يــشعلا قيفش لاـــهن :ةبلاطلا مسا · ﺃ ﻲﱢﻨ ِﺇ ﻡ ﹸﻜ...

187
ار إقــــــــــــــر الموقع أنا ه أدناه مقدم ةوان العنتي تحمللة اللرسا ا: ت غير الحكوميةلمنظما في اعليادارة الجي على أداء استراتي أثر التفكير ال في التأهية في مجالعامل ال قطاع غزةThe Effect of Strategic Thinking on The Performance of Higher Administration in Nongovernmental Organizations That Work in Rehabilitation in Gaza Strip شارةمت الخاص، باستثناء ما ت جهدي الرسالة إنما هي نتاجذه ا هملت عليه اشتقر بأن ما أنيل درجة ل من قبلنها لم يقدمة ككل، أو أي جزء ملرسالذه ا ن ه ورد، وا إليه حيثما أو لقبدى أية مؤسسة تعليمية أو بحثية أخرىمي أو بحثي ل عل. DECLARATION The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification. لطالب اسم ا ة: ق العشــي نهـــال شفيStudent's name: Ali Mohammed Ali الت ــــ وق ـ ي ــــــ ـ ع: Signature: الت ـ ــــــ ـ اري ــــ خ: 20 / 60 / 3602 Date: 21/04/2013

Transcript of يــشعلا قيفش لاـــهن :ةبلاطلا مسا · ﺃ ﻲﱢﻨ ِﺇ ﻡ ﹸﻜ...

  • :

    The Effect of Strategic Thinking on The Performance of Higher

    Administration in Nongovernmental Organizations That Work in

    Rehabilitation in Gaza Strip

    .

    DECLARATION

    The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification.

    Student's name: Ali Mohammed Ali :

    :Signature :

    :Date 20/60/3602 : 21/04/2013

  • .

    2013 - 1434

  • {

    { ]50: [

  • ..

  • (

    )7: ( " "

    . -

    :

    /

    / /

    .

    / . /

    /

    .

    .

  • .

    . 95 26

    :

    .%79.51 0.05

    . 0.05

    .

    :

    :

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • Abstract

    This study aimed at knowing the effect of strategic thinking on the performance of higher administration in nongovernmental organizations that work in rehabilitation in the Gaza Strip (Applied study). It concerns with reaching recommendations which increase interest in such field, and develop and improve the level of top management to be able to provide distinct services for disabled persons in the Gaza strip. In addition, the study identifies compatibility extent of strategic thinking factors for top management at the targeted organizations and determines reality of current performance of such top management.

    The study employed analytic descriptive method, besides field study through a questionnaire, as a main tool for data collection. The researcher followed comprehensive limitation method for the study target group, which consists of top management represented in board or directors' heads and members, organizations managers and projects managers in 26 nongovernmental organizations work in the rehabilitation sector, and the study sample targeted 95 persons in concern.

    The study reached several Findings, and the most important were:

    Strategic thinking factors are available at top management with 79.51%. There is a statistical relation at level 0.05 between strategic thinking

    factors and the performance level of top management. There are statistical dissimilarities at level 0.05 among averages of

    responses about the effect of strategic thinking on the performance of top management in nongovernmental organizations in Gaza Strip attributed to the level of education.

    The study recommended several recommendations and the most important were:

    The main recommendation is to enhance and support adopting relevant strategic thinking factors by managers of nongovernmental organizations. This will improve the quality of provided services. The study also includes some other recommendation as the following:

    Work on raising awareness of top management about the importance of adopting strategic thinking approach.

    Set effective assessment system to evaluate top management performance.

    Work should match the organization message and goals and inculcate the principle of specialty to avoid competition in obtaining donations.

    Develop specialized training courses about strategic thinking factors for managers and employees of nongovernmental organizations.

  • ................................................................................... .............................................................................

    ........................................................ .....................................................

    ...................................................................... ......................................................................... ........................................................................ .........................................................................

    1

    2 .................................................................................... 4 ..........................................................................

    4 ....................................................................... 5 .......................................................................

    6 ......................................................................... 6 ...........................................................................

    8

    9 ........................ : 10 ....................................................................................

    11 ............................................................. 11 ........................................................

    13 ..................................................... 14 ...............................................................

    16 ........................................................ 18 ............................................

    19 ............................

  • 21 ................................................ : 22 ....................................................................................

    23 ......................................................... 24 ...............................................

    25 ............................................................... 26 ...............................................................

    26 ..................................................... 27 ...............................................................

    28 ................................. 28 ......................................

    29 .................................................................. 31 ..............

    31 ............................................... 32 ....................

    34 ............................................................. 37 ....................... ............... :

    38 .................................................................................... 38 .................................................................................. : 42 ................................................................................ : 45 .................................................................... :

    47 ...................................................................... : 49 .............................................................................. : 53 ...................................................................... : 54 ............................................................... :

    56 ................................................ : 57 ....................................................................................

    57 ........................................................................ 60 .................................................................................

    61 .......................................................................... 61 ...........................................................................

  • 62 ................................................................. 63 ......................................................

    63 ..................................................................... 64 ........................................................ 65 ........................................................

    Criteria Performance Appraisal ........... 67

    68

    69 .................................................................................. 70 ..........................................................

    70 ........................................................... 71 ..........................................

    71 ..................................................... 72 ..............................

    72 .................... 73 ...............................................

    74 .................................................. 76 .....................

    77

    78 ................................................................. : 79 ..................................................................... : 81 .................................................................... : 95 ................................................... :

    97 .......................... :

    99

    100 .................................................................................... 100 .........................................................................

    101 ......................................................................... 101 .......................................................................

  • 102 ............................................................................. 110 ..........................................

    112

    113 .................................................................................... 113 .......................

    117 ...................................................................

    144

    145 ........................................................................... 148 .......................................................................

    149 .................................................................... 150 ....................................................................

    161 .................................................................................

  • 102 -1 104 " " -2 104 "" -3

    " " -4 105

    " " -5

    105

    106 " " -6

    " " -7

    107

    " " -8 107

    " " -9

    108

    109 -10 109 -11 111 -12 113 -13 114 -14 115 -15 115 -16 116 -17 118 "" (.Sig) -18 120 "" (.Sig) -19

    121 " " (.Sig) -20

  • " (.Sig) -21 "

    123

    124 "" (.Sig) -22 126 " " (.Sig) -23

    " (.Sig) -24 128 "

    " (.Sig) -25 129 "

    131 (.Sig) -26

    -27

    132

    -28

    133

    -29

    134

    -30

    135

    -31

    136

    -32

    137

    -33

    137

    -34

    138

    139 " - T" -35 140 " - T" -36 141 " - T" -37 142 " " -38 143 " - T" -39

  • 14 . 1 25 . 2 30 . 3 31 . 4 34 . 5 42 . 6 46 . 7

    1

  • 162 1 163 2 164 3 170 4 171 5

  • 1

    2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    10

    . -

    . -

    . -

    . -

    . -

    . -

  • 2

    :

    .

    .

    .)29 : 2009 (

    .)2 : 2006 (

    ) (

    ." ":

    : ) Lvancevich,et al.,1997( .)27 : 2009 (

    Strategic Planning5 : 2007 ( (.

  • 3

    )177 :1995 ( (Heracleons (1998

    .)37 : 2005 (

    .)62 : 2009 (

    .

    (

    )

    .

    ) 2009( ." "

    " "

    .

    : -1

    -2

  • 4

    -3

    -4

    :

    . ) Bryson )1994

    .

