~ Integrative Model of Instruction~ Melissa Buelow Mitchell [email protected] [email protected] The...

~~Integrative Model of Instruction~Integrative Model of Instruction~Melissa Buelow Mitchell Melissa Buelow Mitchell

[email protected]@gwu.edu

The Formation of American The Formation of American Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Federalists versus Anti-FederalistsFederalists versus Anti-Federalists

The Multiple Benefits of the The Multiple Benefits of the Integrative Model of InstructionIntegrative Model of Instruction

Instruction other than a traditional lecture format. The four Instruction other than a traditional lecture format. The four phases of the Integrative Model, an example of pedagogical phases of the Integrative Model, an example of pedagogical content knowledge, was used to develop an interactive lesson content knowledge, was used to develop an interactive lesson entitled entitled The Formation of American Political Parties: The Formation of American Political Parties: Federalist versus Anti-federalistFederalist versus Anti-federalist. .

Content knowledge essential for teaching the origins of the Content knowledge essential for teaching the origins of the American political parties to high school history students is American political parties to high school history students is integrated and enhanced with the use of technology and integrated and enhanced with the use of technology and popular media including video excerpts from the HBO series popular media including video excerpts from the HBO series John Adams John Adams and The History Channel’s series and The History Channel’s series Founding Founding Fathers.Fathers.

The Integrative ModelThe Integrative Model

Help students develop a deep understanding of Help students develop a deep understanding of organized bodies of knowledge with the use of organized bodies of knowledge with the use of multiple resourcesmultiple resources (PowerPoint, videos, (PowerPoint, videos, matrix, use of questions)matrix, use of questions)

Organized bodies of knowledgeOrganized bodies of knowledge – Topics – Topics (Formation of Political Parties) that combine (Formation of Political Parties) that combine facts, concepts, generalizations, and the facts, concepts, generalizations, and the relationship among themrelationship among them

The Integrative ModelThe Integrative Model

Develop students’ critical thinking skills Develop students’ critical thinking skills because this model requires practice in:because this model requires practice in:– Finding patternsFinding patterns– Forming explanationsForming explanations– HypothesizingHypothesizing– GeneralizingGeneralizing– Documenting findings with evidenceDocumenting findings with evidence

Implementing the Integrative ModelImplementing the Integrative Model

The development and organization of The development and organization of questions is an integral skill while questions is an integral skill while implementing the Integrative Modelimplementing the Integrative Model

Phases of the Integrative Model:Phases of the Integrative Model:– IntroductionIntroduction– Open-ended PhaseOpen-ended Phase– Causal PhaseCausal Phase– Hypothetical PhaseHypothetical Phase– Closure & ApplicationClosure & Application


Introduction: includes clear Introduction: includes clear communication of the lesson activity and communication of the lesson activity and how students will use the datahow students will use the data

Open-ended phase: learners describe Open-ended phase: learners describe what is represented in the display, and are what is represented in the display, and are led to make comparisons and search for led to make comparisons and search for patternspatterns


Causal phase: learners explain Causal phase: learners explain similarities and differences identified similarities and differences identified in open-ended phase (critical in open-ended phase (critical thinking begins)thinking begins)


Hypothetical phase: learners hypothesize Hypothetical phase: learners hypothesize outcomes for different conditions (“what outcomes for different conditions (“what if”)if”)

Closure and Application: learners Closure and Application: learners generalize to form broad relationshipsgeneralize to form broad relationships

The lesson: The lesson: The Formation of American Political The Formation of American Political Parties: Federalist versus Anti-federalistParties: Federalist versus Anti-federalist

Introduction: Introduction: “Today we are going to integrate multiple “Today we are going to integrate multiple representations of data presented with movie excerpts representations of data presented with movie excerpts from the HBO John Adams series and The History from the HBO John Adams series and The History Channel’s series Founding Fathers. The purpose of Channel’s series Founding Fathers. The purpose of this activity is to help us better understand the this activity is to help us better understand the formation of the national government and political formation of the national government and political parties in the United States. For example, we will use parties in the United States. For example, we will use evidence from a video to identify the relationship evidence from a video to identify the relationship between Thomas Jefferson’s personal experiences between Thomas Jefferson’s personal experiences and the emergence of his political beliefs.”and the emergence of his political beliefs.”

