File: 180

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* FINAL

1998 0U2 ANNUAL MONITORING ACTIVITIESI REPORT

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II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

III

1 ~~~~~~Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska

II ~~~~~~~~~~~~March 1999

I

H ~~~~~~~FINAL

I ~~1998 0U2 Annual Monitoring Activities Report

Elelson Air Force Base, Alaska

Prepared for:-

Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska

Prepared by:-

I ~~~~~~~EA Engineering, Science, and Technology3540 International WayI ~~~~~~~~~Fairbanks, Alaska 99701

March 1999 12796.16.3020

H ~~~~~~~~PREFACE

This report presents 1998 0U2 annual monitoring activity information for Eielson Air ForceBase, near Fairbanks, Alaska.

This report was prepared in March 1999. Mr. Sarner Karmi, Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence, Environmental Restoration Division (AFCEEIERD), 'was the ERD point of contact.

Approval:

I ~~Kenneth KilmerProgram ManagerEA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc.

I ~~~~~~~~NOTICE

This document has been prepared for the United States Air Force by EA Engineering, Science,and Technology to aid in the implementation of periodic environmental monitoring under the AirForce Installation Restoration Program (IRP). The limited objectives of this document and theongoing nature of the IRP, along with the evolving knowledge of site conditions and chemicalI ~ ~effects on the environment and health, must be considered when evaluating this document, sincesubsequent facts may become known which may make this document premature or inaccurate.

I ~~Government agencies and their contractors registered with the Defense Technical InformationCenter (DTIC) should direct requests for copies of this document to: DTIC, Cameron Station,Alexandria, VA 22304-6145.

Non-government agencies may purchase copies of this document from: National TechnicalInformation Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.

I ~~~~~REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEFomApveOMN.07418Public reporting burden for this collection of information Is estimated to average I hour per response, including the time for reviewingI instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and comrpleting and reviewidng the collection ofinformation. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions forreduaing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Infonrmation Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson DavisHighway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. and to mhe Office of Management anid Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188).Washington D.C. 20403.

I. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2, REPORT DATE I3. RE PORT TYPE AND DATES COVEREDI March 1999 Draft 0U2 Annual Monitoring Activities Report

4. TITLE AND SUB7TTLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS

1998 0U2 Annual Monitoring Report, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska Delivery9Order016

TonmRichardson. Dave Beistel, Mara Barsujlaky ______________

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

II ~~~EA Engineering, Science, and Technology REPORT NUMBER3540 International Way N/AI ~~Fairbanks, Alaska 99701

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) ID. SPONSORINGIMONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER*1 ~ ~~Air Force Center for Environmental ExcellenceNAHO AFCEE/ERD V3207 North Road

Brooks Air Force Base, Texas 78235-5363

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

1k0. DISTRIBUTIONIAVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

HO AFCEEIERD, Brooks Air Force Base, TexasI ~ ~~354 CES/CEVR, Eielson Air Force Base, AlaskaAlaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Fairbanks, AlaskaUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Sea ttle, Washington

13. ABSTR ACT (Maxinriun 200 word)

Report for 0U2 monitoring activities completed in 1998.

H 1it SUBJECT TERMS I S5. NUMBER OF PAGES

- Eielson Air Force Base - 0U2 1998 Annual Monitoring Activities 1S. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF It. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LiMITrATION OFABSTRACTREPORT OF OF

Unclassified THIS PAGE ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS.............................................................................. AC-i

I ~~~~EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................... ES-i

I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1-1

1.1I EIELSON AFB LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION .................................. 1-11.2 EEELSON AFB REGULATION......................................................... 1-4

1.2.1 Record of Decision Selected Remedy......................................... 1-61.3 OPERABLE UNIT 2 INTERIM REMEDIAL ACTION .............................. 1-7

I ~~~~2. 1998 0U2 PROGRAM RATIONALE AND WORK............................................ 2-1

2.1 STl3/DP26 ................................................................................. 2-1* ~~~~~~~~~2.1.1 1998 Respiration Testing....................................................... 2-6

2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance ................................................. 2-152.1.3 Product Recovery.............................................................. 2-15