    . (Mintzberg et al., 1998: 71)"

    . (Bryson, 1994) . "

    )69 :2010 (

    :

    :

  • 5

    :

    0.05 -1 :

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 - .

    0.05 -2 (

    ( .)

    :

    : : : :

    . . .

  • 6

    . . . .

    : :

    .

    : :

    -1 .

    -2 .

    -3 .

    -4

    .

    : : -

    .

  • 7

    : -

    .

    : -

    . : -

    .

  • 8

    11 12 13 14 15 16

    17

    . : -

    . : -

    . : -

    . : -

  • 9

    . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -

  • 10

    :

    .

    .)209 : 2008 (

    "

    .)9 : 2011 ( "

    Strategic Management .

    .

    .)191 :2007 (

    .)2 : 2010 (

  • 11

    .

    .)202: 2012 (

    ) (

    ( 2010 : 35(.

    :

    .

    .)35 : 2010 (

    . (.

    2010 : 91(.

    .)141 : 2007 (

    :

    .

  • 12

    .

    . .)37 : 2010 (

    "

    .)6 : 2001 ("

    " ) 19 : 2002(

    . "

    " (Armonstong & jumsaw, 2005: 15) " "

    .

    " )38 : 2010 (

    . " .

    . "

  • 13

    (Wheelen & Hunger, 2012: 14) :

    . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4

    .

    .

    .

    .

    :

    : )203 : 2012 ( Strategic Thinking: :

    .)204-203 : 2012 (

  • 14

    Strategic planning: :

    .)144 : 2010 (

    Strategy Implementation: : : ) (

    ).( -1 . -2 .)155 : 2010 ( -3

    : ) 94 : 2003(

    : .

    4 (Wheelen & Hunger, 212: 14) )20 : 2005( :

    . Environmental Scanning .Strategy Formulation .Implementation Strategy .Control and Evaluation Strategy

    ) 1( .

  • 15

    )David, 2011: 6() 49 : 2007( : .Strategy Formulation .Strategy Implementation .Strategy Evaluation

    )2012 ( )2010 ( :

    : : :

    . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 .)212 : 2012 ( -6

    : :

    :

    . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 .)214 : 2012 ( -6

  • 16

    : :

    ) ( .)156 : 2010 (

    .

    .)214: 2012 ( : . -1 -2

    . . -3

    " ( )2005 ( "

    ,Wheleen & Hunger() David,2011() 2012 () 2010 () 2007 . ) 2012

    :

    : -

    . .)91 : 2010 (

    "

    .)35 : 2009 (

  • 17

    "

    .)2: 2011 (

    : -

    .

    ) 73 : 2005(

    .

    .

    "

    .)2 : 2006 ( "

    ) Tavakoli & Lawton, 2005: 159( .

    . .

  • 18

    :

    ) Lorange & Vancil,1977() Hussey,1982( : . :

    .

    .

    .)86-85 : 2007 (

    ) 16 :2002 (

    .

    .

    .

    . .)108 : 2006 (

    strategizing planning

  • 19

    .)2001 (

    ) ( : ) ( ) (

    ) ( .)211 : 2012 ( ) (

    ) 2002 (

    ) 203 : 2012 ( .

    .

    :

    .

    .)28 : 2007 ( .

    . ) 4- 3 : 2006 (

    "

    " .)41 : 2006 (

  • 20

    .)29 : 2005 (

    .)14 : 2008 (

    ( 2009 : 210(.

    .

    . .

    : ) 2004 (

    . -1 -2

    .

    -3 .

    -4

    .

    .

    .)26 : 2008 (

  • 21

    . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -

  • 22

    :

    .)217 : 2008 (

    ) Kluyver, 2000( .

    1960 1980

    .)10 : 2008 (

    .)69 : 2010 (

    " . "

    . .)4 : 2007 ( "

    ) (

    .)9 : 2009 (

  • 23

    :

    .

    (.

    .)27 : 2009

    "

    "

    " .)20-19 : 2009 (

    .)65: 2007 (

    . .

    .)67 : 2010 (

    ) 2006(

    .

  • 24

    :)30 : 2009 ( ).Analytic( ) Synthesis( - . - . - . -

    :

    .

    .)23 : 2001 ( .)107 : 1998 (

    :

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .)221-220 : 2008 (

  • 25

    : ) Bonn,2005(

    : )2(

    Source: Bonn, I. (2005). Improving Strategic Thinking: A Multilevel Approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26 (5),p 340. Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0143-7739, DOI 10.1108/01437730510607844

    : System Thinking -1

    .)Maccoby,2004: 3( : Creativity -2

    .)22 : 2002 (

    : Vision -3 ) Thomson & Strickland,1995: 41-42(

    ) (

    g

  • 26

    :Hussey, 1993( )Lynch, 2006: 351() 185

    ) 21 : 2006 (

    .

    : :

    -1

    . -2

    .

    -3

    . -4

    .

    -5 .)32 : 2009 (

    : :

    -1 .

    -2 .

  • 27

    . -3 . -4 -5

    .

    -6 .

    -7 .

    -8 .

    -9

    .)63-62 : 2007 (

    :

    .

    Roger" . Kaufman "

    .)72 : 2005 (

    )31- 30 : 2009 ( : ) Strategic Intent (

    .

    .)55 : 2002 (

  • 28

    ) Intelligent Opportunism( )Emerging( )Liedtka, 1998: 123(.

    .)Weiner & Brown, 2006: 179(

    :

    . .

    . :

    .

    .

    .

    : -1

    . -2

    . -3

    . -4

    . -5

    .

  • 29

    -6 .

    -7

    .

    -8

    . -9

    . -10

    .)35-34 : 2008 (

    :

    : - Chandler,1962

    . : - Ansoff, 1965

    .

    - Child,1972 ( )

    . - Porter,1987

    .

    .)74-72 : 2010 (

  • 30

    - O'Shannassy, 1999

    .

    ) (

    . )O'Shannassy, 1999(

    )3(

    Source: O'Shannassy, T. (1999). Strategic Thinking: A continuum of Views and Conceptualisation. RMIT Business. November: 21, 1-30.

    . . . .

    . . .

  • 31

    : . -1 -2

    .

    .)155 : 2010 ( -3

    : ) Garratt et al., 1998: 280( :

    -1 .

    -2 .

    -3 .

    )( -4 )( )(

    )(

    .)4(

    )4(

    Source: Garratt, Bop, (Developing strategic thought), Mc-Graw-Hill Book Company, 1998.

  • 32

    :

    -1 .

    -2 .

    )( -3 .

    -4 .

    . -5 -6

    (Cummings & Wilson , 2004: 105) (Weiner & Brown , 2006: 229).

    :

    .

    ) (

    . .)27 : 2009 (

    : -

    .)1967 ()Khan & Weiner, 1987: 118(.

  • 33

    : Planning Under Uncertainty) O'Connor Multiple Scenarios & Contingency planning) )(

    .)135 : 1990 (

    ) (

    .)Garratt et al., 1998: 29(

    ) Cummings & Wilson, 2004: 40(

    .

    : . - . - . - -

    .)215- 214 :2000 ( : - . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 .)97 : 2010 ( -5

    ) 2012 ( :

    . -1 . -2 . -3

  • 34

    . -4 .)204 : 2012 ( -5

    :

    .

    ) (

    .)277 : 2009 (

    )5(

    ): 2001( : .

  • 35

    : - :) (

    : -1 .

    . : -2

    . .

    . : -3

    .

    : -4 .

