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“Indeed, … coal
is the worst form of power generation,
Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science
Director, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering
Washington University in St. Louis
democracy
Government
(Winston Churchill)
except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
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“Indeed, … coal
is the worst form of power generation,
Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science
Director, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering
Washington University in St. Louis
except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
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Carnot, the father of Thermodynamics and his Prediction in France, 1824
From: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT AND ON MACHINES FITTED TO DEVELOP THAT POWER
Nature in providing us with combustibles on all sides has given us the power to produce at all times and in all places heat and the impelling power which is the result of it. To develop this power to appropriate it to our uses is the object of heat engines. The study of these engines is of the greatest interest their importance is enormous their use is continually increasing and they seem destined to produce a great revolution in the civilized world.
It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor and be substituted for animal power, waterfalls and air currents. Over the first of these motors it has the advantage of economy over the two others the inestimable advantage that it can be used at all times and places without interruption.
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Hans Rosling
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Hans Rosling
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Hans Rosling
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Hans Rosling
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Hans Rosling
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Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution
Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay
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Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution
On the plus side folks, we will be landing way ahead of schedule
touque.ca cartoonstock.com
Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay
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World Energy in 2010
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Worldwide energy consumption
Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2008)
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Worldwide Electricity Generation
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Coal Production (Mt)
International Energy Agency 2011
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Proposed coal-fired plants
World Resources Institute (Nov. 2012)
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India – the Challenge
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Over 400 new coal fired plants are being planned for India to elevate them out of
poverty…
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Very Rapid Growth in Wind and Solar since 2010!
By 2030Wind: 1500 TWhSolar: 250 TWh
Energy Information Agency 2012
World Renewable Electricity Generation (TWh)
But by 2030: total production will increase from 21,400 TWh to 33,000 TWh
Wind: 4.5%Solar: <1%
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The Moving Target
World Electricity Generation
International Energy Agency 2011
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Sources: ACI, MSHA
• Rapid increases in CO2
emissions in Asia
• China is now the largest emitter of CO2
• The developing world has surpassed the OECD nations in total emissions.
• Global solutions are needed to address climate change.
CO2 Emission Trends(in giga-tonnes of CO2)
The Carbon Dioxide Issue
Non-OECD
China
OECD
United States
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The Four Requirements for World Energy
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Energy Solution: A portfolio of options
Conflict-free (Avoid the have-and-have-nots of oil)
Affordable
Reliable
Environmental Sustainable
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Natural gas in invaluable for:
• Heating• Cooking• Hot water• Industrial processes• Peak power generation
And fracking has unleashed enormous reserves of natural gas, but…
Challenges in understanding energy…Natural Gas
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Yes, it will burn, but aren’t there better uses for natural gas?
And what about:•CO2 emissions and fugitive methane emissions?•the possibility that environmental issues/earthquakes associated with fracking could rapidly curtail supply?
Using natural gas in base-load power plants is like…
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If you were offered a choice, which would you choose?
What if… the ten bills were scattered in this room, and the pennies were scattered around Missouri
Ten $100 bills or a Million Pennies?
Challenges in understanding energy, cont.
ENERGY DENSITY: “A Bird in Hand is worth two in the Bush”
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Challenges in understanding energy, cont.
How much would you pay for them in June? “Timing is Everything”
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from coal
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from solar
*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from wind
*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from coal
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from solar
*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER
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Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from wind
*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER
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Mountain-Top Coal Mining
Orjan F. Ellingvag / Corbis
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AES Laurel Mountain consists of 61 GE 1.6 MW wind turbine generators mounted on 80-meter towers deployed along a 13-mile stretch of Laurel Mountain in West Virginia. An average of about 35 MW.
Mountain-Top Wind Plants
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My Fear…
that in the name of the environment we will inadvertently do things that are ultimately devastating to the environment that we hold so dear.
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Coal Land Use
Source: ACI, Frank Clemente at Penn State
The red dot (6 square miles) depicts the size of the area mined in the PRB each year, which supplies over 40% of America’s coal (20% of the US power)
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The Clean Water Analogy
Unfiltered Missouri River water Clean drinking water
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But what about Carbon Dioxide?Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Image from: http://www.martinfrost.ws/
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U.S. CO2 Storage Sites
US: 1,800-20,000 Gt sequestration potential* 6 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007Global: additional 8,000 Gt ** 27 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007(* DOE CO2 Atlas, **2010 Dooley et al., 2006) (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
http://cdiac.ornl.gov)
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Present U.S. CO2 Sequestration Activities
1. Report: DOE/NETL-402/1312/02-07-08
CO2 stored by EOR:(natural and anthropogenic)
~ 51 MMt/yr
CO2 avoided by using wind and solar for electricity instead of coal
~ 50 MMt/yr
compare to
Currently more than 3,500 miles of CO2 pipeline in place
In perspective…
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Stabilization WedgeNatural Resources Defense Council
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CO2
coal
biomass
CO2
solar
storagebioreactor
liquid fuels
wind
steamturbine
O2oxy-fuel combustor
Conceptual Drawing of a Future Power Plant
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Next Generation Technologies
Net Efficiency:
SPOC process increases the efficiency up to 6 percentage points over conventional oxy-combustion.
Efficiency higher than Current US Average.
a b c
a DOE/NETL #2010/1411 & EIA; b DOE/NETL #2010/1405; c DOE/NETL #2012/1557
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Economic Performance Summary
• 2011 cost basis• CO2 purity meets specifications for enhanced oil recover (EOR)• COE does not include revenue from sale of CO2, or costs for geologic
storage.
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Reflecting on key take home points• Nuclear - Let’s not trade one potential catastrophe for
another• Natural gas - Invaluable… let’s not squander it• Solar and Wind –
• Low energy density - pennies versus dollars• Timing is everything - price of gloves in summer
• The developing world has mouths to feed NOW.• Energy demand is a rapidly moving target• Energy and Climate Change are global problems and
will require global solutions• The are no quick, simple or proven solutions• A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including
coal with CCS• Let’s stop fighting and get to work!
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Key Points to Keep in Mind when Riding the Energy Rollercoaster Coal delivered the promise that Carnot anticipated. Energy needs are growing rapidly, particularly in the
developing country. Any replacement of existing resources has to not just
replace existing capacity but also supply an enormous amount of new capacity.
Coal is arguably the most geopolitically stabilizing energy source there is.
If used correctly, coal can be a clean, secure, reliable source of energy for hundreds of years.
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Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization
SponsorsPeabody Energy Arch Coal Ameren
Approach• Research projects are being supported at Washington University
in collaboration with Partner Universities around the world.
• State-of-the-art clean coal facilities have been established.
• A motivated work force is being educated to address the challenges associated with clean utilization of coal in the 21st century.
Founded in January of 2009, the Consortium is dedicated to addressing the scientific and technological challenges of ensuring that coal can be used in a clean and sustainable manner.
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Advanced Coal & Energy Research Facility
ACERF: 1 MWth capacity Configured for oxy-combustion Full suite of emissions monitoring
Additional Facilities:• Drop tube furnace• 30kW lab-scale test furnace• Fuel/ash characterization