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Transcript of +. Hershey-Chase Experiment Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to...
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Hershey-Chase Experiment
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Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to study the structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick used this information to deduce the double helical structure of DNA
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Chargaff’s Rule
# of A’s = # of T’s # of C’s = # of G’s
If it’s determined that a sample of DNA consists of 23% Adenine, how much of the sample is Guanine?
27%
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DNA strands are antiparallel
Numbering of strands is based on position of deoxyribose sugars
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DNA is wrapped tightly around proteins & folded
DNA must unwind for replication to occur
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DNA Replication occurs during the S phase of Interphase is semi-conservative (Meselson & Stahl) Used 14N and 15N – different densities
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Overview of DNA Replication: Unreplicated DNA. Strands “unzip” at
several points creating replication forks.
Each strand serves as template for complementary nucleotides to H-bond.
New nucleotides of each daughter strand are linked.
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Steps in DNA Replication:
Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds.
Binding proteins stabilize strands; prevent them from rejoining.
Primase makes an RNA primer.
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Free nucleotides move in & H-bond; DNA polymerase links nucleotides to each other starting at primer & working in the 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA polymerase “proofreads” new strand (replaces incorrect bases); leaves errors 1/1,000,000,000 base pairings
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DNA replication is continuous on one strand (leading strand)
DNA replication is discontinuous on other strand (lagging strand), producing Okazaki fragments
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Repair enzymes remove RNA primers; Ligase connects Okazaki fragments.
Ligase
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Origin of replication Replication forks Replication bubbles
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Okazaki fragments Leading vs. Lagging strands
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The rate of elongation is about 500 nucleotides per second in bacteria and 50 per second in human cells
1/10,000 base pairings is an error; only 1/1,000,000,000 errors left after proofreading
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