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TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE 01 - POPULATION STUDIES

LESSON #-I PAGE

38

41

44

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49

54

56

59

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What is DemograPhY ... I

How Population Differs Between Developed and Dev6loping

The Malthusian Population Theory 7

The Neo-Malthusian Population Theory """:"""""""" l0

The Demographic Transition Theory 13

The Marxist Population Theory 16

Sources of Population Statistics .'...

The Population Composition of the Caribbean 21

Caribbean Population Growth Rate - Lt+

Population Fyramid 2()

Population Control PolicY 31

Development ....\

MODULE 02 - SOCIAL ORDER, SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEVIANCE

LESSON #

01

.02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

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35

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14

15

16

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18

What is Social Order

What is Deviance

The Functionalist Perspective on Deviance ' '. ..

The Conflict Perspective ...

The Interactionist Perspective on Deviance .....

What is Official Punishment ......ll 19 Social Distribution of Crime

20 The Issue of Deviance/Crime -. i r .. '

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MODULE 03 _ SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY

LESSON #

21

22

23

24

2s

26

27

28

29

Concept and Development 63

Theories of Development and Underdevelopment 66

The ModemizationTheory 6q

The World System Theory ...' 73

The GlobalizationTheory 75

What is Industrialization 7 6

What is Bureaucracy ... ffiThe Problem in Defining PovertY 82'

The Culture of Poverty Approach on the Causes and Persistence

e+qbqq

of Poverty .. . ' .: . \.'" "

30 Socio-economic Conditions that lead to Poverty

31 Approaches used to Develop Poverty Alleviation Policies

APPENDIX

2007 PastPaper 02 ....

2008 Past Paper 02 ....

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This is the scientific study of population. Demography focuses on the cornposition

gror,r,th and movement of population and their implications'

1. Crude Birth Rate ^,\,\ -r-^-..-,^+:^

ffiberof1ivebirthsperl000ofpopulationinag1\renyear.CBR: # of live births * 1000

Total PoPulation

2. Crude Death Rate- ffideaths per 1000 of population in a givenyear'

CDR: # of deathg * 1000

Totd PoPulation

3. Fecunditv- Th"Tth-'tiologieal abilrt--v of a r,voman or nun to produce a live child'

4 Fertili8This refers to the actual reproductive pertbrmance of an individual. couple, a group

or a PoPulation

5. Gener+l Fertilitv Rate . r . i* ^ .,:_.^-.,oo. rnr a theThis refers to tneffiIE of live births in a given year for every 1000 women ln

age group 15 - 49yrs- [n some cormtries the age group 15 - 44yrs is used'

GFR: # of l2irths * 1000

f. poPulation l5-49

6. Aee - SPecific FertilifY RaJq

Tfi, ,"fe.t to the number of live births

specific age grouP.

ASFR: # of births * 1000

# of women in a sPeci{ic age group

Z.N4lgral hlcreas€This is an increase in the population u'here total

given courtry for a particular year' Natural decrease

8. Life ExoectancYThis is an estimate of the average number of .vear a person ma-'v expect to lirre in a

given country.

9. Infant iVlortalitY Rafe

This refers to thei--U*, of deaths to infants less than one -vear of age per 1000

live births in a given Year.IMR = # of deatirs to infants < ll'r * 1000

Total live births

in a gil.en year per 1000 rvomen in a

births exceeds total deaths m a

is the opPosite.

10. Dependency RatioThis ratio compares the number of dependents with the number of peoplc in tltc

working population. Dependents comprise those over 65yrs old plus those less tlran

l5yrs old.

DRO: Po-r+ * or, * 100

P rs- o<

I 1. Popqlatisn Growth Rate JThis refers to the rate at which the population changes due to the number of births. I

deaths and migration, in a given year.

"H;::"-::,:j:rPoPura'[iongrow'1h: r

Pr : population at an earlier time. iB : births that occurred since Pr tD : deaths that occurred since Pr

I : those who joined the population since pr

E : those who moved out ofihe population since pr f

One way to calculate the population growth rate (PGR) is by using the lbllowirrgformula:

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\r ur\/ rD L'J uDr,B L,IE rL .'

fPGR:(B_p)+0_E)* 100

Total Population f'fo ascertain the present population size of a country you can use the formula:

p:-p, I (B_D)+fl_E) _l

12. Migration t )

This refers to the movement of a people across a specific geographical bounclaq Jfor the purpose of establishing a new residence. The can be-peimanent or scpri -, Ipermanent.

J13. Types of Migration tr External or international migration which is the movenrent o1' pcoplc - |

between countries. -INB. External migration is categorized as in - migration and out - migration. L_.,

o Internal Migration refers to the movement of people within a country. II

International migration is comprised of immigration and emigration. I

Immigration refers to the number of people coming into a parlicular country in a L_gir en year'.

IEmigration refers to the number of people moving out of a country in a givcn

Iyear.

Net migration is the difference between the figure fbr immigration unrl L -emigration' It can be positive or negative r=,l Je

Net migration (M) : I - E. In a more complicated form net migration cau bc

calculated using the formula: (Pz - P,) - (B - D).

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to:

L Calculate the relevant population statistics e.g. CBR, CDR, Net Migration.II. Discuss some possible socio - economic conditions that these population

statistics may be indicators of. (implications)

ill. Define the terms -o Populationo Population change

. Doubling time

IV. Discuss some of the main push and pull factors why Caribbean people arc

migrating to places such as the U.S.A, Canada and the U.K.