2.2 STIO/SS14 SITE SETrING ............................................................ 2-152.2.1 1998 Results ................................................................... 2-16

I ~~~~REFERENCES ......................................................................................... R- 1

APPENDIX A: Photo Log - Site Photographs 1998 Operation and Maintenance FieldActivities

I~~~29.6 8U OI61

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Eielson Air Force Base Location................................................ 1-2Figure 1-2 Groundwater Elevations During June 1998, Eielson AFB, Alaska........... 1-4I ~ ~~~Figure 1-3 Typical Bioventing Well, Eielson AFB, Alaska ............................... 1-7Figure 1-4 Cross-Section, Typical Bioventing Trench, Eielson AFIB, Alaska............ 1-8Figure 2-1 ST13/DP26 Bioventing System Layout ........................................ 2-2I ~ ~~Figure 2-2 Bioventing Equipment Shelter, STI3IDP26, Eielson AFIB, Alaska .......... 2-3Figure 2-3 Bioventing Process and Instrumentation, ST131DP726, Eielson AFB,

Alaska............................................................................. 2-4I ~ ~~Figure 2-4 ST1O/5514 Bioventing System Layout, Eielson AFB, Alaska .............. 2-16Figure 2-5 Bioventing Equipment Shelter, STlISS 14, Eielson AFB, Alaska ......... 2-17Figure 2-6 Bioventing Process and Instrumentation, ST1IO/SS14, Eielson AFB,I ~ ~~~~~~~~~Alaska............................................................................ 2-18Figure 2-7 SVE System, STlIO/SS 14, Eielson AFB, Alaska ............................. 2-19Figure 2-8 STI10/SS 14 New Utilidor Construction and Pipe Re-routing................ 2-20

* ~~~~~~~~LIST OF TABLES

Table 2- 1. Summary of Respiration Test Calculated Data for Eielson Air Force Base-Operable Unit 2 October 1998 Respiration Test................................. 2-5

I~ ~~29A6 8U.O

LIST OF ACRONYMS

H ~~ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental ConservationAFB Air Force BaseARARs Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirementsAST Above-ground Storage Tankbgs Below ground surfaceBTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenesCERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Actcfm cubic feet per minuteCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCO 2 Carbon dioxideCRREL U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering LaboratoryEA EA Engineering, Science, and TechnologyEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyFFA Federal Facilities AgreementI ~ ~FNSB Fairbanks North Star BoroughFR Federal Registerft feetIRP Installation Restoration Programjig/kg microgram(s) per kiogramgg/L microgram(s) per literI ~ ~mg/kg milligram(s) per kilogrammg/kg/day milligramn(s) per kilogram per dayNAPL Non-aqueous Phase LiquidI ~ ~NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthNMAM NIOSH Manual of Analytical MethodsNPL National Priorities ListI ~ ~02 OxygenOU Operable UnitP & ID piping and instrumentation diagramI ~ ~ppm parts per millionPVC polyvinyl chlorideRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery ActI ~ ~RDIRA Remedial Design/Remedial ActionRI/FS Remedial Investigation/Feasibility StudyROD Record of DecisionI ~ ~SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ActSCFM Standard Cubic Feet per MinuteSER Source Evaluation ReportTPH Total Petroleum HydrocarbonsUSAF United States Air ForceUST Underground Storage TankUWRL Utah Water Research LaboratoryWG Inches of Water

12796 16\F 980U2 DOC AC- I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Eielson Air Force Base is restoring contaminated sites under the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and in accordance with a FederalFacilities Agreement (FFA). The FFA, signed by the U.S. Air Force, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA), and State of Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation(ADEC), specifies the framework and schedule for environmental cleanup efforts at EielsonAFB. This report documents the efforts performed at Operable Unit 2 (0U2) in 1998.

0U2 consists of a group of seven source areas where petroleum, oil and lubricant (POL)compounds have been released to soil and groundwater. Most 0U2 source areas are located

wihnindustrial areas or in an undeveloped portion of Eielson AFB. Impact at the 0U2 siteshave been investigated in detail since 1986. Non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) has beendetected at some time during monitoring activities at some 0U2 source areas. All of the sourceareas have aquifer materials of sand and gravel, and groundwater present at less than 10 feetdeep, with a 2-foot annual fluctuation in the water elevation. The water table fluctuation hasresulted in a "smear zone" of fuel contamination. The selected remedy includes bioventing torernediate the fuel source in the soil, and free product removal where possible.

