- G scale news from around New Zealand - February 2008scaping retaining wall blocks and back filled...
Transcript of - G scale news from around New Zealand - February 2008scaping retaining wall blocks and back filled...
- G scale news from around New Zealand -
February 2008
Train entering the yard on the Linden Railway. Congratulations to Fiona Russell, whose Yard Masters Office has just
won her top prize in a national scratch building competition. See inside for more details. Photo: John Robinson.
Corner brac-
ing from the
off cuts were
glued under-
neath the
floor to pro-
vide strength
and stability.
The roof has
not been
glued onto
the building,
to enable
easy access
to the inte-
r i o r , so
trusses from
B a s s w o o d
were made to provide rigidity and
ensure the roof fits securely when replaced. In-
terior lighting can be added later if I am moti-
vated enough.
Exterior:-
Weatherboard is Precision Products ‘Plastic
Veneer’ sheets cut to size with windows and
the doorway cut out.
Plastic 5mm x 5mm corner angles were used to
“finish off” the exterior corners.
Windows, porch brackets and door frame are
various Basswood lengths cut to size with thin
4mm Basswood lumber strips to complete the
window frames.
(These strips help to cover up the little mis-
takes when cutting out for the windows)
The corrugated iron roof is also Plastic Veneer
and was spray painted in red acrylic with wa-
tered down orange acrylic brushed on later for
a weathered effect.
The door is made from Basswood and over
painted with a fairly dry brush to give a timber
effect.
A cheap earring (not mine) was trimmed down
to make the “brass” doorknob.
The interior and exterior of the building was
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 2
Coupler Competition
First Prize Award
- Fiona Russell -
The Yard Masters Office was made using Pre-
cision Products ‘ Perfect Panels’ for the walls,
floor and roof so no framing was needed.
Perfect Panel sheets are 400mm x 400mm x
5mm. They are easy to draw a pattern onto and
cut with a craft knife.
During the
last year “The
Coupler”
magazine ran
a structure
building com-
petition;
Nine months
to build a
model of a
Yard Masters
Office from
plans sup-
plied, in the
scale of your
choice.
A good num-
ber of entries
were received ranging from NZ120 to G scale,
and Fiona Russell from Wellington was an-
nounced as the winner.
The accompanying article and photos ap-
peared in the December issue and are re-
printed here thanks to “The Coupler”, and
Fiona Russell.
The details inside are visible through the window.
and the cold tap was a lucky find among some
Piko bits and pieces.
(Stainless steel sink is in the process of being
built)
Cupboard doors were glued on after painting
(otherwise it all becomes a complete mess) and
the door handles are heads of shirt pins cut to
size.
The stove is made from Basswood, sanded to
give rounded corners and painted black.
6mm brass pipe was used for the chimney, also
painted black, and extends under the floor for a
smoker unit to be added later. (His department,
not mine).
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 3
painted with an acrylic
spray paint while the
white windows and door
frame were brush
painted later.
Telephone box is Bass-
wood and the bells are
just the ends of 2 ordi-
nary pencils cut off,
sanded and painted
black.
The “concrete” step at
the door is just Bass-
wood with a mottled
paint effect.
Interior:-
‘Tongue and Groove’ flooring is Plastic Ve-
neer brush painted with acrylic and a second
coat put on the partially dry floor to create the
worn effect.
Skirting boards are Basswood strips glued and
carefully painted. If I was clever, I would have
painted the skirting boards before I glued them
in!
The bench unit is Basswood sheet cut to size
with Basswood 12.5mm angle strips glued to-
gether and sanded to make the “bull nose”
bench top.
The sink is tin foil glued under the sink cut-out
The yard masters office sits close to Fiona’s other building, the Linden Station. Photo by John Robinson.
Inside the building, you can even see the nails in the floor boards.
had up to 4 trains running, all in the same di-
rection, and yes there are a couple of incident
reports being filed.
Brian will be doing a bit of a talk about the
Navigator at the up coming mini-convention,
but he might not show us again how to repro-
gram 6 loco’s all at the same time with address
08, opps!
A neat thing with the Navigator is the little
icon pictures and names you can assign to each
chipped loco (just don’t try and do it while
running trains folks). Once that was sorted a
signalman was appointed and we started run-
ning in opposing direction putting the recently
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 4
Above: Engine shed at the far end.