V. Explain how fertility, mortality and migration relate to population grow'th.

VI. Complete the 12 multiple choice items in the Mustapha's book P. 15 - 18.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #01 targets objectives #01 and 02 of Module 1.

RECOMMENPED READINGS

1. Sociology For Caribbean Stuclents Vol.2, by Mustapha (2006) P.7- 15.

2. Sociology, A Global Introduction by Macionis/ Plumm er (2002)P. 594 -- 601.

3. Modules In Social Studies With SBA by Ramsawak/[Jmraw P. 188 -- 192.

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LESSON #02

Develoning Countries

Developed countries are those that are most industrialized and technologicaliy

advancerl. This takes in countries suoh as the u.s.A-, Canada, England, Japal

and the member states of the European union' Developing countries refer to the

poorer countries such as the Caribilean, South and Central America, Africa and

parts of Asia.

Fofrtutio, statistics differ between developed and..developing countries' A few

quantitative measures will be used to dissuss the differences-

r crude birth rate - this tends to be much lower in the developed '

countries. This is often due to the relatively higher level of education'

the wider use of contraceptives, Sreater ernployment opportunities etc'

. Crude death rate -This is relatively lower in the developed countries' A

number of socio-economic factors have contributed to this, such as

better quality food is avarlable,the higher level of education, cleaner

physical *n,i,on*"nt and gteater health eonsciousness.

o Life expectancy rate at birth - This is higher in the developed

countries due to better health care, houses, food, clothes, lifestyle

choices, avaiiability of more and better paying jobs, and a higher level

of general sanitation,

o Migration - Developed countiies report a much higher level of in- --

milation than develtping countries. This may be due to various pull

fu"to.. such as better *d.,"utio.t and job opportunities, higher wages,

better infrastructure, l0wer violent crime rate, better health care'

o Dependency ratio - The overall dependency ratio tend to be much

higher in thi developing countries. In the developed countries the

delendency ,Jlo is hgf,e. at the over sixty five years age category but

lower at.th; under fouiteen years age catggory thy those of the

developing countries. This is due to a higher level of life expectfficY,

low fertili!, rate, better health care facilities and programmes for the

aged.

o Infant mortality rate - This tends to be much lower in the developed

";*iri"r due to a more comprshensive immunization programme' better

pre-nataland ante-natal healih care, low level of malnutrition etc'

o General fertility rate - This tends to be much lower in the developed

countries than in the developing countries' This is due considerably to

greaterjob opportunities, thl people are more educated, the wider use of

contraceptives among oth'er factors'

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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to :

I.AnalyzethepolicyofanamedCaribbeanterritorytoaddressitfertility

. II. frll;,r* a set of policies that a named caribbean territory c.uld usc trr

curb its high level of out-migration'

IlL Assess ,ori" of the likely "oir"qr"rrces

that may affect a caribbean

territory *f iJ-"V be having a hig! crude birth rate'

1y. Evaluate trr. "rr""tiveness

oitrr" health programmes being currently

used in a named caribbean territory witir special focus on the

dependentsorthosemostvulnerablewithinthesociety.V. Explain *flyit'" J"pendency ratio may be misleading'

Population Statistics Across The Wo'rld

S6urce: rvu,n,.prb.tlIg (MID 2001)

I'op'I'ersqLlarc

milc

Total

fertilityrate

Life I

E,xpecta I

ncy at I

Birth

M F

COI]NTRIES Pop I

Mid I

2oo1 i

(mill l

ion)

BirthPer

1 000

Pop.

Death I

Per I

1000

Pop.

09

Rate of II

Natural I

Increas I

e o/o

Infant I

morta I

lityRate

0.6 7.1 2.1 l4 80 77

08

USA 284.5

31 .0

15

11 08

05

0.3 5.5 1.4 '76 81

CANADA1.5 24 ', a. 7A t_\ 624

I^I\/ATr-A 2.6 201.6 70 75 1(r20

I]ABADOS 0.3 T4

t409 0.5 14.2

07 o.7 7 6 t3 77 lb+cUsA -l 11-3

t.7 68 It 65608 0.6 17.1'I'RINDAD/

TOBAGO

1.3 t4

1.8 80.0 4.7 47 5l 650

I-IAI'I'I 7.0 -)J

24132

05 1.9 25 2.8 IJ 78

MEXICO 99.6 72 76 r0005 2.0 r7

PANAMABRAZIL

2.9 z52.4 65 72 52

171

I22 07 1.5 35

40 2.5 62 6tt 0ti21 08 1.3

GI]YANA 0.73.5 65 68 i81

69.8 28 07 2.1 44E,GYPT

153 6.3 42 47 196

SIERRAt,h,ONE

5.4 47 20 2.7

5.9 51 5344 15 2.9 97

ETHIOPIA 65.4

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II. Critically assess the relevance of the Neo-Malthusian theory to the

current Caribbean society.

III. Compare and contrast the Malthusian and the Neo-Malthusian theory

with regards to a named Caribbean territory.

IV. Discuss any recent Caribbean study on population control policies rvith

reference to a named Caribbean territory.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #04 targets objective 04 of module 01.

RECOMMENDBD READTNGS

Population, an introduction To concepts and issues by John weeks I)

72 -76.

Sociology for Caribbean students by Nasser Mustapha (2006) p. 33 -35.