    : -

    ) ( :

    : -1 : -

    . .

    . : -

    .

    .)27-26 : 2001 ( : -

    .

  • 36

    . .

    : -2 : -

    . . : - : -

    .)279 : 2009 (

  • 37

    . - .: - .: - . : - . : - .: - . : - . : -

  • 38

    : ( .

    ( ) 1990

    2005 . (

    .)

    ) 2002( ) 2000(

    .

    ) 2006( :

    .

    : )Monnavarian et al., 2011: 65(

    : :

    " .)1 : 2011 ( "

    ) Insight(

    )Gestalt .( .

    .

  • 39

    .)Creative Imagination Strategy ( .)68 : 2011 ( )Strategic Fit( ) (

    : . : -1 : -2

    .

    : -3 (

    2008 : 25(. .)339 : 2010 ( : -4

    : .

    :

    .)16 : 2011 (

    ) 22 : 2003 ( Zhan and( .

    DEchoomeester,2006,p10(

    .

    .)2012 (

  • 40

    ...

    " ".

    .

    .)28 : 2011 (

    .

    . .

    .

    :

    . . : Fluency -1

    ( . .)57 : 2002 ( . )11 : 2004

    : Originality -2 .)119: 2002 (

    .

    .

  • 41

    .)34 33 : 2002 (

    .)29 : 2009 ( ) 2002 ( : Flexability -3

    .)29 : 2009 (

    . (

    . )51: 2002 .)22 : 2010 (

    : -4

    .)33 : 2002 (

    .)29 : 2007 (

    : -5

    .)19 : 2011 ( : -6

    "

    .)22 : 2010 ( "

  • 42

    )6(

    : . . . . . . .)27 : 2002 (

    : : )Hammond(

    .)33 : 2006 (

  • 43

    : )63 : 2007(

    .

    )228 : 2002(

    .

    : Starling

    .)17 : 2004 (

    .)62 : 2002 ( : -

    : : -1

    . : -2

    . : -3

    .

  • 44

    : -4

    . : -5

    .)37 : 2007 ( : -

    : ) wolf( . -1 . -2 . -3 .)81 : 2002 ( -4 : -

    : . -1 . -2 . -3 -4

    . -5

    . -6

    .)95 : 2002 (

  • 45

    .)48-47 : 2010 (

    : : ) visioning(

    )39 : 2009 (

    " )208 :2008 (

    ) ( ) (

    .)49- 48 : 2003 (

    )173 : 2008 (

    .)147-146 : 2008 (" " :

    : -1

    .)Maccoby et al., 2004: 4( -2

    .)145-144 : 2008 ( -3

    .)184 : 2010 ( -4

    .)145-144 : 2008 (

  • 46

    -5

    .)211 : 2008 (

    -6 .)51 :2009 (

    )7(

    . : )" 2004( :

  • 47

    (

    )Maccoby et al., 2004: 4( )

    .)147- 146: 2008 (

    .)11 : 2006 (

    : :

    : : -1

    .)43 2005 (

    : -2

    .)300 : 1995 (

    : -3

    .)43 : 2005 (

  • 48

    . : - . -1 . -2 . -3 .)43 : 2005 ( -4 : - . -1 . -2 . -3 -4

    . Collaborative Strategy : / -

    .)44 : 2005 (

    Avoiding Strategy: -

    .)44 : 2005 (

    Competing Strategy: -

    .)6 : 2004 (

  • 49

    Strategy Compromising: -

    .)272 : 2009 (

    Accommodating Strategy: -

    .

    : :

    " : . )35: ( "

    - .

    .)12 : 2009 (

    .)McDowell, 2009: 11-12(

    ) (

    .)112-111 : 2010 (

  • 50

    .)174 : 2008 (

    )Waters, 2004: 4( )Mark & Ronald, 2009: 2 (

    .

    ) 4 : 2008 (

    .

    " ) 142 : 2010( ) ( (

    ) -) (

    ( " 2012 : 513(.

    : -

    .

    - .

  • 51

    - .)Maccoby et al., 2004: 2(

    " ) ( " " "

    .)148 : 2010 (

    .)22 : 2011 (

    : -

    :

    -1 .

    -2 ) (

    ( )

    .)172 : 2008 ( -3

    .)Oguz, 2002: 1( -4

    .)Water, 2004: 3( : -

    :)26- 23 : 2002 ( :

  • 52

    : * .

    .

    )SWOT.( . : * .

    .

    .

    : * .

    .

    .

    .

    : * . . .

  • 53

    : : ) system thinking (

    )173 : 2008 (

    .)180 : 2010 (

    : )Maccoby, 2001: 2( : -1

    . : -2

    .

    . : -3 .

    : )(Maccoby, 2001: 2 -1

    . -2

    . -3

    .

    :

    .)181 : 2010 (

    .

  • 54

    :)Haines, 2007: 84-85(

    . -1 . -2 -3

    . -4

    . -5

    . ) ( -6

    . . -7

    .)38 : 2008 (

    : :

    .

    : ) Kelley,1998( . -1 . -2 . -3

  • 55

    : : -1

    . . : -2 .)1999 ( -3

    : ) Beyer, 1987( : -1

    . . : -2 . : -3 .)Beyer, 1987( -4

    : . - . - .)1990 ( -

    )Beyer,1987( . : Nickerson ) 1996 (

    :

    -1

    . -2

    . -3

    .

  • 56

    . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -

  • 57

    :

    .

    .

    Job performance

    .)47 : 2010 (

    :

    .)53 : 2004 (

    :

    .)58 : 2004 (

  • 58

    "

    .)189 : 2005 ( "

    ) Bovelols(

    : : -1

    . : -2

    . : -3

    .)41 : 2003 (

    .)403 : 1998 (

    .)87 : 2001 (

    " performance management " :

    .)Armstong, 2001: 467(

  • 59

    " )48 : 2009( ".

    : . - . - . -

    " .)Mondy, Noe & Mondy, 2005: 252("

    ) ( "

    ."

    : : -

    "

    ." : -

    .

    : -

    .

    : -

  • 60

    ( 2006 : 94-95(.

    .)42 : 2011 (

    :

    : . : . : :

    .)32 : 2002 (

    : ) ( ) 97 : 2003 ( :

    . : )(

    . :

    : :

    .

  • 61

    : ) 1994( :

    . :

    . :

    . :

    .)72 : 1994 (

    : :

    : .

    : . :

    .)19-18 : 2010 (

    = .)49 : 2011 ( + +

    :

    : )19 : 2010 ( : Task Performance -1

  • 62

    . )Schmitt & Ingerick, 2001: 8( :Contextual Performance -2

    ) (

    .)Geher, 2004: 223( : Counterproductive Performance -3

    .)Geher, 2004: 223(

    : :

    : - . . . . . : - . . .

  • 63

    : - . . . .

    :

    .

    .)21 : 2010 (

    ) (

    .

    :

    : : -1

    .)103 : 2005 (

    : -2

    .

  • 64

    : -3

    .)104 : 2005 (

    : -4

    .)105 : 2005 (

    : -5 .)38: 2009 (

    : -6

    .) ( : -7

    .)61 : 2009 (

    :

    .)38 : 2009 (

    :)43- 42 : 2012 (

    : Promotions & Transfers

    .

  • 65

    : Supervisors and Managers Evaluation of

    . Providing Realistic information for the decision

    makers : .

    : Wage & Salary Adjustments

    .

    : Yardsticks or Criteria

    . : Counseling

    .

    : Requiring Acquaintance

    . : Discovering Of Training Needs

    .