Left: Buildings fill the town scene.
By John Robinson
2008 has started of in fine fashion here with
another visit to the fine Linden Railway of
Brian & Fiona Russell. Not a bad turnout on a
day somewhat overcast but pleasant enough for
running trains and having a chat.
The railway is DCC powered and Brian now
has one of those flash Massoth Navigator cord-
less hand pieces coupled into the back of an
MTSIII unit. A few guys got to have a play
with it when we could prize it out of Lexie’s
hand, it is comfortable to hold I agree. So
along with some MTS corded hand pieces we
Above: Brian and David resort to the
instruction sheet to get it working.
Left: Overall view of the railway.
January Running in Wellington
By Raynor Johnston
Thanks to all from the Waikato who came. We
had a great session helping BenRachel get on
track.
We now have a complete loop and had the first
paying traffic! A sensible scale! A Stainz loco
with revenue passenger cars and the bucolic
"express-o-loo" live steam mobile WC facility
from the steam guru Andy Whyman. Thanks
Andy.
I had no idea we would get it linked up but
with everyone contributing it was a special
moment to see both trains circuiting without
mishap. This has encouraged me to look to
complete the outer loop soonest.
Raynor J
Supernumary Vice President
(normally in hiding) of BenRachel Railway
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 5
BenRachel Update
Opposing trains cross under DCC control
G Scale Mini Convention Update
15 & 16 March 2008
Tawa, Wellington.
reconfigure yard layout to test. That got the
grey matter working, a lot of fun indeed.
On show where the fine scratch built station
building and yard master’s office made by
Fiona, the later having just won her first prize
in a competition run by the NZAMRC.
You can find some more pictures on the fine G
Scale Mad website here http://www.
g s c a l em a d . c o . u k / f o r um / i n d e x . p h p ?
showtopic=11273
All in all a good day ending with a sausie or
two, thanks Brian & Fiona.
Although it has only been promoted in
NZ, we have already attracted bookings
from overseas.
So far we have one Australian travelling
over for the weekend (and giving a
clinic), plus two visiting Canadians who
just happen to be in the country.
You should have already received a copy
of the info sheet and registration form
from your club co-ordinator. If not, you
can get one direct from Ian Galbraith:
Email: [email protected]
It’s going to be another great weekend.
Don’t miss out!
diesels with long
trains. And they look
great as they snake
around the layout.
The track has been
laid on wooden beams
fastened to posts
about 300mm above
the original ground
level.
The area was then
boarded with land-
scaping retaining wall
blocks and back filled
with dirt to raise the
ground level up to the
track height.
Points are a mixture
of LGB medium ra-
dius and USA Trains long radius. All are elec-
trified. It is clear that a great deal of thought
has gone into the design. There is a siding at
one end which runs into the garage for setting
up trains. At the other, clever use of a 90deg
diamond crossing has been made which will
eventually lead to a bigger yard down the side
of the house. Another turnout (already in-
stalled) will turn the future yard into a triangle
allowing trains to be dispatched in either direc-
tion around the railway.
Some gaps have been
incorporated into the
design to allow for
bridges to be added
later. A water feature
is planned for the
back corner, and will
look very nice with
the twin bridges
crossing it.
The ‘rivers’ have
been lined with attrac-
tive schist rocks
which were left over
from a building site
Andrew was working
on.
Two tunnels are
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 6
Andrew’s New Railway
Eventual plans are to have water flowing from the top of the rock mountain.
The Christchurch club meeting was hosted by
Andrew Hamers at his brand new railway.
There was a good turnout, with over 20 mem-
bers coming along. There were also a few visi-
tors, including Bob Parlette all the way from
the USA.
Andrew has been building the railway over the
last year. The best way of describing the track
plan is a large U shape. The curves are gener-
ously large, and the track has virtually no
grades. This allows Andrew to run his modern
Some of the club members relaxing and enjoying the sunny afternoon .
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 7
planned, the first of which has
already been started. The tunnel
portals are to his own design
(high enough for double stack
container wagons to fit through)
and have relief details. Andrew
has made his own mould and
cleverly cast them in one piece.