The Record of Decision (ROD) signed in 1994 recommended no further action for 21 sitescontained within the 0U2 source evaluation groups. Interim remedial action was initiated at0U2 during the remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) process. The interim actionincluded NAPL recovery, bioventing, and groundwater monitoring. The rernediation systemsthat were built largely satisfied objectives of the Remedial Design completed after the RI/FS andROD. This design called for minor modifications to the existing equipment, and continuedoperation of the present systems. The remedial actions began in 1995 and are currently ongoing.The remnediation systems have been maintained and monitored by environmental contractors andbase personnel. Due to no further action recommendations prescribed in the ROD, work in 1998focused primarily on two sites, STlI3/DP26 and STIO/SS 14. Work performed from 1998 topresent is summarized as follows:

Source Area Work performed 1998 to present

ST 10, E-2 POL Storage Bioventing system operations, maintenance and monitoring;respiration testing was not performed due to construction

activities at STIO / SS514.

ST 13, E4 Diesel Fuel Spill Continued NAPL recovery and groundwater monitoring

initiated. NAPL recovery system expansion.SS514 E-2 Railroad JP-4 Spill Bioventing system operations, maintenance and monitoring;Area respiration testing was not performed due to construction

activities at STIO / SSl14.

DP 26 E-l0O Tank Sludge Burial Bioventing systems operations, maintenance and monitoring;

Pit respiration testing

12796 16TF98OU2 DOC ES-I

I ~ ~The ST I3/DP26 bioventing system operated virtually 365 days in 1998 with no major down timeobserved. Respiration tests were conducted for the 0U2 ST13/DP26 bioventing systems inOctober 1998. These test results indicated hydrocarbon biodegradation rates ranging from 0.11mg/Kg/day to 0.22 mg/Kg/day. Based on the average biodegradation rate for the site it isestimated that a possible 256 gallons of fuels were degraded. In October a 10 hp Rotron blowermotor failed at bioventing system ST13/DF26 equipment shed C. Bearings in the motor seizedand were repaired.

Product recovery near the 795 Utilidor was operated and upgraded during the 1998 field season.Approximately 17 gallons of product was recovered and transported to the HazMat facility fordisposal in July. After an upgrade for the winter season the system continued to collect

approximately 15 gallons of product through December 1998.

The STIO (E-2) bioventing system operated approximately 245 days in 1998. The Building6225 SVE system operated approximately 300 days throughout the year. SVE exhaust sampleswere collected on a quarterly basis and these samples were analyzed for benzene, toluene,

ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) using EPA Method TO- 14. The average BTEX emission ratewas calculated to be 0.04 pound(s) per day (lb/day). Approximately 12 lb of hydrocarboncompounds were vented through the SVE system during the operating period. Air sampleswithin the building were collected each quarter and analyzed for BTEX using the NationalI ~ ~Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method of analysis of NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods (NMAM) 1501. The results from all samples taken within Bldg. 6225indicated non-detectable concentrations of all analytes for the given analysis method.

Respiration testing was not performed at ST1O due to EAFB construction activities.

I ~~Where measured this field season, 0U2 respiration rates have shown an overall decrease inhydrocarbon biodegradation rates. This data may be biased, however, due to soil vapor samplescollected in October when microbial activities are thought to be slower and due to previousI ~ ~hydrocarbon impact which has already been biodegraded. Cumulative groundwater quality dataat ST13/DP26 has indicated an overall decrease of hydrocarbon compounds at these sites.Cumulative groundwater quality data at STlIO (E-2) has indicated an overall decrease ofI ~ ~hydrocarbon compounds at these sites. This data is supportive of the bioventing systemseffectively removing hydrocarbon impact at these 0U2 source areas.

12796 16\F_980U2 DOC ES-2

1. INTRODUCTION