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ANGOLA 12.3 50 25 2.5 198 6.9 37 39 26

SOUI'IIAFRICA

43.6 25 14 1.1 57 2.9 s2 54 92

ISRAEL 6.4 22 06 1.6 5.3 3.0 76 80 791

AFGHANISTAN

26.8 43 19 2.4 154 6.0 46 44 r06

.IAPAN t27.

1

09 08 4.2 3.4 1.3'77 84 872

NOR'I'H

KOREA

22 21 07 1.4 88 L.J 67a1t) 472

T-]NIT'ED

KINDOM60 12 11 0.1 5.7 11 75 80 635

ROMANIA 22.4 10 l2 -0.2 18.6 1.3 67 74 243

RUSSIA 144 09 r5 -0.6 16 t.2 59 72 22

AUSTRALIA 19.4 13 07 0.6 5.7 1.1 76 82 06

Lesson Target

Lesson # 02targets objective # 03 of Module 1

RECOMME,NDE,D READINGS

1. Population- An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Wecks

P.165-206.

2. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak/umraw (2001) P. 193-206.

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LESSON #03

.TheMalthusiantheoryisbasedontheworkofThomasRobertMalthus.an

Englishman (1766-1834). ',lEhis theory'expl.ains the coneerfl''of lvtralthus wisr

ffiEewffii* relationship between population growth and'food supplye

Malthus purported that the world's population tends to grow more rapidly than

the fbod supply nesded to sustain it'

Malthus claimed that the world population would increase exponentially (2' a'

tl, l6) while fbocl supply would increase arithmetica]tly (2,3,4,5). [{e argucd

that if this trend is allowed to continue, it would lead to widespread misery lor

the ma.iority of people. This misery would manifest itself in various tbrms sucit

as t-amine' malnutrition and diseases'

Malthusarguedthatmanisrationalandwillputinplacethenecessary

measures to control population growth. Malthus made mention of two typcs ol-

illeasures that will contribute to the control of population growth' These arc

positive chechs and preventive checks'

What Are These Positive Checks

Malthus believed that the threat of starvation would give rise to adverse social

practices that may kiil off the people even before starvation of itself does stl'

These measures will prematurely weaken and destroy the hrtman fianre ' 'l'hese

fiteasures are referred to as positive checks by Malthus' These checks includc

wars, strenuous work, epidernics, and ove! indulgences eg' alcoholisrrr. .I-hcsc

measures will increase the death rates'

What are these Preventiie ChvYnaL Arq f,uE'., r rvrvr'"-' - --- leory, preventivc chccl<sThese checks u.. O.,ig*O to lower the birth rates' In tt

would include all possible means of birth control such as abstinence,

contraceptives and abortion. Malthus objected to the use of birth oontrol

measures within marriage. He argued that the use of contraceptives' aborti<tti

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and adultery is immoral, Ir{althus focused fully on rRoral restraint as the only

acceptable means of reducing population growth. He recommended celibacy,

delaying marriage and the spacing of children further apar1.

Ivlalthus strongly objected to the 'poor laws" which had granted welfare

bendfits to the poor. He thought this would only encourage poor people to

reproduce at a more rapid rate.

Malthus proposed certain measures to eradicate poverty. These include

r create jobs instead of welfare

o reduce family size

r increase foodproductron

o increaseeducationopportunities

. delay marriage until you can afford it

r abstinence

Criticisms of Malthus

FIe farled to realize the positive effects of technology to increase

food supply considerably - mass production.

He refused to accept other forms of birth control apart from moral

resfraint

He confused moral and scientific issues with regards to preventive

checks.

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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to :

I. Explain the basic differences between positive and preventive checl<s.

II. Discuss the relevance of the Malthusian theory to a named Caribhban

territory.

ilI. Malthus' theory on population growth is not suitable for the Caribbean

society. Discuss this statement, making reference to any caribbean

study.

moral restraint

the increases in food supply

the negative effects of overpopulation

LESSOI{ TARGET

Lesson #03 targets objective#4 of Module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

1. Sociology For Caribbean Students Vol.2 by Mustapha (2006) P. 2tt-31"

2. Sociology, A Global Introduction (2002) by Macionis/Plurnrner P. 602.

3. Population An Introduction To concepts And Issues by .lohn weeks

(1 ee6)

P. 63-68.

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LESSON # 4

The Neo-Malthusian Theory On Populatign

'l'he Neo-Malthusian theory is more or less a revised version of the Malthusiarr

thcory" It agrees in some points but diftbrs in other points.

'[he'Nco-Malthusian theory supports two main ideologies-

L sclective procreation

2. planned parenthood.

Se.lgctive Procreation

'['hc Eugenicist movement ernerged in the nineteenth century. It prornotecl thc

world view that only certain races should be allowed to have children eg. thc

r,vhitcs. Undesirable races such as blacks and Chinese shoulcl be prel,cnted lr"r:rrr

having children, so that over time only whites woulel inhabit the earth.

Planned Parenthood

'fhis cclncept was promoted by Margaret Sanger and Annie Besant in the c:arl),

twentieth century in the [J.S.A. 'Ihis proposal received significant llnancial

support fiorn rnany firms and foundations to promote birth control espcciiil!_v

fbr peoplc in places such as Africa, L,atin America and the Caribbcan. -l-his

proposal rvas.justified by the claim that these countries sufTer the rnost fiorlr

rrassrve unernployfllent, poverty and malnutrition.