    :

    )204 : 2003 ( .)38 : 2008 (

  • 66

    : -1

    .

    : -2

    .

    : -3

    .

    : -4

    .

    : -5 .

    : -6

    .

  • 67

    Criteria Performance Appraisal: Performance Standards

    .)39 : 2008 (

    :

    : Validity -1 : .

    .

    .)51 : 2009 (

    : Reliability -2

    . : Discrimination -3

    . : Easiness -4

    . : Accuracy -5

    .)52 : 2009 (

  • 68

    . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . -

  • 69

    :

    .)59 : 2011 (

    .)1 : 2009 (

    .

    .

  • 70

    : )2(

    "

    .)2000 ) 1( ("

    " ) 2009 (

    .)119 : 2009 ("

    .

    International journal of voluntery and(

    non profit organisations, 2002,p217)(.

    .

    :

    )(

    .)50 : 2010 (

  • 71

    :

    : . . . . . . .

    :

    : . -1 . -2 ). ( -3 . -4 -5

    . -6

    .)62-61 : 2006 (

    -7 .

    -8 .

    -9

    .

  • 72

    -10

    . -11

    .

    :

    : :

    1/2000

    . :

    . % 12.7 :

    %94.7 .)80 : 2009 (

    :

    1/2000 13 7

    .

  • 73

    : . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 . -6 -7

    .)81-80 : 2000 (

    :

    ) (

    ) ( :)121-120 : 2009 (

    . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 . -6 . -7 . -8 . -9

  • 74

    :

    )1917 : 2006 (: : - . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5

    : - . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 . -6 . -7

    : - . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4

    : - . -1 -2

    . . -3 . -4

  • 75

    : - . -1 . -2 . -3 : - . -1 . -2 : - . -1 . -2 . -3 : - . -1 . -2 . -3 . -4 . -5 . -6

    .

    (

    .)8 : 2003

  • 76

    .

    : " : "

    (: )2009 - -1

    . .

    .

    -2

    . -3

    .

    -4

    . -5

    .

  • 77

    . - . : - . : - . : - . : - . : -

  • 78

    :

    .

    :

    : : :

    : : :

    ". " : ) 2009( -1

    . 98

    .

    %) 74(

    %. 70

    .

    .

  • 79

    .

    ": )2006( -2

    ".

    .

    86 .

    . .

    . .

    .

    .

    : : ": ) 2003( -1

    ".

    ) 37( :

  • 80

    : : ) 36(

    . ) 365(

    .

    ( )

    . ". ": ) 2003( -2

    ) 50( ) 50(

    .

    .

    ": ) 2001( -3

    ".

  • 81

    .

    ) 18(

    .

    .

    .

    : :

    : ": ) Goldman, 2006( -1 ".

    : ) 36(

    .

    :

    .

    ". ": ) Allio, 2006( -2

    :

  • 82

    . .

    ". : ": )Bonn, 2005( -3

    .

    .

    :

    .

    ": ) Pisapia, et al., 2005( -4 ". :

    ) 38(

    )PSLQ ( )Pisapia's Strategic Leadership Questionnaire( ) 113(

    . :

  • 83

    : ": ) Welch and Lim, 2000( -5 ".

    ) (

    ) 10(

    .

    ) 8( .

    . ". ": ) Linkow, 1999( -6

    . :

    . :

    : ": )Pellegrino, 1996( -7 ".

    ) 254(

  • 84

    .

    :

    .

    : : : :

    ": )2012( -1 ".

    100

    2010

    . %. 82 246 3 300

    .

    .

    ": )2012( -2

    ". 100

    .

  • 85

    200 145 .

    %77.77

    ) ( ( )

    . =0.05

    .

    .

    ": )2012( -3 ."

    - - - ) - - -

    .

    )43( (1290) ) 201(

    446 . SPSS

    .

    .

  • 86

    .

    ": ) 2011( -4

    ."

    ) 74( . ) 52(

    .

    .

    .

    ": ) 2011( -5 ".

    .

    410

    205 SPSS .

    .

    .

  • 87

    .

    .

    .

    ": )2011( -6

    ".

    (

    . )

    94 .

    ) (

    .

    ). (

    .

  • 88

    ": )2010( -7 ".

    .

    . 889 % 13 117

    ( 240 . ).

    .

    .

    - ": ) 2010( -8

    ".

    ) 208 ( . ) 30 (

    . )178( . )94( % 77.5 )138( .SPSS

  • 89

    .

    . .

    ": )2009( -9

    ."

    . )305( . SPSS %)82(

    . .

    . . ) (

    .

    ": )2009( -10 ".

    ) 151( .

  • 90

    .

    %) 80.5(

    %) 58( %.78.57

    .

    .

    : " ) 2008 ( -11

    ".

    ) (

    . . . (234) (1062)

    .

    .

    .

    ". ": )2007( -12

    ) 400(

    .

  • 91

    .

    ": )2006( -13 ".

    (

    ) (

    ) "

    "

    " 118 " " 165 " . . SPSS %" 51.71"

    %" 61 " .

    . %" 55.1 "

    . .

    ": )2003( -14

    ". -

    . .

  • 92

    . . .

    : :

    ": )2011( -1

    ".

    .

    . .

    . .

    ( )

    .

    .

    .

    ": )2005( -2

    )". (

  • 93

    ) ( .

    ). (

    : : 1. Abbas Monnavarian, Gita Farmani, Hajar Yajam,

    (2011),"Strategic thinking in Benetton".

    196 . .

    : 51 210 .

    196 %90 .

    .

    .

    (

    . ) .

    .

    .

  • 94

    2. Kondratenko (2003): "How can systems thinking be used to support rural development decisions in Latvia"

    3 " Latvia"

    Dundaga Dundaga .

    .

    .

  • 95

    : :

    .

    : ) 1

    ) 2009 ( ) 2003 (

    ) 2006 ( ) 2005 ()Bonn,2005 ( )Monnavarian,et al.,2011.(

    ) 2010 ( ) 2009 (

    ).2009 ( ) 2009 (

    .

    ) 2006 ( ) 2009 (

    .

    .

    .

  • 96

    ( : ) 2009 ( ) 2009 ( ) 2010 ( ) 2011

    . ) 2011 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2012 (

    . ) 2011 ( ) 2012 (

    . ) ( ) 2008 ( )2011 (

    . ) 2006 ( ) 2012 () 2011 (

    . ) 2010 ( ) (Kondratenko ,2003 ) 2011 (

    )Bonn,2005 ( . ) 2009 (

    .

    : ) 2

    ( ) 2012 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2012

    ( ) 2009 ( ) 2010 ( ) 2011 () 2007 ( ) 2008 ( ) 2009 ( ) 2009

    ).2011 ( ) 2006 (

    : ) 3

    ) 2011 ( ) 2003 ( ) 2010 (

    ) 2011 (

  • 97

    ) 2010 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2009 ( ) 2011 (

    ( ) 2007 ( ) 2009 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2006

    ) Kondratenko ,2003( ) Monnavarian,at,.el,2011( ) 2005 (

    () 2012 (

    ) 2009 ( ) 2010 ( ) 2011 ( ) 2012 ).2006 (

    : ) 4

    ) 2011 ( ) 2012 ( ) 2012 ()Monnavarian, at,.el,2011 ( )Kondratenko ,2003 ( (

    ).2006 ( ) 2008 ( ) 2009 ( ) 2011 : :

    . ) (

    .

    .

    ) 2006 (

    ) 2009 (

  • 98

    .