There is still plenty to do, the
dirt only went in the day before
we visited. More will be needed
for the tunnels, and it will be al-
lowed to settle before plants are
added.
The railway is shaping up to be
a stunner and we look forward to
visiting again in the future.
Thanks to Andrew and Bindy
for their hospitality.
Some more photos can be found
o n l i n e a t : h t t p : / /www .
gscalemad.co.uk/forum/index.
php?showtopic=11425&hl=
Our February meeting is in
Hokitika, spread over two days.
On Saturday we will be running
on members track set up at the
Hokitika Heritage Park. There
will also be other models and
layouts on display.
On Sunday we will be at Jim
Staton’s recently extended gar-
den railway.
If you want more details, contact
Glen Anthony or Jim Staton.
Andrew’s train snakes around the end of the railway past the garage siding.
Don’s Crocodile on the curved bridge over the future water pond.
Diesel exhaust smoke wafts from Rob’s loco as is runs through the yard. Andrew’s single pour concrete portal.
By Wayne Haste
This started life as a Bachmann Observation
car, so the first job was to remove the interior
and start with a new floor to build a workshop
scene.
I reinstated the WC cubical, and then sorted
through my junk box for suitable parts that
would silhouette for machinery.
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 8
Maintenance Car
Most of the windows from the original carriage have been blanked out, and a new (working) sliding door added.
Page 9
Dolls house furniture the right (or close) scale
made up the stove, workbench, the draw cabi-
net and after a little work were fitted in place.
Item no 92411 track tools from Bachmann
were also placed about.
Bachmann figure sorting timber
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
The saw horses, long ladder, step ladder, and
the safe I made up.
Car body: I started by cutting the hole for
the sliding door in the side, then boarded up a
selection of windows and fitted a chimney.
A view of the complete interior.
Top inset: scratch built ladder
and saw horse
The white food safe on the end platform was scratch built
most common. And let’s take it one problem at
a time:
- Brass tarnishes, this is not alarming in itself, since the black type of brass oxide has a
fairly good conductivity Trains will run quite
well on slightly blackened rails. Polishing the
rails to a shiny, bright glow is folly and we
don’t really want that brassy glow anyways. If
the sandpaper used is too course, the rails will
receive microscopic scratch marks, this means,
more dirt can adhere more easily.
- A greenish discoloration spells trouble. It is usually oxidization under the influence of
sulfur and acids. Maybe your neighbor’s cat is
using your tunnel as a sandbox. Rinse the track
well with soapy water, before doing anything
else. Use a wire brush, and rinse it again.
- Live plants growing over the rails cause trouble. Do not make it a habit of running over
them and assume that your heavy engine will
teach them a lesson. By the way, this goes for
ants as well! The juices squeezed out by the
wheels will be carried allover your layout, and
when they dry, they form a film of sticky, sug-
ary substance. That will stop any train running
on track power.
- Oil on the track!? The effect is much like the one above. Watch out for over oiling the
bearings of rolling stock. Live steamers are bad
news. Get rid of oily films as soon as possible.
- Dust is everywhere. If your rails already have a sticky film, dust will feel right at home.
There is practically no such thing as conduc-
tive dust. Plastic wheels are claimed to carry
dust more readily than metal wheels, this may
make a difference, but the difference is small.
The bottom line is: We must get rid of dust!
- Arcing. Did you ever watch your loco running at night and observe this little bit of
fireworks right at the wheel-rail contact? It’s
bad news! A clean metal to metal rolling or
wiping contact does not arc! But if there are
minor non conducting particles in the way,
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 10
Building a Track Cleaning Wagon
In September 2006 Werner & Ingrid Grund-
mann (from Vancouver Island, Canada) made
a brief visit to NZ. Escorted by Ian and Ann
Galbraith, the visited some garden railways as
part of the tour. Werner has supplied these
thoughts on track cleaning.
By Werner Grundmann.
Track-cleaning is a subject, all of us Garden
Railroaders can never put out of our mind
completely.
A multitude of equipment is readily available
on the market, from the fancy and expensive
rotary machine made by LGB to the various
drag-along items. Many of those I see adver-
tised in the garden Railroad Magazines. I trust
they all work pretty well, but they also have
one thing in common, they cost money up
front and again to maintain. And we all know,
it is not always easy to get our hand on them.