'l'he planned parenthood policy was met with sorne success in China since

1970, where the fertility rate fell fiom 5.9 births per wornen to I .9 in 1912.

In India it was rnet with less success as the people opposeil the use ol'condorrs

and other birth control measures. Instead fertility increased. Anrong those

people was T'harnan Singh who believecl that lnany children rneant richcs.

In the 1960's and 1970's Garrett Har<iin and Paul trhrlich ll,ere the oncs \,r,lrr)

prornoted thc Neo-Malthusian thcory on population.

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Similarities Between Neo-Malthusians And Malthusians

l. That population control is inevitable.

II. That rapid population growth is connected to poverty'

How Do.Thev Differ

I. 'I'he Neo-Malthusians accept other fonns of birth control apart tionr

rnoral restraint.

'l'he Neo-Malthusians proposed ttrat only certain races should bc

allowed to have children.

The Neo-Malthusians do not support Malthus' ideas of positive checks

where the forces of war, famine, diseases and overindulgences wcrLr

seen as means of controlling the population grorvth rate.

Criticisms Qf The Ngo-Malthusian Theory

L Some heads of governrrents ofthe developing countries including cl-litia

i1 the 1960's opposed the idea of planned parenthood and selective

procreation as an attempt to keep down the population oI'these coutrtricr

fbr fbar of being overthrown.

Il. 'l'hc {eveloping countries have been exploited by population conlrol

policies. Since 1925, Puerto Rican women have been used as guinca

pigs for testing the effectiveness of various birth control tueasures. .l

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has reportedly pushed up the rate clf wornen suff'ering fi'on-r cervical

cancer.

IIl. It is claimed that South Aflica during apartheid, had inrpose-d

sterilization of hundreds of young black women since the 1950's.

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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

L l)iscuss the differences between the concepts * selective'

planned parenthood.

procrcation ancl

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LESSON #05

,qThe Demographic transition model (DTM) describes a transtbrmation in

human condition associated with a decline in both birth and death fates' This is

linked to the levels of social and economic advancement that a country or

regionrnaybeexperiencing.Asacountryexperienceseconomicdeveloprncnt.

the lit-e expectancy and the standard of living of its people increase' This theory

statesthatwhenthishappensthesizesoffamiliesstarttodecline.Someclfthc

reasons for this are as follow:

I. The delaY in mariage

IL More and more women becoming career oriented

III'Anin;reaseintheavailabitityanduseofbirthcontrollneasures.

Most of these social changes occur over the last one hundred and fifty yc-ars'

The worlil population increases by about 75 million pef year' However' it is

projected to fall to about 33 million by 2050. significantly' most of this r'vill

occur in the developing countries'

The demographic transition theory is based primarily on the interpretation ol-

warren Thompson, (an American demographer) in lg2g ' Five stages of social

transformation will be discussed in light of this theory'

t*t nis refers to the pre_industrial society where the birth and death rales

are corresPondinglY high' ,.,,

Stage2

At this stage the birth rate remains high but there is a rapid fall in the

deathrates,duemainlytoimprovementinfoodsupply,sanitation,healthcarc

and education. The developing countries fall into this stage where they

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experience a rapid increase in population growth'

Stage 3

At this stage birth rate starts to fa, significantly arong with the deathrates' The decline in the birth rates is due mainly to access to contraception. thcincrease in wages, urbanization, increase in the status of women and theincrease in parentar investment in their children,s education.

The caribbean is mainry at this stage of the transition

Stage 4

At this stage both the birth and death rates are low, resulting in a sta6lepopulation growth' The Total fertility rate (TFR) in 1997 is less than 2.5 Ibrcountries at this stage such as the u.s.A ., canada,china, Brazir,Trinidad andmost of Europe.

Stage 5

At this stage the birth rates fall below the replacement level resulting indepopulation. The popuration growth rate goes berow zero insome instanccs.Some of the countries incruded in this category or stage are Germany. Itary. theU.K and Japan.

I. It cannot necessariry predict the future as it is only a rnodure.II' The DTM makes no comment on change in popuration due to migration.

III' It is too simpristic as it sees sociar changes in a predictabre rnanner.However, social changes may be inhibited by various unforeseeablL,events such as war, famine. diseases or naturar disasters.

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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

I. Explain how the following concepts contribute to a decline in tbrtility ratcs:

o technology

o urbanization

o the increase in the status of women

o education

II Assess the extent to which the DTM can be applied to a named,Caribbean

territory.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #05 targets bbjective # 04 of Module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

1. Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Wecks

P.77 *83

2. Sociology For Caribbean students by Mustapha (2006) P. 36 44.

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LESSON # 06

This theory is based mainly on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich lingcls.Marx argued that population growth is class related. He argued that capitalaccumulation is dependent upon the supply of labour. The working class isencouraged to have many chirdren to create a great suppry of rabour for thecapitalist.

Marx clairned that areserve army of labour was necessary for the rnaintenanccof the capitalist system. when there is an influx in the suppry of labour, theprinciple of demand and supply wiil be applied. That is, wages wilr be chcaperwhen there is an influx in the suppry of rabour. As a result there wiil be acompetition for scarce positions. To Marx, fhis will keep wages low ancl

enhance worker,s productivity levels.

l-he Marxist population theory was in response to the work of Malthus. Marxwas critical of Malthus in several ways.

L Marx saw nothing wrong with birth control.