Facts and Events at the Conclusion of the Facts and Events at the Conclusion of the American Revolutionary WarAmerican Revolutionary War

The French alliance and the Battle of Yorktown, October, The French alliance and the Battle of Yorktown, October, 1781;1781;

The Continental Congress and The Articles of The Continental Congress and The Articles of Confederation ratification, 1781;Confederation ratification, 1781;

The Treaty of Paris with Great Britain ending the war, The Treaty of Paris with Great Britain ending the war, September 1783; September 1783;

George Washington resigns as Commander-in-Chief of the George Washington resigns as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army before Congress, December 1783; Continental Army before Congress, December 1783;

Thomas Jefferson is assigned Minister to France to replace Thomas Jefferson is assigned Minister to France to replace Franklin, 1785; and Franklin, 1785; and

John Adams is assigned Minister to Great Britain, 1785.John Adams is assigned Minister to Great Britain, 1785.

Moving Towards a New Constitution and Moving Towards a New Constitution and GovernmentGovernment

Continental Congress – lack of authority to Continental Congress – lack of authority to regulate interstate trade, draft troops, and raise regulate interstate trade, draft troops, and raise revenue through taxation;revenue through taxation;

Debts to soldiers and foreign countries;Debts to soldiers and foreign countries; 1786-1787 – anti-tax rebellions; and 1786-1787 – anti-tax rebellions; and May-September 1787 – Constitutional May-September 1787 – Constitutional

Convention, Philadelphia. Convention, Philadelphia.

Video Excerpt #1 – Video Excerpt #1 – John AdamsJohn Adams Series Series

The video presents content pertinent to events leading to the The video presents content pertinent to events leading to the establishment of a new American government. The video establishment of a new American government. The video portrays John Adams and Thomas Jefferson’s opposing views portrays John Adams and Thomas Jefferson’s opposing views regarding the purpose and role of a new Constitution prior to regarding the purpose and role of a new Constitution prior to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787

Based on evidence from the video, what are John Adam’s Based on evidence from the video, what are John Adam’s views regarding the role of a new Constitution?views regarding the role of a new Constitution?

Based on evidence from the video, what are Thomas Based on evidence from the video, what are Thomas Jefferson’s views regarding the role of a new Constitution?Jefferson’s views regarding the role of a new Constitution?

How do Adams and Jefferson’s comments reflect opposing How do Adams and Jefferson’s comments reflect opposing views regarding the purpose and role of a new Constitution views regarding the purpose and role of a new Constitution prior to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787?prior to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787?

New Government is CreatedNew Government is Created

The Convention of 1787 in The Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia - a new Philadelphia - a new Constitution is written Constitution is written outlining the organization of outlining the organization of a newly formed a newly formed government; government;

1789 - George Washington 1789 - George Washington is elected the first President is elected the first President of the United States and of the United States and establishes a new cabinet.establishes a new cabinet.

Secretary of State Secretary of TreasurySecretary of State Secretary of Treasury

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of War Attorney GeneralSecretary of War Attorney General

Henry KnoxHenry Knox Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph

Video Excerpt #2 – Thomas JeffersonVideo Excerpt #2 – Thomas Jefferson

Into what environment and social class was he born? Into what environment and social class was he born? What role did his parents play in his childhood?What role did his parents play in his childhood?

Describe Jefferson’s personality and intellect. Describe Jefferson’s personality and intellect. What kind of education did he receive?What kind of education did he receive? What was his perspective of women and marriage?What was his perspective of women and marriage? What was Jefferson’s major contribution(s) during What was Jefferson’s major contribution(s) during

the Revolutionary War?the Revolutionary War? How did his peers in the Continental Congress treat How did his peers in the Continental Congress treat

him? What was his physical and emotional response him? What was his physical and emotional response to disagreement or discord?to disagreement or discord?

What is his view of slavery?What is his view of slavery?

Video Excerpt #3 – Alexander Video Excerpt #3 – Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Into what environment and social class was he born? Into what environment and social class was he born? What role did his parents play in his childhood?What role did his parents play in his childhood?

Describe Hamilton’s personality and intellect. Describe Hamilton’s personality and intellect. What kind of education did he receive?What kind of education did he receive? What was his perspective of women and marriage?What was his perspective of women and marriage? What was Hamilton’s major contribution(s) during What was Hamilton’s major contribution(s) during

the Revolutionary War?the Revolutionary War? How did Hamilton’s peers perceive him? What was How did Hamilton’s peers perceive him? What was

his response to disagreement or conflict?his response to disagreement or conflict?