My wife and I were just recently visiting the
North Island under Ian and Ann’s very friendly
and capable guidance. We have had a chance
to meet with a great number of you, who are
deeply into Garden Railroading. We were quite
impressed with the great reception we received
and the open enthusiasm for this hobby of
ours. During conversations, one subject came
up many times: how to keep the trains running
when you depend on track power and the track
tends to get dirty.
I talked with a few of you about my experi-
ences with track cleaning and I mentioned
some simple approaches to this problem,
which seem to work for me. I will repeat the
problems as I see them and I will then show a
solution, anyone can duplicate, at virtually no
cost and by investing no more than ½ hour of
work.
But first we must understand that the term
“dirty track” is a common denominator and has
many causes. Not all can be tackled using the
same approach. To start with, let’s limit our
discussion to Brass Track, it seems to be the
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 11
they can cause a momentary interruption in the
transmission of current. Because there are in-
ductors in our power circuit (the motor itself
and the transformer) a very short but very high
voltage surge is the result and what you see is
the current jumping the gap. Why worry about
it? Each of those little discharges creates an ex-
tremely high temperature within a very small
area. A small amount of metal will be melted
out of one surface and deposited as metal oxide
on the other. The micro pitting on one side har-
bors dirt, the deposit on the other is non con-
ductive. Both don’t help our cause. If you ig-
nore arcing, you may only do so for a short
while. Just wait, it will stop you dead! Because
we run on DC, on one side the rail gets pitted
and the wheel oxidized, on the other side the
reverse will take place. Sure you can change
direction, but now you have both problems on
both sides.
In summary: It’s a good idea to keep your
track clean and don’t wait until the lights
flicker or the trains stops. However, it takes
different approaches to the different causes, I
outlined above.
One last observation. On many days in the past
I have been running several trains all day long
and not a single pick-up problem has shown
up. When daylight fades, so do the trains. In
many places all at once they show signs of
poor power pick-up. Even the lights in the
coaches start to flicker. What is happening? As
near as I can figure, all those little particles
neatly tucked away in their microscopic little
recesses and firmly stuck to the car’s plastic
wheels, are being pulled out by the evening
moisture settling on the cooling track, turning
it all into a nasty non-conductive paste that will
eventually spread everywhere and stop every-
thing. This calls for a major clean up, involv-
ing both: track and wheels. Strangely enough a
light rain will not have the same effect at all.
The excess moisture gets the track and wheels
washed and rinsed as the trains run. The dirt
goes over the edge and out of play. No extra
cleaning is required!
Now for the cheap track cleaner.
We have just discussed the fact that not one
cleaner can fill all the above requirements. We
need at least two cleaning devises, but better
would be three. Fortunately they can be all
build the same way. And they can all be use at
the same time.
We finally come to the workbench activity. I
cut a total of six pieces of wood. (If you want
to be fancy, you may want to use metal for ex-
tra weight).
Three are a flat piece of plywood 80 mm by
120mm and about 6 to 7mm thick (1/4 inch)
They will serve as the cleaning pads. To make
it come along for the ride I glued and nailed
three small blocks 16mm high, 20 mm wide
and 51 mm long each onto the center of the
three plywood pads. I now have three identical
assemblies. Each is lined with an appropriated
cleaning pad.
1. The first is lined with a strong cloth, such as
Denim. In this case I glued it on with contact
cement. It is water-resistant and can be re-
moved and replaced when the time comes. The
job of the first pad is to remove loose dust,
when it is used dry, or to wash the track clean
of water-soluble substances when it is used wet
(i.e. plant and tree sap or flat ants).
2. The second receives a very fine sand paper,
Grid 300 or finer. The picture shows, it is held
in place by masking tape. This makes for quick
removal and replacement. The live time of the
sandpaper is relatively short and I always keep
a few pieces in reserve. It is important to
choose waterproof sandpaper! Otherwise you
may have a mess on your hands the first time
your track is wet…This pad will give it that
gentle swipe to remove oxides and grit that
sticks too well to be washed off.
3. The third pad I lined with raw leather, rough
side out. It acts as a general wipe with a high
degree of retention for all kinds of dust and de-
bris. Since this pad will last for a long time, I
stapled it to the wooden pad for some perma-
nency.