II' Marx belie'ed that with the use of technorogy food suppry can keeppace with population grou,th.

Ir. Marx did not believe that poverty should be blamed on the poor, butinstead on the capitalist system.

IV. Marx rejected Malthus's claim that world population growth was rhe

cause of social ills, but that social ills resulted fiom capitalism.

v. Marx opposed the idea of morar restraint. He argued that if society isfairly organizedthen popuration rerated problems wilr disappear.

I. He gave the impression that no real population problems exist undercommunism.

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LESSON #07

Sources 0f Population Statistics

I. census III. immigration

II. surveys IV. Official statistics eg. births and death registration

Uses Of Population Statistics

I. It indicates the level of human development in a particular country.

II. It assists with the evaluation of various social policies and programmes

with respect to their effectiveness.

III. It allows for comparison to be made between countries w-ith similar

population related policies.

IV. It helps to identifz social trends eg. murder,rape HIV/AIDS etc'

What Is Census

A census is a systematic survey designed to find out demographic data about

the whole population of a given country at a giventime. Census is usually done

every ten years.

Information That May Be Obtained Through a Census

I. sex ratio IV. age distribution

II. population size V. types of households

III. income levels VI. types of employment

Some Reasons Why Census Might Not Be Accurate

I. Some persons may not be seen by the census takers for various reasons.

IL People may submit false infonnation.

IIL Some data may not be recorded at all.

IV. Some persons may refuse to cooperate with the census exercise.

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II. He down played the fact that rapid population growth can promote

' various social ills.

III. Marx ignored the fact that a person's lifestyle can contribute toward

poverty on his part.

The relevance Of The Marxist Perspective to The Caribbean

l. The use of technology can increase the supply of food considerabl-v.

Il. Birth control is necessarY.

lll. Social inequalities can promote social unrests, industrial actions and

poverty.

IV. There should be equal rights for all classes of people regarding

population issues.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

l. Assess the relevance of the Marxist perspective on population gr<lwth to

a named Caribbean territory.

II. Explain what Marx meant when he said that population growth is class-

related.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson # 06 targets objective#A4 of Module 1-

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Population, An lntroduction To'Concepts And Issues by John Wecks. l'

69 - 72.

Sociology For Caribbean Students (2006) by Mustapha. P. 3l * 33'

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How Does Census Differ From Other Surveys

surveys are based on a sample of the population while a census is usually

based on the entire population. Surveys are done at any time while census is

usually done everY ten Years.

The Human Development Index

This is a composite index that measures average achievement in three basic

dirnensions of human development. These three dimensions are:

I. a long and healthY life

II. a decent standard of living

IIL a sound education

These have to do with the development of the human capital.

HDI :

The HDI helps to determine the quality of life the people in a given country

may be experiencing.

RESEACH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to :

1. Identify four organizations or places that provide population statistics in

a named territory.

II. Discuss how population statistics is important to any three organizations

within a named territory.

III. Discuss iwo main advantages that surveys Savs g{Ncensus.

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LESSON TARGET

Lesson #07 targets objective 3 of Module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Population, An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by John Weeks P.

4 _ 28.

Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 19 - 27 .

I.

II.

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I

I

I

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LESSON # 08

This lesson will focus on the following social elements - age,sex, ethnicity.

religion and occupation

Asc

The Caribbean has a relatively young population with over 25o/o under tificcn

years of age' The life expectancy rate for most territories has significantly

increased to an average oYZO years.

COLINTRIES 04 under 15 %t5-64 o/o 65+ANTIGUA 28 64 08BARBADOS 2t 69 10CTIBA 22 68 10GUYANA 31 64 05HAITI 41 55 04JAMAICA 31 62 07MARTINIQUE L.) 67 IOST. LUCIA 32 62 06THE BAHAMAS 30 62 08TRINIDAD 25 65 10

Table showing age distritrution in the cariuuean zOot

Source- wwtv.prb.org UNdp.org.

N/B See Mustapha (2Wfr6)P. 47 for the 2015 projections for these Caribbean

territories.

Sex

Sex is determined basically by biological characteristics, as it distinguishes

male from female. sex composition significantly assists demographers to

predict population growth rates. The higher the percentage of females in thc I 5

- 49 aga category, the more likely the population growth rates will increase

rapidly.

The 2001 population census in Jamaica shows that females to males ratio is

approximately 50:50. The ratio is basically the same throughout the Ctaribbeap.

a

Ethnicitv

Ethnicity is not to be confused with race. Race is basically detennined by

physical characteristics while ethnicity is determined mainly by cultural

characteristics. It is socially constructed. One race can be associated with a

number of ethnic groups. Most of the English Speaking Caribbean territorics

are predominantly of afro Caribbean descent. flowever, Guyana and Triniclatl

are different as they have roughly the same number of lndo Caribbean People

as Afro Caribbean. This prornoted much racial tension between these twcr

groups. Many of these indo Caribbean people adopt the culture of the mainland

- India. Therefore, ethnicity becomes a serious issue in both Guyana and

Trinidad.

Religign

This refers to the existence of some supernatural being that has a controlling

influence on life. Christianity is the dominant religion in the Caribbean. Some

of the other religions practiced in the Caribbean are Islam, Hinduism and

Rastafarianism. Syncretism is a distinct feature of Caribbean religion.

Syncretism ref'ers to the fusing of beliefs, practices, attitudes and values frorn

diverse religions. Some of the main syncretic religious groups in the Caribbean

are - Voodoo in Haiti, Pocomania in Jamaica, Shango and spiritual tsaptist in

Trinidad and Grenada.

