paper programming the computer
• Weaving tech. cheap linen paper
• Wilson’s cloud chamber splitting the atom
War and Religion
• Cannon Defensive Architecture, map making
• The need for timely praying alarm clock
Accidents & Unforeseen Circumstances
• Decline of acetylene market cheap fertilizer
• Explosion of the Earl’s coal kiln coal gas
• Compass needle from China magnetism
• Failure to pump mines barometer
Physical and Climate Conditions
• “Little Ice Age” chimney
• malaria ice making machine
• Reclamation of Europe modern plough
Summarizing
• No inventor works alone
• Rate of technology change is proportional to rate of information exchange (communication)– Medieval Ind. Revolution
– 16th century specialization/democratization of knowledge via printing press
– 19th century telecommunications
– 20th century digital telecommunications
Burke’s Alternatives to Cope with Increasing Rate
of Change?• Scrap all technology and go rural.
• Selective research only.
• Stop R&D and share out existing technology
• Keep going the way have.
Stop, scrap advanced technology – “Go Rural.”
• Many would not survive.
• This scenario is highly unlikely.
• USA’s technology developments are most responsible for its wealth and world leadership.
Selective research only
• Assess science and technology strictly according to it societal worth.
• Curtail other “unworthy” research.– Who decides where to focus efforts?
• Nevertheless, governments do provide some tax incentives & subsidies to selectively stimulate development.
Share out existing technology to 3rd world countries.
• Produce more durable goods & less planned obsolescence. – How do you convince the haves that they have
had enough?
– Who’s going to pay for this transfer?
• This does go on where private industry seeks advantage to sharing technology.– Investments into China, India, E. Europe, etc.
Alternating Current vs. Direct
• Alternating current (AC) is generated at the power plant– USA voltage fluctuates 60 cycles per
second (hertz) between + & - extremes as a sine wave. Europe 50 hertz.
• Direct current (DC) comes from a battery, fuel cell or solar cell and does not fluctuate.
Why AC & Not DC
• Large electrical generators happen to generate AC.
• Transformers must have AC to work.
• Its easy to change AC to DC but difficult and costly to change DC to AC.
Electricity• Power = current x voltage
watts = amps x volts
• Using the analogy of a garden hose: – Voltage is like the water
pressure
– Current is like the amount of water delivered.
•Resistance (ohms) = volts/amps–Resistance is inversely proportional to the hose or wire diameter.
Advantages of High Voltage• Powerloss = resistance x current2
– Since voltage and current are inversely proportional high voltage gets lower current thus less power loss through the power grid.
• AC has the advantage over DC in that its voltage and current are easily modified with little power loss.
Transformer• Increases or decreases alternating current
• Transmission of high voltage AC results in lower power loss than low voltage.
• With a transformer AC voltage can be increased/decreased with < 1% power loss
• Power = current x voltage
• Combination of Oersted and Faraday effect.
• # coil turns is proportional to magnetic field & volts
AC Transformer
Vin x Nout/Nin = Vout
110v x 10/5 = 220v
220v x 5/10 = 110v
Now flowing in the opposite direction
Westinghouse vs. Edison
• Tesla argued for AC power grid.
• Edison argued for DC power grid.– Electrocuted animals with
AC to demonstrate its dangers.
– Triggered the electric chair
• Tesla/Westinghouse won.
Vacuum Tube• Aka Thermionic Valves
• Two electrodes (diode) control flow of current.– Hot cathode, emits electrons
– Anode, accepts electrons
• Three electrode tube is triode.– Used as electrode switch or
amplifier in radios.
• Third electrode in triode is a grid controlling electron flow to the anode.
Rectifier
• Allows current flow in one direction only.
• Diode used to convert AC to DC.
• Diode used to filter out carrier signal in radio transmissions.
Transistor• Solid state switch. Replaced most
vacuum tubes in the 1960s.
• Boron or Arsenic doped Silicon or Germanium junctions.
• Smaller, lighter, rugged, longer life, more efficient and cheaper than vacuum tubes.
• Ultimately replaced by the Integrated Circuit (IC).
• Making an IC
Silicon• Silicon comprises about
15% of our planet Earth.
• Normally found as silicates.
• It is a metaloid element exhibiting some metalic and some nonmetallic qualities.
• Si has 4 valence electrons like Carbon and other elements in its group.
Solid State Diodes• Silicon can be doped with
other elements to affect it conductivity.
• P and As have an extra valence electron while Boron has a vacant valence orbital.
• Current will flow from N side to the P side not the reverse.
• N side is cathode and P side is anode.
Arsenic doped side is electron rich
Boron doped side is electron deficient
In reverse biased no current flows
Moore’s Law
• Gordon Moore (Intel) stated in 1965 that the number of transistors on a chip could double every 24 months.
• Since then his statement has become the benchmark for the industry.
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• These are solid state lights.
• Electrons from the higher energy N side drop at the junction to lower energy p side.
• Giving off the energy as light particles (photons).
Lasers
• "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”
• Emits light with spatial coherence
• Semiconductor lasers
Fossil Fuels
• Petroleum, coal and gas. The U.S. is very dependant these fuel sources.
• Coal comes from anaerobic decomposition of plant material
• Petroleum (oil) comes from anaerobic decomposition of marine life.
• Natural gas comes from both.
Acid Rain
• Industrial production of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides beyond the levels which nature can consume is pollution.
• Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the air. These kill plants and fresh water marine animals.
What you should know
• Major technological developments according to Burke
• The six triggers of innovation and examples of each.
• Explain why rate of innovation is proportional to rate of information exchange.
• What are Burke’s ideas to cope with the increasing rate technology change.
• #2
• #7-13
• #14 information exchange is directly proportional to innovation.
• #15-19
What you should know• How a transformer works
• 1000 volts and 2 amps enters a transformer with 10 coils and exits with 20 coils. What is the exit voltage and amperage? How does the wattage change?
• What does a diode do and how does it work? Explain the vacuum tube and transistor.
• Explain what a triode is, how it works and what it may be used for in electronic equipment.
• #26-28
• #26-28
• #30-35
• #30 & 32
What you should know
• What is the difference between direct and alternating current?
• Why AC, not DC is used to transmit electricity over high voltage lines.
• What is Acid Rain?
• Which side of the LED may be doped with phosphorus?
• #33 and lecture notes. AC is double polarity (sine wave) and DC is one polarity.
• AC voltage exits the generator and its voltage is easily and efficiently changed.
• #40
• The N side #36