All three pads can and should be washed regu-
larly. The leather pad I give an occasional rub-
down with a wire brush or course sandpaper to
rough it up again. When I am facing a particu-
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 12
larly dirty track, such as after a heavy
rain, I run this cleaning pad ahead of the
first engine. With a strong enough engine
you may chose to place all three pads, one
under each of three cars, in one cleaning
train and get the job done in a hurry. I
place them in the 1 2 3 order for best re-
sults. The leather pad is also suitable as a
wet cleaner, by saturating it with the LGB
track cleaning /smoke oil.
The pictures show how simple the appli-
cation of the cleaning pads really is. Place
it on the track and place one of the LGB
Boxcars over it. The small block on top of
the pad will fit neatly into the recess of
the truss rods. The pad rides on the track
under its own weight and goes wherever
the car goes. It will never hang-up or de-
rail the car, even on switches (turn-outs,
points), as long as the pad is not torn.
Happy track cleaning.
Roses on the fence tie in with the name of the railway
Above left: The cleaning blocks, with the three
different pads attached.
Below: The cleaning pad under an LGB wagon.
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 13
150mm is considered generous. Therefore
the layouts can be quite small and easily
transportable.
Track plans for small layouts usually take
the form of either a continuous loop for
those who just want to let the train run, or an
‘operating’ type layouts where small turnta-
bles, sector plates, and traverses can be used
to enhance a shunting procedure.
A small size layout can make a good indoor
project for winter and allow a high level of
detailing without taking years to finish (but
what layout is ever really complete?).
And you can make use of people, cars and
Gn15
The Harvey Stewart engine at the tunnel entrance.
Paul Napier’s 1/24th scale model of the Georges Tunnel depot of the Waitakere Tramline near Auckland.
So what is Gn15?
In its simplest form it is G scale people and build-
ings, with HO track. Using a scale of 1:22,
16.5mm HO track scales out to prototype of 15”
gauge (hence the name Gn15). But the name has
also become an umbrella term encompassing
1:24scale, and railways of around 15” gauge.
Fifteen inch gauge railways were common in
Europe and Britain, primarily for industrial and
mining applications. In Britain 15” was made
popular in the 1800’s by Sir Arthur Heywood
who had an extensive line on his large estate.
In New Zealand the most prominent use of 15”
gauge is the Driving Creek Railway in the Coro-
mandel. It was built by Barry Brickell, originally
to transport clay and wood for his pottery, but the
train rides have become so popular that is now a
major tourist attraction.
A feature of narrow gauge railways is their tight
curves. And with Gn15, a radius larger than
Some of the loco fleet in the yard. All were scratch built.
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 14
small details already on hand for your G scale
garden railway.
More details on Gn15 can be found at www.
Gn15.info (and you will find more pictures of
the layouts featured here in the forum section).
Other ideas for small layouts can also be
adapted from Carl Arendt’s excellent Small
Layouts scrapbook: http://carendt.us
Layouts featured in the photos:
Waitakere Tramline. Paul Napier built this ex-
hibition layout which is a very close replica of
the Watercare Services maintenance depot in
the Waitakere Ranges, near Auckland. All the
buildings, engines and rolling stock have been
measured and 1/24th scale models scratch
built. The prototype is 2ft gauge, but Paul used
a narrower gauge on the model to be able to
utilise HO scale chassis. Layout size: 1m x 2m
Haywards Estate. Gavin Sowry used a play on
the Heywoods name of Sir Arthur Heywood
(who is famous with 15” gauge in Britain), and
Haywards, the name of the Wellington suburb
close to where he lives. The buildings were
scratch built and the rolling stock is modified
Gavin’s “Pizza ‘n’ Beer”.
Above and Right: Paul’s Cardboard Challenge
A natural ‘tree’ tunnel
Below and Right: Gavin’s
Haywards Estate.
The layout runs off a 9v
battery, and is seen below
set up on a picnic table in a
park.
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 15
Bachmann On30. Size: 600mm x 1.1m
Paul’s Cardboard Challenge. This small
‘pizza’ sized layout was built by Paul Napier
last year as part of an internet challenge to
build a layout using only cardboard construc-
tion. One side features a swamp, while the
other has a saw-millers hut. The bushman’s
jigger was scratch built. Size: 700mm dia.