Occunations

During the early history of the Caribbean, occupation was defined according to

sex and race. Men controlled most of the jobs, while the women focused lrorc

on domestic work. With the over three hundred years of white occupational

dominance, the class system was based significantly one one's occupation. T'he

whites had all the top jobs and the blacks had the menial jobs. Derek (iordorr

argued that not much has changed in Jarnaica since the end of the white

supremacy regime. He claims that despite the expansion in education, blacks o1'

the lower class origin were not represented in top middle class positions- 'Ihc

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situation in Trinidad and Barbados are similar to that of Jamaica according to

C.L.R. James. James stated that "Our West lndian classes are for the rnost part

coloured people of some education in a formerly slave society." However. witlr

the tremendous strides that our women are making in pursuit of education and

professional careers, the picture is changing somewhat. A number of top

rniddle class jobs are now taken by women and men from humble beginning.

It is still clear, however, that most of the unskilled or semi-skilled jobs are:

occupied by people frorn the black lower classes of the society.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

L Write shorJ notes on -

o primary occupation

o secondary occupation

o tertiay occupation

r quaternary occupation

II. Discuss the main transformations that are occurring in Caribbean

occupations.

III. Discuss why a country's population composition is important with

regards to its population growth rates.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #08 targets objective 5 of Module 1.

SUGGBSTED READII{GS

Population - An Introduction To Concepts And Issues by .lohn Weeks l>. 257

-260.

Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006)P. 46 - 6A.

l.

2.

@

.Iamaica, Haiti, Guyana and the Turks & Caicos are the territories that tend tt-r

have the highest levels of out-migration, where economic factors form the

basis.

Natural disasters have also influences out-migration on the part of a few

territories such as Montserrat and St. Vincent. Volcano threats have lbrced

many people to migrate frorn these places. Political instability and violent

crimes has forced many people to migrate from Haiti, and to a lesser extent

from Jamaica and Trinidad.

N/B It is important for students to be acquainted with the various socio-

economic implications of Caribbean migration.

2. Urbanisation

Urbanisation refers to the movement of people from rural areas to towns and

cities, or the transformation of the rural areas to corrrnercial centers.

The U.N. Report of 1990 stated that 47oh of the Caribbean population live in

urban areas. This has further increased to 56oh in 2001 ,

Most of Caribbean Urbanisation took place after independence with the coming

of the multinational corporations. According to Lloyd Best of Trinidad, the

rnultinational companies brought a false sense of hope to the region as they

failed to provide the level of employment for the local people as was projected.

Instead the process of industrializrtion by invitation created several social

problems for the region.

3. Age

The life expectancy at birth for most Caribbean territories is steadily improving

to about 70 years at present. Ho*.r..,'*ith the exception of Barbados ancl

Cuba, most territories have less than 10% of their population over 65 years ol'

age. Despite the various population control measures in place, the Carihbean

population has over 20% of its people under l5 years of age.

E

LESSON #09

Some of the territories with the lowest population growth ,it" ur" Grenada 0.1,

Barbados 0.3, Cuba 0.7, St. Kitts 0.7, and Guyana 0'l '

Those with the highest population growth rate are Belize 2'l,Haiti 2'0,The

Bahamas 1.9 and St. Lucia 1.4'

Population change refers to the increase or decrease in population caused by

migration or natural means.

In addition to natural means (births and deaths) there are other factors which

affect the population change of a particular society. These factors are-

1. Migration

Migration has been a historical process that has helped to shape the

composition and size of the Caribbean population. Migration has been driven

by several pull and push factors. Histori cally, it is evident that economic factors

provide the main basis for rnigration' The push factors are more likely to

tri gger off out-rni grati on .

The Caribbean demographic structure is shaped by the large influx of

Europeans, followed later by the Africans and Asians. The 'Tews, Syrianqand

the other races frorn the Middle East followed'

By the 1940's many Caribbean people started to migrate to Panama, Costa

Rica, the U.K., Canadaand the U.S.A. In the 1970's a number of people

migrated between the caribbean territories, with the Bahamas and the cayman

Islands being the main destinations'

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4. Health

The state of health of the people for most Caribbean territories has improved

steadily for the past two or three decades. The level of malnutrition has

declined considerably for most territories. However, a2002 LNDP Report has

revealed that over 40 million people were living with HIV/AIDS world widc.

and that the Caribbean region is a high risk area where HIV/AIDS is

concemed. Caribbean women are out living their male counter parts rnainly

because they are more health conscious and lead a more restricted lifestyle. It is

also established that people from the lower social class tend to die earlier lhan

those from the middle class. This is so because of several economic reasons

which tend to influence one's lifestyle.

RESEACH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

I. Discuss conditions that may give rise to voluntary and forced rnigration.

IL Critically assess the pros and cons of international migration.

ilL Apalyse some basic problerns caused by urbanization in a named

Caribbean territory.

IV. Explain how health and nutrition contribute to the population trends in a

named Caribbean territory.

V. Discuss some basic population trends of the Caribbean society.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #09 targets objective #5 of Module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) P. 6I - 73.

Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw- P- 206 - 207 .

1.

2.