Eielson Air Force Base is restoring impacted sites under the Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and in accordance with a FederalFacilities Agreement (FFA). The FFA, signed by the United States Air Force (USAF), UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and State of Alaska Department ofEnvironmental Conservation (ADEC), specifies the framework and schedule for environmentalI ~ ~cleanup efforts at Eielson Air Force Base (EAFB). The impacted sites have been incorporatedinto six Operable Units (OUs) and one 'Sitewide' Unit. Records of Decision (RODs) have beencompleted for all of the units and they are in various stages of Remedial Design/Remedial ActionI ~ ~(RD/RA).

Operable Unit 2 (0U2) consists of a group of seven source areas where petroleum, oil andI ~ ~lubricants (POL) compounds have been released to soil and groundwater. Non-aqueous-phaseliquid (NAPL) has been detected at some time during monitoring activities at some 0U2 sourceareas. Most 0U2 source areas are located within industrial areas or in an undeveloped portion ofI ~ ~Elelson AFB. This report documents continued remedial progress monitoring at 0U2 in 1998.Section 1 of this document provides background information. Work performed at each 0U2source area during 1998 is discussed in Section 2.

1.1 EIELSON AFB LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

Eielson AFB covers approximately 19,700 acres and is located along the Richardson Highwaywithin the Fairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB), approximately 24 miles southeast ofFairbanks, and 10 miles southeast of the city of North Pole, Alaska (Figure 1- 1). ApproximatelyI ~ ~3,650 acres are improved or partially improved with the remaining land encompassing forest,wetlands, lakes, and ponds. The base is bounded on the east and south by Fort Wainwright, anU.S. Army installation, and on the west and north by private and public lands. The base is

adjacent to public and private lands zoned for general use.

The approximate population of the FNSB area is 82,000. Communities near Eielson AFBinclude Moose Creek, which abuts the northern base boundary, and the Salcha area, which abutsthe southern base boundary. The base and surrounding area is located in the Tanana RiverValley.

Eielson AFB is a major employer in the Fairbanks area. The base employs approximately 3,400military personnel and 500 civilians. The total residential population of Eielson AFB is

approximately 5,132. Residential and occupational populations are primarily concentrated in thedeveloped portion of the base. The area is active with ongoing base functions, including work,school, and recreational activities. The base contains three elementary schools and one junior-

senior high school. There is one childcare center and one medical and dental clinic.

The developed portion of the base is built on alluvial sediments, and the topography is generallyflat and featureless, with elevations averaging about 550 feet above mean sea level. Theundeveloped east and northeast sides of the base are built on bedrock hills with elevations ashigh as 1, 125 feet above mean sea level. Two-thirds of the base is covered with soils developed

12796 16T_980W2 doc1-

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on alluvial material that contains discontinuous permafrost. Half of the potential agriculturalsoils are currently used for recreational facilities, ammunition storage areas, the Arctic SurvivalTraining School, and other U.S. Air Force development.

Significant wildlife frequents Eielson AFB, and the base supports a variety of recreational andhunting opportunities. No resident threatened or endangered species live on the base. Theclimate is sub-arctic; Fairbanks experiences generally dry, short summers with up to 22 hours ofdaylight in late June, and long, cold, dark winters. Outdoors environmental work is conductedprimarily during the summer field season, when the ground is snow-free, the vadose zone isthawed, and daylight hours are long. The summer field season generally begins between 15April and I May, and generally ends between 1 October and 15 October.

Sediments comprising a shallow, unconfined aquifer underlie the developed portion of the base.The aquifer materials are alluvial sands and gravel 200 to 300 feet thick that overlie relativelylow-permeability bedrock. High transmissivities and relatively flat groundwater gradientscharacterize the alluvial aquifer. Groundwater is present at approximately 6-10 feet belowground surface (bgs) in the alluvial aquifer associated with the developed portion of the base.Seasonal variation in the groundwater elevation is approximately 2 feet, with the highestelevations occurring during May and early June when the spring thaw, or "breakup" occurs.Groundwater flow direction in the shallow aquifer was investigated as part of the Sitewide RI.Groundwater flow is generally toward the north-northwest, parallel with the downstream flow ofthe Tanana River (Figure 1-2). The down gradient direction is locally influenced by surfacewater bodies and groundwater extraction from base supply wells. Groundwater is the onlysource of potable water at the base and in nearby communities. The main base system treatspotable water to remove iron and sulfide. Groundwater is also the principal water supply sourcefor non-potable use.