    .

  • 99

    18

    . - . - . - . - . - . - . -

  • 100

    :

    .

    .

    .

    :

    .

    : : -1

    . : -2

    : ).Statistical Package for Social Science) SPSS

  • 101

    : .

    ( 95 26 .)4( ) 2013

    30

    . 65

    . 95

    :

    :

    -1 ).3(

    -2 .

    . -3 . -4 .) 69( ) 8( -5 ) 2( ) 10( -6

    . -7

    ).3 ( ) 66(

  • 102

    : "

    ."

    : ( :

    ). : 8 66 : . ) 10( : . ) 6( : .) 7( ) ( : .) 10( :

    .) 9( : .) 5( : .) 7( :

    .) 12( :

    ) 5( ) 1( 5

    :)1(

    )1(

    5 4 3 2 1

    :

    :

  • 103

    : -1 10

    )2(

    ).3( -

    : -2 Internal Validity :

    .

    Structure Validity :

    .

    : Reliability

    . : :

    " " ) 2( =0.05

    .

  • 104

    )2( " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 734. . -1 0.000* 414. . -2 0.000* 646. . -3 0.000* 526. . -4 0.000* 630. . -5 0.000* 684. . -6 0.000* 672. . -7 0.000* 679. . -8 0.000* 570. . -9

    0.000* 697. . -10 .=0.05 *

    " " ) 3 (

    =0.05 .

    )3( ""

    )Sig.( 0.000* 785. . -1 0.000* 844. . -2 0.000* 639. . -3 0.000* 793. . -4 0.000* 778. . -5 0.000* 727. . -6 .=0.05 *

  • 105

    " ) 4( "

    . =0.05

    )4( " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 623. -1 0.000* 563. . -2 0.000* 465. . -3 0.000* 772. . -4 0.000* 844. . -5 0.000* 772. . -6 0.000* 593. . -7 .=0.05 *

    " " ) 5(

    =0.05 .

    )5( " "

    )Sig.(

    0.000* 703. . -1 0.000* 788. . -2 0.000* 786. . -3 0.000* 478. . -4 0.000* 525. . -5 0.000* 392. . -6

  • 106

    0.000* 728. . -7 0.000* 468. . -8 0.000* 504. . -9

    0.000* 716. . -10 .=0.05 *

    " " ) 6( =0.05

    .

    )6( " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 811. . -1 0.000* 721. . -2 0.000* 809. . -3 0.000* 635. . -4 0.000* 756. . -5 0.000* 752. . -6 0.000* 832. . -7 0.000* 877. . -8 0.000* 826. . -9

    .=0.05 *

    " " ) 7(

    =0.05 .

  • 107

    )7( " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 827. . -1 0.000* 852. . -2 0.000* 861. . -3 0.000* 860. . -4

    0.000* 761. . -5 .=0.05 *

    " ) 8( " . =0.05

    )8(

    " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 789. . -1 0.000* 798. . -2 0.000* 801. . -3 0.000* 814. . -4 0.000* 835. . -5 0.000* 843. . -6 ( -7 0.000* 752. . ) .=0.05 *

  • 108

    " ) 9( " =0.05 .

    )9( " "

    )Sig.( 0.000* 629. . -1 0.000* 724. . -2 0.000* 667. . -3 0.000* 753. . -4 0.000* 648. . -5 0.000* 723. . -6 0.000* 493. . -7 0.000* 578. . -8 0.000* 689. . -9

    0.000* 750. . -10 0.000* 808. . -11 0.000* 774. . -12

    .=0.05 *

    Structure Validity :

    .

    )10( =0.05

    .

  • 109

    )10(

    (.Sig)

    0.000* 772. . -1 0.000* 824. . -2 0.000* 755. . -3 0.000* 646. . -4 0.000* 860. . -5 0.000* 803. . -6 0.000* 913. . -7 0.000* 866. . -8 .=0.05 *

    : Reliability

    .

    : :Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient

    ).11(

    )11(

    *

    0.901 0.812 10 . -1 0.924 0.854 6 . -2

  • 110

    0.894 0.799 7 . -3 0.896 0.802 10 . -4 0.960 0.921 9 . -5 0.943 0.889 5 . -6 0.954 0.910 7 . -7 0.945 0.893 12 . -8

    0.983 0.966 66 . = *

    ) 11( ). 0.966 ( ) 0.921 0.799(

    )0.960 0.894( . ) 0.983 (

    . ) 3(

    .

    : Statistical Package

    for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

    :Normality Distribution Test K-S)( Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test -

    ).12(

  • 111

    )12(

    (.Sig) 0.148 . -1 0.127 . -2 0.223 . -3 0.533 . -4 0.095 . -5 0.457 . -6 0.094 . -7 0.106 . -8

    0.886

    (.Sig) ) 12( =0.05

    .

    : : -1

    . K-S( Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test ( -2

    . . )Cronbach's Alpha( -3 : ) Pearson Correlation Coefficient( -4

    . ) T-Test ( T -5

    . 3 .

    ) Independent Samples T-Test ( T -6 .

    ) One Way Analysis of Variance) ANOVA -7 .

  • 112

    . -

    . -

    . -

  • 113

    :

    ( )

    . (SPSS)

    : .

    : -

    )13(

    % 77.9 74 22.1 21

    100.0 95

    % 77.9 ) 13( . % 22.1

    . ) (

    . % 83.4 2011

    % 16.60 . )2011 (

  • 114

    : -

    )14(

    % 8.4 8

    63.2 60 23.2 22 5.3 5 100.0 95

    % 8.4 ) 14(

    % 5.3 % 23.2 % 63.2 .

    % 28.5

    . %64.9 ) 2012(

    %27 %8.1 ) 2009( .

    % 60 % 25.5 ) 2007( . % 14.5

    %8.1 % 50

    . 41.9%

  • 115

    : -

    )15(

    % 10.5 10 30

    31.6 30 40 -30 31.6 30 50 -40

    26.3 25 50 100.0 95

    % 42.1 ) 15(

    % 68 ) 2012( .

    % 32.2 %36.4 50 40 4030 .

    %11.9 50 .

    50 )2012(

    . ) 2012( .

    : -

    )16(

    % 27.4 26 27.4 26 27.4 26

    17.9 17 100.0 95

  • 116

    % 27.4 ) 16( % 17.9

    . .

    . 9

    : -

    )17(

    % 9.5 9 5

    42.1 40 10 -5 18.9 18 15 -10

    29.5 28 15 100.0 95

    % 48.4 ) 17(

    .

    5 5

    ) 2012( )2012( . )2009( ) 2012 (

    . 5

  • 117

    : T(

    ) T .

    ( ) ( :

    :) 3 :

    . ) ( .3 :

    ) SPSS ( )0.05 Sig > 0.05) Sig

    Sig < 0.05) Sig ) (3 )0.05

    )( .)(

    . ) (

    : :

    . : . :

    (=0.05 (Sig.(P-value SPSS (

    =0.05 (Sig.(P-value

    .