Ftes*ur'*sg: l'{utnari

age group rryith the other aqe groups;ust atrove

itl {riecreasrng birttr rat'e is characteristic of

most deveioped countries' Such countries

sonietinies depend upon itrtrrigrants to fully

r-rtilise titeti physicai resoui'ces

Fyran'lld C rel-rresenG a situatic'it \ryltert:

i.he birrli rat-e i:j ncither iricreasing tltrr il(rcreas-

!nq sigrtificartiy. -l'he lrifth rate over tlte years

iE alrnost constant.

It is intel'estincl to trcte tire percentaqc of

popuiation over sixiy years of age in Pyranridt

A,'B and C. lt ra;ii} be seen that Fyramid A

(ieveloning countries vuith high birt.h rales) has

a smalier percentage c.if pnpulation in these

age groups than Pirranrids B and t" it ls'lhe

r6spinsit,lliry* oi governniertts tc ntake special

provisioris fcir the aged. Thiis, -Qovernrnentsof deveii:peo countries, where I'here is a higiler

standaro' of iivilig, has a iarger pcpulaLion in

these age grouBS to cater- for than rJevrrlopirrg

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The age: sex information obtained from

a census is put in the form of a population pyra-

mid. A population pyramid is a graphical rep-

resentation of the composition of a given popu-

lation.The pyramids A. B and C represent the

age : sex distributions of different populatiops.

Fyralirid.Arepresents a country with an

increasing birth rat€. T[is c]n be seen be-

cause the 0 - 4 year age group has a larger

population than any of the other age groups'

This charasteristic of a high bitth rate is common

to developing countries such as the Caribbean'

With a high birth rate governments must

concem themselves with providing ed99g!9!9!

and feqfeational facilities ful

;#;1.i6". Ii rnust be understooiltF-a-IJhE--VO-.-*g people will soon be joining the labour

force, Strategies tn creato more-job larQe-

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sidered,

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the birth rate is decreasing, This inference

can be drawn by comparing the 0 - 4 year

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The PoPulation

Lesson # l0

Thisisalsoknownastheage-sexpyramid'Itisaspecialbarchartthatshows

the distribution of the various age groups in a population. The males are usually

shown on the left side of the pyramid vshile the females are shown on the right

hand side.

pyamid will represent the specific population growth of the

Mostpopulationpyramidswillreflectoneofthefollowingtypes

The population

given country.

of growth:

t. Bgpid-GroytL amid has a broad base and a narrow apex. It indicates high

birth and ieath-.ates and a low life expectancy rate'

2. Slow Growth- frIirJdt. *ction of this PYramid

decline in fertility and an increase in

typical of this PYramid'

3. Negative Gro\dh . . . *-.^L,,,iror rLqn flThemiddlesect,onoftheplramidismuchwiderthanthebase.TheapexlS

also getting wider d;;;; i;t**ed life expectancy. Birth^rate is low and the

death rate is *ro ro*. c"rr"*v is includei in this type of plramid.

A population pyramid maybe concave or convex in shape'

ApyramidthatrepresentsabroadbaseandnalTowapexconstitutesaconcave plramid. il;;;;; ptramid has a smaller base and a wide middle

section. The apex is also expanding d.o"lroped countries are represented

by convex pv.u-iirir,i];,il";# developing countries are represented by a

concave PYramid.

RESEARCU.CTIVTTIES

Candidates are required to:

\ L write short notes on stationary, expansive and constrictive pyramids'

II:... Identify four pieces of information that maybe revealed by a population

pyramid.

is wider than the base' This indicates a

life expectancy at birth' The U'S'A is

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III.

IV.

Discuss any three factors that could cause a country's population

pyramid to shift from rapid growth to slow growth.

What challenges could be posed to the government of a country which

population pyramid is expanding at the apex?

LESSON TARGET

Lesson #10 target objective 5 of module 1.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

t. Module in Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw (P. I88-190)

2. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (2006) (P.

122-123)

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LESSO]Y #11

Population Control Policy

This is a set of measures designed by the government to influence changes

within the population e.g. the fertility rate and migration.

Despite all the modern technology that is now available and the socio-

economic advancements that have been achieved, the concems expressed by

Malthus for urgent population control policies are still relevant today.

The world is presently faced with unprecedented dernand for:

o oil

. food - especially corn and rice.

r potable water

o the control of toxic waste and other pollutants

o jobs

o proper affordable health care

o adequate housing

o friendly physical environment.

AII these critical demands only serve to increase the growing need for

fundamental population control policies to be drafted and implemented.

Africa and Latin America are recording the highest population growth rate in

the world. Almost 50oh of the Sub-sahara Africa population is under age I 5

yrs. This region is reported to have the highest incidence of the lowest lif-e

expectancy rate in the world.

This lesson will briefly take a look at some of the population control policies iri

India, Singapore, China and Jarnaica.

INDIA

Since the 1960's, India has been ernbarking on a number of population policie:s.

Some of these are:

I.

II.

III.

A thorough family planning education in school and health clinics'

The reorganization of primary health care facilities in urban slum areas'

The reserve of specified number of hospital bed for tubal ligation

operations

The renovation of intra uterine device (l.U.D.) rooms in rural fanrily

welfare centers attached to primary health care facilities.

Incentives are given to males who take the vasectomy operation.

IV,

V.

SINGAPORE

I. Between 1969-1972. population disincentives were administered against

parents who had more than two children. They would lose certain

welfare benefits, tax rebates etc.

