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Formulations Formulations

Active ingredientActive ingredient - the chemical that control - the chemical that control the target pestthe target pest

may be sold in several formulationsmay be sold in several formulations

Inert (inactive) ingredientsInert (inactive) ingredients - used to dilute - used to dilute pesticidepesticide

LIQUID FORMULATIONSLIQUID FORMULATIONS

Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)

one or more petroleum-based solventsone or more petroleum-based solvents liquid active ingredientliquid active ingredient An added adjuvent allows petroleum to An added adjuvent allows petroleum to

mix with water mix with water EmulsionEmulsion

Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)

AdvantagesAdvantages requires little agitationrequires little agitation non-abrasivenon-abrasive non-plugging of screens and nozzlesnon-plugging of screens and nozzles

Emulsifiable Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)Concentrates (EC or E)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages highly concentratedhighly concentrated easy absorption through skineasy absorption through skin corrosive, can deteriorate hoses, gaskets corrosive, can deteriorate hoses, gaskets

and painted and painted

Ready-to-use (RTU)Ready-to-use (RTU)

already mixed and ready to applyalready mixed and ready to apply over the counter productsover the counter products low active ingredientslow active ingredients

Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)Ultra-Low-Volume (ULV)

approximately 100 percent active ingredientapproximately 100 percent active ingredient little or no dilutionlittle or no dilution used in ag, forestry, and mosquito controlused in ag, forestry, and mosquito control

Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)

Active ingredient is an insoluble solidActive ingredient is an insoluble solid Powder (active ingredient) mixed with liquid Powder (active ingredient) mixed with liquid

(inert ingredient)(inert ingredient)

Forms a suspensionForms a suspension

Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)

AdvantageAdvantage seldom clog nozzlesseldom clog nozzles easy handlingeasy handling

Flowables (F or L)Flowables (F or L)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages requires agitationrequires agitation residualresidual

Aerosols (A)Aerosols (A)

contain low % of a.i.contain low % of a.i. ready-to-use-aerosolready-to-use-aerosol

self-contained units, spray cansself-contained units, spray cans

fog - used in mosquito controlfog - used in mosquito control

Invert EmulsionsInvert Emulsions

water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrieroil carrier

large dropletslarge droplets used in rights-of-way (roadsides)used in rights-of-way (roadsides)

DRY FORMULATIONSDRY FORMULATIONS

Dust (D)Dust (D)

ready to useready to use low % of a.i. (0.5% low % of a.i. (0.5%

to 10%)to 10%) used dryused dry easy drift potentialeasy drift potential often small area often small area

use, indoor use, or use, indoor use, or seed treatmentseed treatment

Dust (D)Dust (D)

AdvantagesAdvantages ready to useready to use simple equipmentsimple equipment

use duster for adequate coverageuse duster for adequate coverage

Dust (D)Dust (D)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages easy drifteasy drift does not stick to surfaces welldoes not stick to surfaces well even distribution difficulteven distribution difficult

Baits (B)Baits (B)

a.i. mixed with food or attractive a.i. mixed with food or attractive substancesubstance

low a.i.low a.i. pest killed when consuming foodpest killed when consuming food

Baits (B)Baits (B)

AdvantagesAdvantages ready to useready to use pest goes to pest goes to

baitbait

Baits (B)Baits (B)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages attractive to children and petsattractive to children and pets can attract wildlifecan attract wildlife dead pest cause odordead pest cause odor

Granules (G)Granules (G)

similar to dust, large dispersible particlessimilar to dust, large dispersible particles a.i. is low %a.i. is low %

Granules (G)Granules (G)

AdvantagesAdvantages drift lowdrift low

Granules (G)Granules (G)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages do not stick to foliagedo not stick to foliage may need watered inmay need watered in

Pellets (P)Pellets (P)

similar to G but uniform in sizesimilar to G but uniform in size

Wettable Powders (WP or W)Wettable Powders (WP or W)

look just like dustslook just like dusts mixed with water mixed with water

suspensionsuspension

do not dissolve, needs to be continuously do not dissolve, needs to be continuously agitatedagitated

Wettable Powders (WP or W)Wettable Powders (WP or W)

DisadvantageDisadvantage inhalation hazardinhalation hazard require good agitationrequire good agitation abrasiveabrasive difficult to mixdifficult to mix clog potentialclog potential residualresidual

Soluble powders (SP or WSP)Soluble powders (SP or WSP)

similar to WP, but dissolve in water - similar to WP, but dissolve in water - solutionsolution

little agitation neededlittle agitation needed

Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)

pesticides pesticides surrounded by surrounded by plastic coatingplastic coating

mixed with mixed with water and water and applied as applied as sprayspray

Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)

AdvantagesAdvantages encapsulation will release pesticide over encapsulation will release pesticide over

timetime good safety and ease of usegood safety and ease of use

Microencapsulated pesticides (M)Microencapsulated pesticides (M)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages constant agitationconstant agitation attractive to bees (pick up and take back attractive to bees (pick up and take back

to hive…pollen?)to hive…pollen?)

Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG or DF)Water-Dispersible Granules (WDG or DF)

similar to WP, but similar to WP, but granulesgranules

mixed with water, mixed with water, granules break granules break apart apart

no inhalation no inhalation easy to handleeasy to handle

FumigantsFumigants

FumigantsFumigants

poisonous gasespoisonous gases used in structural pest control and grain used in structural pest control and grain

storagestorage

FumigantsFumigants

AdvantagesAdvantages one treatment will kill everything - insect one treatment will kill everything - insect

and diseaseand disease penetrates everythingpenetrates everything

FumigantsFumigants

DisadvantagesDisadvantages target site must be enclosedtarget site must be enclosed highly toxichighly toxic specialized equipmentspecialized equipment

ADJUVANTSADJUVANTS

Formulation ADJUVANTSFormulation ADJUVANTS

Formulation adjuvantFormulation adjuvant may be may be incorporated into productincorporated into product

Improve storage and/or compatibilityImprove storage and/or compatibility

Formulation ADJUVANTSFormulation ADJUVANTSFormulation adjuvantFormulation adjuvant EmulsifiersEmulsifiers: enable mixing of water-: enable mixing of water-

insoluble productsinsoluble products Buffering agentBuffering agent: control pH of solution: control pH of solution AntifoamingAntifoaming: reduce foam during mixing: reduce foam during mixing

Spray ADJUVANTSSpray ADJUVANTSSpray adjuvantSpray adjuvant increases efficacy increases efficacy SurfactantSurfactant is a ‘surface-active agent’ is a ‘surface-active agent’

Reduces surface tensionReduces surface tension Improves absorptive capabilityImproves absorptive capability

Spray ADJUVANTSSpray ADJUVANTS

StickersStickers: increase : increase adhesive natureadhesive nature

Spreader-stickerSpreader-sticker: : combined with combined with surfactantsurfactant