  • 118

    : ) " (" -

    T ).18( . 3 ) (

    )18(

    "" (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    2 0.000* 19.72 84.84 4.24 . -1

    10 0.000* 7.04 73.26 3.66 . -2

    4 0.000* 18.28 83.01 4.15 . -3

    1 0.000* 21.35 85.59 4.28 . -4

    6 0.000* 16.73 82.32 4.12 . -5

    3 0.000* 15.41 83.23 4.16 . -6

    5 0.000* 14.73 82.74 4.14 . -7

    9 0.000* 10.52 78.11 3.91 . -8

    8 0.000* 14.81 79.34 3.97 . -9

    7 0.000* 14.75 81.70 4.09 . -10

    0.000* 23.74 81.31 4.07 .=0.05 *

    : ) 18( " -

    %85.59 ) 5 (4.28 " 0.000 )Sig(. 21.35

  • 119

    =0.05 3 ) (

    . " -

    %73.26 3.66 " 0.000 )Sig(. 7.04

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

    4.07 - 0.000 )Sig(. 23.74 %81.31

    =0.05 " " 3 ) (

    .

    .

    ) 2011 (

    ) 2010 ( .

    % 70 ) 2009 (

    ) 2002 ( .

    :"" - T

    .)19( . 3 ) (

  • 120

    )19( "" (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    2 0.000* 11.39 79.58 3.98 . -1

    2-

    .

    3.81 76.21 7.79 *0.000 4

    1 0.000* 11.07 80.42 4.02 . -3

    3 0.000* 8.20 78.32 3.92 . -4

    5 0.000* 8.57 75.79 3.79 . -5

    -6 5 0.000* 9.34 75.79 3.79 . 0.000* 12.17 77.68 3.88

    .=0.05 *

    : ) 19( " -

    ) 5 (4.02 " 0.000 )Sig(. 11.07 %80.42

    =0.05 3 ) (

    . " -

    %75.79 3.79 " 0.000 )Sig(. 8.57

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

  • 121

    3.88 - 0.000 )Sig(. 12.17 %77.68

    =0.05 " " 3 ) (

    .

    .

    ) 2012 ( ) 2011 ( %. 76.27

    ) 2010 (

    ) 2011 ( .

    .

    :" " -

    T ).20( . 3 ) (

    )20( " " (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    6 0.000* 12.90 80.42 4.02 -1

    3 0.000* 16.36 82.95 4.15 . -2

    3 0.000* 16.74 82.95 4.15 . -3

  • 122

    7 0.000* 11.49 78.95 3.95 . -4 5 0.000* 13.71 81.29 4.06 . -5 1 0.000* 14.11 85.32 4.27 . -6 2 0.000* 14.50 84.00 4.20 . -7

    0.000* 21.29 82.28 4.11 .=0.05 *

    : ) 20( " " -

    %85.32 ) 5 (4.27 0.000 )Sig(. 14.11

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

    " - %78.95 3.95 "

    0.000 )Sig(. 11.49 =0.05

    . 3 ) ( 4.11 -

    )Sig(. 21.29 %82.28 =0.05 " " 0.000

    . 3 ) (

    . .

    ) 2009 ( . % 66

    % 66.7 ) 2006 ( . 2012 2009

  • 123

    )2003 ( .

    .

    :" " - T

    ).21( . 3 ) (

    )21( " " (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    6 0.000* 11.97 78.94 3.95 . -1 2 0.000* 14.01 81.47 4.07 . -2 7 0.000* 10.51 77.66 3.88 . -3 1 0.000* 16.81 84.47 4.22 . -4 3 0.000* 13.21 81.05 4.05 . -5 8 0.000* 8.94 76.60 3.83 . -6

    7-

    .

    3.99 79.79 11.60 *0.000 4

    9 0.000* 7.98 75.37 3.77 . -8 10 0.000* 8.42 74.74 3.74 . -9

    5 0.000* 13.66 79.37 3.97 . -10 0.000* 19.11 78.93 3.95

    .=0.05 *

    : ) 21( " " -

    %84.47 ) 5 (4.22 0.000 )Sig(. 16.81

  • 124

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

    " - 8.42 %74.74 3.74 "

    0.000 )Sig(. =0.05

    . 3 ) ( 3.95 -

    0.000 )Sig(. 19.11 %78.93 =0.05 " "

    3 ) ( .

    .

    ) 2010 ( .

    . ) 2005 ( :"" -

    T ).22( . 3 ) (

    )22( "" (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    5 0.000* 10.46 78.74 3.94 . -1

    2 0.000* 13.50 80.21 4.01 . -2

  • 125

    7 0.000* 11.22 78.11 3.91 . -3

    8 0.000* 11.09 78.09 3.90 . -4

    5 0.000* 10.77 78.74 3.94 . -5

    9 0.000* 10.20 76.63 3.83 . -6

    1 0.000* 11.62 80.84 4.04 . -7

    3 0.000* 11.46 80.00 4.00 . -8

    4 0.000* 10.61 79.58 3.98 . -9 0.000* 14.32 79.01 3.95

    .=0.05 *

    : ) 22( " -

    ) 5 (4.04 " 0.000 )Sig(. 11.6 80.84%

    =0.05 3 ) (

    . " -

    10.20 %76.63 3.83 " 0.000 )Sig(.

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

    3.95 - 0.000 )Sig(. 14.32 %79.01

    =0.05 " " 3 ) (

    .

  • 126

    ) (

    . .

    ) 2011 ( ) 2012 ( %. 81.8

    % 82.30 ) 2009 (

    %. 76 ) McDowell 2009(

    .

    :" " - T

    ).23( . 3 ) (

    )23( " " (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    1 0.000* 13.04 81.09 4.05 . -1

    2 0.000* 10.89 80.84 4.04 . -2

    3 0.000* 9.29 77.87 3.89 . -3

    4 0.000* 9.48 77.68 3.88 . -4

    5 0.000* 9.70 77.47 3.87 . -5 0.000* 12.60 79.04 3.95 .=0.05 *

  • 127

    : ) 23( " -

    ) 5 (4.05 " 0.000 )Sig(. 13.04 %81.09

    =0.05 3 ) (

    . " -

    3.87 " )Sig(. 9.70 %77.47

    =0.05 0.000 3 ) (

    . 3.95 -

    0.000 )Sig(. 12.60 %79.04 =0.05 " "

    ) ( . 3

    .

    ) 2011 ( Warren Howat and( %84.1

    Hume 2011 ( )Haines 2006 ( .

  • 128

    :" " - T

    ).24( . 3 ) (

    )24( " " (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    2 0.000* 10.80 78.95 3.95 . -1

    7 0.000* 5.70 72.55 3.63 . -2

    -3 5 0.000* 7.02 74.47 3.72 .

    1 0.000* 12.86 80.43 4.02 . -4

    3 0.000* 9.21 76.84 3.84 . -5

    4 0.000* 8.72 76.00 3.80 . -6

    ( -7 6 0.000* 7.69 74.32 3.72 . ) 0.000* 10.76 76.18 3.81

    .=0.05 *

    : ) 24( " -

    ) 5 (4.02 " 0.000 )Sig(. 12.86 80.43%

    =0.05 3 ) (

    . " -

    5.70 %72.55 3.63 "

  • 129

    0.000 )Sig(. =0.05

    . 3 ) ( 3.81 -

    0.000 )Sig(. 10.76 %76.18 =0.05 " "

    ) ( . 3

    .

    ) 2011 ( ) 2006 ( . %84.4

    ) 2006 ( . 3.62 %73.9

    :" " - T

    ).25( . 3 ) (

    )25( " " (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    7 0.000* 14.24 80.84 4.04 . -1 10 0.000* 11.15 78.72 3.94 . -2

    9 0.000* 11.60 79.79 3.99 . -3

  • 130

    2 0.000* 18.02 82.13 4.11 . -4 6 0.000* 17.41 81.72 4.09 . -5 4 0.000* 14.06 81.89 4.09 . -6 1 0.000* 20.30 84.84 4.24 . -7 4 0.000* 13.34 81.89 4.09 . -8 3 0.000* 16.32 82.11 4.11 . -9

    7 0.000* 12.14 80.84 4.04 . -10 12 0.000* 6.22 73.47 3.67 . -11 11 0.000* 6.55 75.37 3.77 . -12

    0.000* 18.13 80.33 4.02 .=0.05 *

    : ) 25( 4.24 " " -

    20.30 %84.84 ) 5 ( 0.000 )Sig(.