II. Family life education was introduced.

III. The "Stop At Two" policy was promoted-

IV. Voluntary sterilization and abortion was promoted'

V. In 1986, the "Stop At Two" policy was abolished and was replaced by

the "Have Three Or More if You Can Afford It" policy. This was

necessary as the fertility rate fell to 1.44 children per woman, below the

replacement rate of 2.L This prompted the government to promote a

public campaign to inform the people of the joy of marriage and

parenthood. Material incentives were offered to parents who were

having their fourth child. A $20,000 tax rebate was offered to parents

who have their fourth child after January 01,1978.

CHINA

I. The government introduced the one-child policy in 1979. Fines were

imposed on those who violate this policy. They could also lose their

bonuses at the workplace. However, Chinese nationals returning fi'onr

overseas can have a second child.

II. There is now a family planning programme which involves the

distribution of free contraceptives and free pre-natal classes for wolnen.

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III. There is health care assistance for pregnant women'

JAMAICA

l. The promotion of family life education in school'

II. Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than too many'

lII. A public education campaign promoting the availability and use of

various forms of contraceptives through the National family Planning

Board.

IV. A national campaign on HIV/AIDS'

V. The promotion of primary health care services

VI. Migration Policies

vII. National health and welfare programmes for the elderly eg' NI{F and

PATH.

vIlI. The upgrading of the Registrar general Department to provide greater

accuracy in national records'

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

I. Population policies are critical to the development of the Caribbean'

Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean territory'

il. Explain some of the basic population control policies of the U'S' A'

IIl. Assess the effectiveness of the population control policies of a named

Caribbean territory.

IV. Explain why people may not be willing to participate in some bith

control Programmes'

Lesson # 11 targets objective#06 of Module l'

RECOMMENDED READINGS

I.ModuleslnSocialstudiesbyRamsawakandUmraw.P.lg3_199.@(

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IIL There is health care assistance for pregnant women.

JAMAICA

I. The prornotion of family life education in school.

II. Two-children policy under the slogan two is better than too many.

III. A public education campaign promoting the availability and use of

various forms of contraceptives through the National farnily Planning

Board.

IV. A national campaign on HIV/AIDS.

V. The promotion of primary health care services

VI. Migration policies

VII. National health and welfare programmes for the elderly eg. NI{F and

PATH.

VIII. The upgrading of the Registrar general Department to provide greater

accuracy in national records.

RESBARCH ACTTVITIES

Candidates are required to:

L Population policies are critical to the development of the Caribbean.

Discuss this staternent in light of a named Caribbean territory.

il. Explain some of the basic population control policies of the U.S. A'

II. Assess the effectiveness of the population control policies of a narned

Caribbean territory.

IV. Explain why people may not be willing to participate in sorne birlh

control programmes.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson # 11 targets objective #06 of Module l.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

I. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw. P.1g3 - 1gg.

Il.sociologyForCaribbeanStudentsbyMustapha(2006)P.82_83.

III. Population - An Introduction To Concepts And Issues' John Weeks P'

127 - 163.

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LESSON # 12

Development

This can be defined as the progressive process of cultural, political and socio-

economic change which shapes people's lives- Development generally leads to

improvement in the quality of life of the people within the country'

Population Density

This refers to the average number of people living on every square kilorreter in

a country.

Population density : Total population

Area

This refers to the number of people that a country or area can support witl-rout

adversely affecting its ability to support future generations.

Overpopulation

This refers to the condition where the economic resources in a given area are

not enough to support the population of that area'

Population and development In The Caribbean

It is evident that the population statistics of a country can affect its

development and the vice versa. The general level of education of the people

nray determine significantly the level of economic development that a

particular country may experience. Agricultural activities are on the declinc in

the rural areas due to rural-urban migration. The caribbean also suffbrs I'ron]

bfain drain due to the migration of several of its professionals to places like tlrc

u.s. A., canadaand the U.K. This significantly affects labour productivity

adversely. Wl--

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The caribbean has been experiencing a decline in its fertility rate and an

increase in its life expectancy at birth rate' However' the relatively high level of

unemploymentandcrimeposeaseriousthreattodevelopmentinanumberclf

territories such as Jamaica, Haiti and Trinidad to a lesser extent' The threat of

HIV/AIDS and the increase in substance abuse also provide great hindrances to

caribbean development. This is especially so as these victims are mainly tiorn

theunderfortyyearsagegroup.Thesepeopleareintheprirneoftheirwork

lif-e.

The general lack of relevant technical skills among the people of the caribbean

tomeetthedemandsoftheworkplaceisalsoposingathreattothe

develoPment of the region'

However, the recent strides being made by the region,s women in education

andprofessionaltrainingarehavingapositiveimpactonCaribbean

develoPment. .

The lack of the father figure and male margitalization among many Caribbean

farnilies is also hampering the region's development' Too many of the regiou's

children are being deprived of a sound education due to the lack of financial

support from their fathers or the indiscipline caused by their frequent absence

in the home.

The most important resources of any country is its people, and whatever

development that will occur depend heavily on the development of the human

capital.

Candidates are required to:

I.Discussthestatement-..FertilitycontrolisthekeytoCaribbean

development" with reference to a named territory'

II.Ana|yzetheimplicationsofoverpopulationtoanamedCaribbean

territory.

@

Irsson #l2tatgets objective 7 0f Module 1'

1. Modules In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw P' 194-200'

2.Population-AnlntroductionToConceptsAndlssuesbyJohnWeeks.

P.429 - 450.

3. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha' P' 82 - 85'