Pizza ‘n’ Beer.
As the name
s u g g e s t s ,
Gavin Sowry
used an old
beer crate as
the basis for
this novelty
layout. Pizza
is a term used
to refer to
small layouts
(about the size
of a pizza).
The Stamping Ground. Glen Anthony built
this layout around a fictitious gold mine stamp-
ing battery. The stamping battery was origi-
nally going to be used on his outdoor garden
railway but he couldn’t work out how to make
it weather proof and still keep all the moving
parts working. It is not finished yet and there
are more moving parts to add to this scene.
He is finding having a small layout refresh-
ingly easy to transport, store, and quick to set
up. Size: 500mm x 1.2m
Glen’s “Stamping Ground” with full working
stamping battery and moving water wheel
NEW ZEALAND GARDEN RAILWAY TRACK Prices as at January 2008
· This is a new and improved profile rail which has a flat top for better contact and adhe-sion and is more flexible than the previous New Zealand rail.
· It is now available in a range of lengths. (NOTE; The 3.6 meter lengths only available for collection at our Glen Eden warehouse.)
· New and improved sleepers are now self spacing. · Deliveries to commence at the end of January. Forward orders are now being taken. · Freight and packing extra – Ask for quote.
SPECIAL OFFER WHILE STOCKS LAST: Old pattern sleepers – (These cannot be used with the new rail. Note also that the old rail cannot be used with the new sleepers) .33 cents per 2 sleepers.
CONTACT: Graeme Quayle, 47 Oreil Avenue, West Harbour, Waitakere City, 0618.
Phone/Fax (09) 416 7600 or Email: [email protected]
TRACK PRICES
.6 meter c/w sleepers and joiners $ 24.50 1.2 meter c/w sleepers and joiners $ 41.95 1.8 meter c/w sleepers and joiners $ 56.30 3.6 meter c/w sleepers and joiners $100.00
RAIL PRICES
Rail cut to 0.6, 1.2, 1.8 or 3.6 meter lengths at customers’ request - $12.20 per meter.
The Garden Whistle - February 2008
Page 16
The Garden Whistle is compiled by the Christchurch Garden Railway Soc and features news from various
G scale clubs in New Zealand. Each club is a separate identity and the contact details can be found above.
Editor: Glen Anthony, 59 Colombo Street, Christchurch 8022. [email protected]
Auckland:
Sunday 24th February:
Derek & June Lane
10 Tiber Road, Forrest Hill
(09) 410-5926
2pm to 4pm. wet or fine.
15 & 16th March:
Wellington convention
Sunday 27th April:
John & Helen Stephenson
Remuera
Club Contact:
Auckland 45mm Gauge
Model Railway Group
C/- Michael Hilliar
22 Halver Road, Manurewa
Auckland 2102
Ph 09 266 4745
Waikato:
Friday 1st February:
John Mayne
Club Events and Contacts
Christchurch:
9 & 10th February:
Jim Staton,
Hokitika. See page 7 for details
Sunday 30th March:
Neill Wiggins.
Club Contact:
Christchurch Garden
Railway Society
P.O. Box 7145
Christchurch 8240
Chairman: Don Ellis
ph/fax 03 365-2267 wk
Other Events:
15 & 16th March:
Wellington G Scale Mini
Convention. Tawa.
See your club co-ordinator for an
information sheet and registration
form, or contact Ian Galbraith:
Friday 7th March:
Raynor Johnston,
147 Osborne Road,
Horsham Downs
Club Contact:
GROW: Garden Railway
Operators of Waikato!
Grant Alexander,
PO Box 1172, Cambridge.
Ph 078230059. [email protected]
Wellington:
Sunday 10th February:
Dan Hughes
Moorpork Railway
Wainuiomata Please phone John on 0274 427 160
for more details.
Club Contact: Wellington Garden Railway Group www.culcreuchfold.org.nz/wgrg.htm
C/- John Robinson
39 Taylor Terrace, Tawa
Wellington 5028
Ph 04 232 5175
John Lammiman’s triple header on Andrew’s railway