Video Excerpt #4 – Video Excerpt #4 – John AdamsJohn Adams Series Series

The video portrays the disagreement that begins to surface within The video portrays the disagreement that begins to surface within Washington’s first cabinet regarding domestic and economic policy, Washington’s first cabinet regarding domestic and economic policy, underscored by differences in political theory.underscored by differences in political theory.

What economic policy does Alexander Hamilton propose?What economic policy does Alexander Hamilton propose? What is Thomas Jefferson’s chief concern with Alexander What is Thomas Jefferson’s chief concern with Alexander

Hamilton’s economic policy? How might Jefferson’s background Hamilton’s economic policy? How might Jefferson’s background shape his economic beliefs?shape his economic beliefs?

Does Hamilton propose more power in the national government or Does Hamilton propose more power in the national government or with the states? How might Hamilton’s background shape his with the states? How might Hamilton’s background shape his economic beliefs?economic beliefs?

If Thomas Jefferson was not a wealthy Southern land owner, how If Thomas Jefferson was not a wealthy Southern land owner, how might his economic policies be different? might his economic policies be different?

If Alexander Hamilton had been introduced to an occupation other If Alexander Hamilton had been introduced to an occupation other than trade and commerce as a young man, how might his economic than trade and commerce as a young man, how might his economic policies be different?policies be different?

Video Excerpt #5 – Foreign PolicyVideo Excerpt #5 – Foreign Policy The video portrays essential content about foreign policy matters The video portrays essential content about foreign policy matters

and the dissention that arises between Thomas Jefferson and and the dissention that arises between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton and their respective views of government.Alexander Hamilton and their respective views of government.

Which European countries are at war during this time?Which European countries are at war during this time? What is George Washington’s foreign policy proposal?What is George Washington’s foreign policy proposal? Which post did Thomas Jefferson previously hold before accepting Which post did Thomas Jefferson previously hold before accepting

Secretary of State? How does this shape Jefferson’s foreign policy?Secretary of State? How does this shape Jefferson’s foreign policy? Which European country does Alexander Hamilton support and how Which European country does Alexander Hamilton support and how

does his background contribute to his European alliance? does his background contribute to his European alliance? If Thomas Jefferson had been selected as minister to England If Thomas Jefferson had been selected as minister to England

instead of France, do you think his foreign policy views would be instead of France, do you think his foreign policy views would be pro-British?pro-British?

How might foreign policy have been different if Great Britain and How might foreign policy have been different if Great Britain and France were not at war?France were not at war?

Ratification of Constitution

Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Leaders Supporters

Federalists Alexander Hamilton

John Adams

James Madison

Strong National Government, checks and balances on three branches of government

Pro-National bank to assume all state and national debts

Foster industry on a national scale

Pro-trade and pro-industry; tariffs and taxes to support American industries

Pro-Britain Alexander Hamilton

John Adams

Bankers, merchants, Northeast

Anti-Federalists

Thomas Jefferson

Patrick Henry

Strong local (state governments) with limited National authority

Anti-National bank (unconstitutional)

Pro-agrarian; a nation of small yeoman farmers independent of government (no taxes)

Pro-France Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

James Monroe

Farmers, frontier settlers, artisans

Relationships and GeneralizationsRelationships and Generalizations

How might the differences in Jefferson and Hamilton’s backgrounds How might the differences in Jefferson and Hamilton’s backgrounds influence their views of the role of government?influence their views of the role of government?

Which founding father thought the new national government should be Which founding father thought the new national government should be central? Limited?central? Limited?

How might one account for the geographic pattern of Jefferson and How might one account for the geographic pattern of Jefferson and Hamilton’s support?Hamilton’s support?

Whose domestic and economic policies did Washington rely on more Whose domestic and economic policies did Washington rely on more heavily? What past events account for this relationship?heavily? What past events account for this relationship?

Do you believe political parties would have formed if Hamilton and Do you believe political parties would have formed if Hamilton and Jefferson were absent from Washington’s cabinet? Why or why not?Jefferson were absent from Washington’s cabinet? Why or why not?

What political theories of Hamilton and Jefferson survive in today’s What political theories of Hamilton and Jefferson survive in today’s political theories and policies and relate to our current two-party political theories and policies and relate to our current two-party system?system?