    =0.05 . 3 ) (

    " " - 6.22 %73.47 3.67

    .)Sig( 0.000 =0.05

    . 3 ) ( 4.02 -

    0.000 )Sig(. 18.13 %80.33 =0.05 " "

    ) ( . 3

    ) (

    .

  • 131

    .

    ) 2012 ( ) 2010 ( .

    ) 2009 ( %. 83.07

    . : -

    T ).26( . 6

    )26( (.Sig)

    )Sig.(

    0.000* 20.21 79.51 3.98 .=0.05 *

    : ) 26( ) 5 (3.98 -

    0.000 )Sig(. 20.21 %79.51 =0.05

    .

    2001

    .

  • 132

    ) Bonn 2005( .

    ) Monnavarian Farmani and Yajam 2011(

    ) Warren Howat and Hume 2011( .

    .

    : 0.05 :

    . ) .Sig( 794, ) 27(

    =0.05 0.000 .

    .

    ) 2005(

    Bonn) 2005 ( kondratenko) 2003(

    .

    )27(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .794 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

  • 133

    : 0.05 :

    . ) .Sig( 526. ) 28(

    =0.05 0.000 .

    .

    .

    ) 2011(

    ) 2010( .

    ) 2009 (

    . ) 2009 (

    %.58 % 80.5

    ) 28(

    (.Sig)

    0.05 0.000* 526. .

    .=0.05 *

  • 134

    0.05 : .

    ) .Sig( 712. ) 29( =0.05 0.000

    .

    .

    ) 2011( ) 2011(

    . ) 2010(

    . ) 5 2.893 (

    )29(

    (.Sig)

    0.05 .

    .712 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

    0.05 : .

    ) .Sig( 663. ) 30( =0.05 0.000 .

  • 135

    .

    .

    ) 2010(

    ) 2006( .

    )2003(

    .

    )30(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .663 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

    0.05 : .

    ) .Sig( 443. ) 31( =0.05 0.000

    .

    .

  • 136

    ) 2011(

    . ) 2010( . ) (

    )31(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .443 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

    0.05 : .

    ) .Sig( 684. ) 32( =0.05 0.000

    .

    .

    ) 2012( .

    ) 2011 (

    ) 2010( .

    ) 2006( . .

  • 137

    ) 32(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .684 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

    0.05 : .

    ) .Sig( 727. ) 33( =0.05 0.000 .

    .

    ) 2011( .

    ) Haines )2006

    ) Bonn )2005 . .

    )33(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .727 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

  • 138

    0.05 : .

    .) Sig( 739. ) 34( =0.05 0.000 .

    .

    ) 2009 ( . ) 2002(

    .

    )34(

    (.Sig)

    0.05

    .739 *0.000

    .=0.05 *

    0.05 :

    ). (

    " T " .

    " " . 3

  • 139

    0.05 -

    . : ) 35(

    " - T" (.Sig) 0.05

    .

    . .

    ) 2011( .

    ) 2009 ( ) 2010( .

    .

    )35( " - T"

    ).Sig(

    0.129 1.533- 4.19 4.03

    0.432 0.789- 3.99 3.85

    0.262 1.129- 4.22 4.08

    0.052 1.967- 4.13 3.90

    0.057 1.924- 4.19 3.88

    0.271 1.107- 4.11 3.91

    0.123 1.557- 4.03 3.75

    0.670 0.428- 4.06 4.00

    0.114 1.594- 4.12 3.93

  • 140

    0.05 -

    . : ) 36(

    " - T" (.Sig) " " 0.05

    .

    (.Sig) 0.05

    .

    . ) 2009( )2010( )2011(

    .

    )36( " - T"

    ).Sig(

    0.078 1.784 3.94 4.12 0.003* 3.028 3.55 4.02

    0.119 1.574 3.98 4.17 0.760 0.307 3.92 3.96

    0.031* 2.189 3.72 4.04 0.068 1.847 3.73 4.04

    0.005* 2.846 3.48 3.94 0.196 1.301 3.90 4.06

    0.025* 2.280 3.80 4.04 .0.05 *

  • 141

    0.05 -

    . : ) 37(

    " - T" (.Sig) 0.05

    .

    30 % 89.5

    ) 2011( . ) 2010(

    40 .

    )37( " - T"

    40

    40

    )Sig(.

    0.997 0.003- 4.07 4.07 0.931 0.087 3.88 3.89

    0.737 0.336 4.10 4.13 0.639 0.471 3.93 3.97

    0.585 0.548 3.92 3.99 0.946 0.068- 3.96 3.95

    0.433 0.787 3.76 3.88 0.218 1.240- 4.08 3.94

    0.933 0.085 3.97 3.98

  • 142

    0.05 -

    . : ) 38(

    " " (.Sig) 0.05

    .

    .

    ).2011(

    )38( " "

    )Sig.(

    0.271 1.326 4.08 3.93 4.17 4.08 0.662 0.531 3.79 3.78 4.00 3.93

    0.632 0.577 4.01 4.10 4.10 4.21 0.354 1.098 3.86 3.84 4.06 3.99

    0.945 0.126 3.94 3.94 4.01 3.91 0.897 0.198 3.93 3.87 4.01 4.00

    0.506 0.783 3.76 3.66 3.97 3.82 0.387 1.021 3.83 4.00 4.07 4.11

    0.582 0.655 3.90 3.90 4.06 4.01

  • 143

    0.05 -

    . : ) 39(

    " - T" (.Sig) 0.05

    .

    .

    ) 2011 ( .

    ) 2009( ) 2010( .

    )39( " - T"

    10

    10

    )Sig.( 0.845 0.196- 4.07 4.06

    0.630 0.483 3.85 3.92 0.412 0.825- 4.16 4.07 0.080 1.772- 4.04 3.86

    0.791 0.266- 3.97 3.93 0.953 0.059- 3.96 3.95

    0.706 0.379 3.78 3.84 0.498 0.681- 4.06 3.98

    0.646 0.460- 4.00 3.95

  • 144

    19 20 21 22 23 24 25

    . - . - . -

  • 145

    :

    .

    :

    : -1

    %:79.51

    .

    : : %78.11

    .

    : %77.68

    .

    : %82.28 " "

    .

    : %78.93

    .

  • 146

    : %79.01

    . : %79.04

    .

    : %76.18

    . -2

    : %80.33

    .

    . 0.05 -3

    .

    . 0.05

    . 0.05

    . ( 0.05

    . ) 0.05

    . 0.05

    .

  • 147

    0.05 .

    0.05 .

    0.05 -4

    ( ).

    0.05

    . 0.05

    .

    0.05

    . 0.05

    .

    0.05

    . 0.05

    .

  • 148

    :

    :

    .

    .

    . .

    . . .

    . .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

  • 149

    :

    . . . .

  • 150

    : : : )1 : )2009( -

    . : )2004( -

    . " : " -

    . " ": )2005( -

    ).( : ) : 2005( -

    . " " : )2004( -

    . " ": )2000( -

    . ) : 2011 ( -

    . " " : )2010( -

    . : )2010( -

    . " " : )2002( -

    . : )2004( -

    .

