Slide 1

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body Divided into three parts Skull- protects the brain Vertebral column protects the spinal column Bony thorax-protects thoracic cavity (heart & lungs) Slide 2 Figure 5.6a Slide 3 Figure 5.6b Slide 4 Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures- interlocking joints; immovable joints that connec bones of skull Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Slide 5 SutureBones they connect Sagittal2 parietal bones CoronalParietals meet frontal bone SquamousTemporal meets parietal LamboidOccipital meets parietal Slide 6 1. Frontal 2. Sphenoid 3. Ethmoid 4. Right Parietal 5. Left Parietal 6. Right Temporal 7. Left Temporal 8. Occipital Slide 7 1. Maxillae 2. Palantine 3. Zygomatic 4. Lacrimal 5. Nasal 6. Vomer 7. Inferior Nasal Conchae 8. Mandible Slide 8 Figure 5.7 Bone forming anterior cranium Has greater and lesser wings Superior and inferior nasal conchae are part of this bone Its holey plate allows olfactory fibers to pass Allows tear ducts to pass Cheek bone Forms most of hard palate Upper jaw Boney skeleton of the nose Site of external auditory meatus Bone pair united by sagittal suture Slide 9 Figure 5.8 ** forms a plateau across the width of the skull Has greater and lesser wings Contains a saddle that houses the pituitary gland Slide 10 Figure 5.9 Site of jugular foramen and carotid canal Its oval-shaped protrusions articulate with the atlas Spinal cord passes through opening Posterior roof of mouth Inferior part of nasal septum Forms most of hard palate Slide 11 Figure 5.11 Contain alveoli bearing teeth Facial bone that contains a sinus Forms the chin Contain alveoli bearing teeth Contains a paranasal sinus Inferior part of nasal septum Sagittal suture (Greater wing) Squamous sutrue Slide 12 Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses 1.Lighten the skull 2.Give resonance and amplification to voice Slide 13 Figure 5.10a Slide 14 Figure 5.10b Slide 15 Seven skull bones form the orbit: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, and zygomatic Slide 16 The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes. The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw bones present in reptiles. Slide 17 The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Aids in swallowing and speech * not really a skull bone Slide 18 Figure 5.12 Slide 19 The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Fetal skull is 1/4 th total body length Adult skull is only 1/8 th total body length Adolescence Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends Slide 20 Figure 5.13a Slide 21 Figure 5.13b Face is smaller in proportion to cranium Growth (ossification) center: conical projection on some cranial bones Slide 22 Fontanelsfibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones Allows skull to be compressed during birth and allows for brain growth during late fetal life At birth, the skull bones are incomplete Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth Slide 23 Fetus Long bones are formed of hyaline cartilage Flat bones begin as fibrous membranes Flat and long bone models are converted to bone Birth Fontanels remain until around age 2 Ossification Centers in a 12-week-old Fetus Slide 24 Size of cranium in relationship to body 2 years oldskull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult 8 or 9 years oldskull is near adult size and proportion Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull Slide 25 Figure 5.33a Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull Slide 26 Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs - made up of fibrocartilage Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck Twelve thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region Five lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back Herniated disc= a slipped disc; protruding cartilage from vertebra. Causes pain and numbness Slide 27 Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones Sacrum- five components; fused Coccyx- tail bone Slide 28 Figure 5.14 Slide 29 The spine has a normal curvature Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regionslike a c Present from birth Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regionslike an s Develop after birth Slide 30 Figure 5.15 Slide 31 Figure 5.16 Slide 32 Figure 5.17 Slide 33 Figure 5.18a Atlas lacks a body Pivots with C 2 Axis articulates with the occipital condyles Slide 34 Figure 5.18b Forked spinous process Slide 35 Figure 5.18c Bear facets for articulation with ribs; form part of the bony thoracic cage Slide 36 Figure 5.18d Vertebrae with blocklike body and short stout spinous process Slide 37 Sacrum Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae Forms a joint with the hip bone Coccyx Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae Tailbone, or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have Slide 38 Figure 5.19 Slide 39 Forms a cage to protect major organs-cone shaped Consists of three parts Sternum Ribs True ribs (pairs 17) False ribs (pairs 812) Floating ribs (pairs 1112) Thoracic vertebrae Slide 40 Figure 5.20a Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43 Lordosis is a condition that causes the spine to curve towards the body at an exaggerated rate. This curvature makes the individual appear to have a swayback. Signs of lordosis include a prominent protrusion of the buttocks. An inflexible spine in the affected area signals a severe case of lordosis. Individuals with lordosis and a flexible spine may require no treatment beyond physical therapy. Treatment for lordosis with an inflexible spine includes using a brace and possible surgery.