Application of the Integrative ModelApplication of the Integrative Model

Introduction: includes clear communication of the Introduction: includes clear communication of the lesson activity and how students will use the data:lesson activity and how students will use the data:– ““Today we are going to integrate multiple representations Today we are going to integrate multiple representations

of data presented with movie excerpts from the HBO John of data presented with movie excerpts from the HBO John Adams series and The History Channel’s series Founding Adams series and The History Channel’s series Founding Fathers. The purpose of this activity is to help us better Fathers. The purpose of this activity is to help us better understand the formation of the national government and understand the formation of the national government and political parties in the United States. For example, we will political parties in the United States. For example, we will use evidence from a video to identify the relationship use evidence from a video to identify the relationship between Thomas Jefferson’s personal experiences and the between Thomas Jefferson’s personal experiences and the emergence of his political beliefs.”emergence of his political beliefs.”


Open-ended phase: learners describe what is Open-ended phase: learners describe what is represented in the display and are led to make represented in the display and are led to make comparisons and search for patterns.comparisons and search for patterns.– Based on evidence from the video, what are John Adam’s Based on evidence from the video, what are John Adam’s

views regarding the role of a new Constitution?views regarding the role of a new Constitution?– Based on evidence from the video, what are Alexander Based on evidence from the video, what are Alexander

Hamilton’s views regarding the role of a new Hamilton’s views regarding the role of a new Constitution?Constitution?

– Describe Jefferson’s personality and intellect.Describe Jefferson’s personality and intellect.– What economic policy does Alexander Hamilton What economic policy does Alexander Hamilton

propose?propose?


Causal phase: learners explain similarities and Causal phase: learners explain similarities and differences identified in open-ended phase (critical differences identified in open-ended phase (critical thinking begins)thinking begins)– What is Thomas Jefferson’s chief concern with What is Thomas Jefferson’s chief concern with

Alexander Hamilton’s economic policy? How might Alexander Hamilton’s economic policy? How might Jefferson’s background shape his economic beliefs?Jefferson’s background shape his economic beliefs?

– Does Hamilton propose more power in the national Does Hamilton propose more power in the national government or with the states? How might Hamilton’s government or with the states? How might Hamilton’s background shape his economic beliefs?background shape his economic beliefs?

Implementing an Integrative ModelImplementing an Integrative Model

Hypothetical phase: learners hypothesize outcomes Hypothetical phase: learners hypothesize outcomes for different conditions (“what if”)for different conditions (“what if”)– Do you believe political parties would have formed if Do you believe political parties would have formed if

Hamilton and Jefferson were absent from Hamilton and Jefferson were absent from Washington’s cabinet? Why or why not?Washington’s cabinet? Why or why not?

– How might foreign policy have been different if Great How might foreign policy have been different if Great Britain and France were not at war?Britain and France were not at war?

Closure and Application: learners generalize to form Closure and Application: learners generalize to form broad relationshipsbroad relationships– What political theories of Hamilton and Jefferson What political theories of Hamilton and Jefferson

survive in today’s political theories and policies and survive in today’s political theories and policies and relate to our current two party system?relate to our current two party system?

Video ExcerptsVideo Excerpts

1.1. HBO’s HBO’s John AdamsJohn Adams series (Disc 2, Part IV – series (Disc 2, Part IV – Reunion, 25:23-28:58 min) Reunion, 25:23-28:58 min)

2.2. The History Channel’s series The History Channel’s series Founding Fathers Founding Fathers (Volume 2: Chapter 3: 3:20-13:17)(Volume 2: Chapter 3: 3:20-13:17)

3.3. The History Channel’s series The History Channel’s series Founding Fathers Founding Fathers (Volume 2: Chapter 5: 26:16-33:24)(Volume 2: Chapter 5: 26:16-33:24)

4.4. HBO’s HBO’s John AdamsJohn Adams series (Disc 2: Part IV: 8:47- series (Disc 2: Part IV: 8:47-13:19)13:19)

5.5. HBO’sHBO’s John Adams John Adams series (Disc 2: Part IV: 30:12- series (Disc 2: Part IV: 30:12-34:00)34:00)Melissa Buelow Mitchell Melissa Buelow Mitchell [email protected]@gwu.edu

~ Integrative Model of Instruction~ Melissa Buelow Mitchell [email protected] [email protected] The...

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