  • 151

    " - : " )2008( - .

    : )2010 ( - .

    : )2009( - .2009

    : : )2003( - .

    : )2009( - . -

    : )2005( - .

    : ): 2010( - .

    - ") :1996( - . "

    - : )2008( - .

    . " " : )2002( - ) : 2010( -

    . : )2006( -

    . " : " )2002( -

    . - : )1990( -

    . )" ( ") : 2005( -

    .

  • 152

    " " : )2009( - .

    : )2009( - .

    " ") : 2011( - .

    : )2007( - .

    : )2005( - .

    . " : " )1999( - : )2012( -

    . : )2001( -

    . : )2007( -

    . " ": ) 2005( -

    . " - ": )2009( -

    . . : )2001( -

    ).( " : " )2001( -

    . : " )2002( -

    . " - : )2003( -

    .

  • 153

    : " )2010( - . "

    " : " )2003( - .

    - .. " : )2008( - . "

    : : )2007( - .

    " ": )2003( - .

    2000 ) 1( 2000 ) ( -32.

    . : )2001( - : : )2011 ( -

    . : )2 : ")2006( -

    . " : : " )2009( -

    . : " : ") 2009( -

    . " : " )2006( -

    " . "

    " :) 2010( - . "

  • 154

    ": )2008( - "

    . " : " )2010( -

    .

    " : )2009( - " "

    . ": )2011( -

    . " " : )2011( -

    . " ": )2012( -

    " .

    " : " )2003( - .

    ": )2008( - . "

    ": )2006( - . "

    ": )2006( - "

    . ": )2012( -

    . " ": )2010( -

    " .

  • 155

    " ": ) 2004( -

    . " : )2011( -

    . "

    " : )2010( - . "

    : " : )2004( -

    . ": )2007( -

    . " ": )2001( -

    " .

    ": )2002( - .

    " : )2010( - "

    . ": )2009( -

    . / ": )2009( -

    . " " ": )2008( -

    . ": )2012( -

    . "

  • 156

    " " : )2011( -

    . " " :)2011( -

    . ") : 2012( -

    . " " : )2008( -

    ")1( .

    " : )2011( - "

    . " : )2006( -

    . " ": )2011( -

    "- ..

    " : )2009( - . "

    " : )2006( - . "

    : )3 ": ) 2003( -

    " .

    " : )2004( - " :

    ).24- 1( ) 1( ) 7( .

  • 157

    : )1998( - .1 3

    " : )1995( - ).245- 225( )4( )34( "

    ": ) 2001( - "

    21 )1: (1 -25. : " )2010( -

    .1 6 " : )2009( -

    2009 31 95 - ).59- 33(

    ": )2006( - . )1( )1( "

    ": )2006( - . :

    " ) :2012( -

    - " . , -

    " ": )2002( - .

    " : )2005( - "

    ).68-40) : (1 (2 )2( " ": )2002( -

    )08/04/2007(. - ": )2007( -

    " .2007) 1( ) 29(

  • 158

    " " : )2003( - .79-43 : )1( 23

    : :

    - Aaker, D., (1995), Developing Business Strategies, John Wiley and sons, Inc, New York.

    - Abbas Monnavarian, Gita Farmani, Hajar Yajam, (2011),"Strategic thinking in Benetton", Business Strategy Series, Vol. 12 Iss: 2 pp. 6372

    - Ahuja, K. K., (1993), "Management & Organization", (Delhi: Nazia Printers).

    - Allio, R. (2006). Strategic Thinking: The Ten Big Ideas. Strategy & Leadership, 34 (4), 4-13.

    - Ansoff, H, I. (1965), Corporate Strategy. New York: 109. - Arstong, Michael,(2001) "handbook of haren Resource morgeneat

    paetie", New York, Houghton Mifflin, Company. - Bonn, I. (2005). Improving Strategic Thinking: A Multilevel Approach.

    Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26 (5), 336-354. Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0143-7739, DOI 10.1108/01437730510607844.

    - Chanlander, A. (1962), Strategy & Structure. Cambridge: 14. - Child, J. (1972), Organizational Structure, Environment & performance:

    The Role of Strategic Choice, Socology, 1, 1, 16-9. - Cummings, S., & Wilson, D., (2004) Images of strategy, Black well

    publishing, U.K. - Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0143-7739, DOI

    10.1108/01437730510607844 - Gail Steptoe-Warren, Douglas Howat, Ian Hume, (2011), "Strategic

    thinking and decision making: literature review", Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. 4 Iss: 3 pp. 238 250

    - Garrat, et al., (1998), Developing Strategic Thought Redis Covering the art of direction giving, Mc Graw-Hill book Company, New York.

    - Geher, Glen, (2004): "Measuring Emotional Intelligere", New York, Nova Science Puflisher, Inc.

  • 159

    - Goldman, E. (2006). Strategic Thinking at the Top: What Matters in Developing Expertise. Academy of Management. 1, 1-6.

    - Haines, Stephen G., (2007): "Strategic and System Thinking: the winning formula", Systems thinking Press.

    - Hussey, D.E. Led, N (1993) International Review of Strategic Management, Vol. 4, Wiley, Chichester.

    - Ingrid Bonn, (2001), "Developing strategic thinking as a core competency", Management Decision, Vol. 39 Iss: 1 pp. 63 71

    - Khan, H., Weiner A., (1967), The Year 200, prentice Hall, London. - Liedtka, J., 1998 , thinking can it be Taught, long rang planning, Vol.

    31, No. 1. - Linkow, P. (1999), What Gifted Strategic Thinkers Do.? Training &

    Development, 53 (7), 34-38. - Lynch R., (2006). Corporate strategy, 4th. Prentice Hall, England. - Maccoby, Michael, (2004), Brainiest, Research technology management,

    Vol. 44., No.5 - McDowell, Don, (2009): "strategic Intelligence: a handbook of

    Practitioner, manager, and users," United States of America, Scarecrow Press, Inc.

    - Mintezberg H. (1973), Strategy Making in Three Models, California Management Review, XXI, 2, 49.

    - Mintzberg, H., 1994, The Fall and Rise of strategic planning Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb.

    - Mondy, Wyne, Noe, Robert, & Mondy, Judy (2005): Human Resource Management Pearson, Prentice Hall.

    - O'Shannassy, T. (1999). Strategic Thinking: A continuum of Views and Conceptualisation. RMIT Business. November: 21, 1-30.

    - Pellegrino, K. (1996). Strategic thinking Ability: Cognitive and personality Effectees. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana Tech University, Louisian, United States. Available: http://proquest.umi.com/pqmweb?did=742549541.

    - Pisapia, J., Reyes-Guerra D., and Coukos-Semmel, E. (2005). Developing the leader's Strategic Mindeset: Establishing the Measures. Leadership Review, 5, 41-68.

    http://proquest.umi.com/pqmweb?did=742549541
  • 160

    - Porter, M. E.(1987), From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business Review, 65, 3, 43-59.

    - Salznick, P., (1975) Leadership in Administration: A sociological interpretation, Harper & Row, New York.

    - Stewart, T., 2006 , Towards the Organization of the Future , Journal of looking Ahead, No:2

    - Tavakoli, Judith Lawton, (2005), "Strategic thinking and knowledge management", Handbook of Business Strategy, Vol. 6 Iss: 1 pp. 155160.

    - Thompson Jr., Arthur A. and Strickland III, A. J., (1995). "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. McGraw, Boston.

    - Welch, M. and Lim, H. (2002).The St