The eastern portion of the base is underlain by crystalline bedrock; groundwater is present in afractured bedrock aquifer. The bedrock aquifer is not as well characterized as the alluvialaquifer, and is believed to be variable in hydraulic conductivity, groundwater gradient, andelevation. In the vicinity of the Ski Hill facility, depth to groundwater ranges between 50 and200 ft bgs in the bedrock aquifer.

1.2 EIELSON AFB REGULATION

Eielson AFB has been used for military operations since its establishment in 1944. The mission* ~~of Eielson AFB is to train and equip personnel for close air support of ground troops in an arctic

environment. Eielson AFB operations include industrial areas, aircraft maintenance andoperations, an active runway and associated facilities, administrative offices, and residential andrecreational facilities.

Soil and groundwater at the base have been impacted from operations associated with EielsonAFB carrying out its defense mission. Impacted soil and groundwater occurred as compoundswere released from storage and handling of fuels and solvents, and from refuse disposal in

* ~~landfills. Initially, this impact was evaluated under the U.S. Air Force Installation Restoration* ~~Program (IRP). The four-phase IRP was initiated in 1982 with a Phase 1 records search to

identify past disposal sites containing contaminants that might pose a hazard to human health orthe environment. Under the IRP, the U.S. Air Force identified potential areas of contaminationat Eielson AFB. Potential source areas included old landfills, storage and disposal areas, fueling12796 16\F 980U2,doc 1-3

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system leaks, and spill areas.

Eielson AFB3 was listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) (54 FR 48184) on 21 November1989 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This listing designated the facility as afederal Superfund site subject to remedial response requirements of CERCLA, as amended byI ~ ~the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA).

In May 1991, the U.S. Air Force, the State of Alaska, and EPA entered into the Federal FacilityI ~ ~Agreement, under CERCLA Section 120, which established the procedural framework andschedule for developing, implementing, and monitoring CERCLA response actions. Anadditional goal of the FFA was to integrate the U.S. Air Force's CERCLA response obligationsI ~ ~and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action obligations. Under theFFA, potential source areas were placed in one of six operable units (OUs), based on similarcontaminant and environmental characteristics, or were included for evaluation under a Source

Evaluation Report (SER).

1.2.1 Record of Decision Selected Remedy

Based on findings of the RI and a base line risk assessment, source areas ST 10, SS514, ST13, andDP26 require remedial action because of the potential risk from unrestricted domestic use ofgroundwater. The potential risks are primarily associated with BTEX, total lead and naphthalenein the groundwater. The remedy for each source area to be remediated includes:

I ~~~~~~NAPL removal by passive skimming if NAPL is sufficiently mobile to berecoverable.

I ~~~~~~Bioventinglsoil vapor extraction to remediate soil contamination posing a threat togroundwater through leaching. System may include air injection within upperpart of groundwater table and smear zone to volatilize and promote

bioremediation of contaminants.

Groundwater monitoring at all source areas under remediation.

The EPA's Superfund goal is restoration of groundwater to its beneficial use within a reasonabletime period given the particular circumstances of the source area. Remediation goals identifying

acceptable BTEX levels in soils and groundwater have been developed from risk-basedconcentrations and chemical-specific applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements(ARARs) to achieve the objective of benzene; 5 gg/L, toluene; 1,000 ggfL, ethylbenzene; 700

gg/L, xylene 10,000 gg/L, and two napthalenes, 2-methylnapthalene; 140 ggfL, and naphthalene,220 ggfL. The primary objective is protection of groundwater. The secondary goals developedfor soil are based on fate and transport modeling and may be modified if additional informationindicates an alternative level of soil rernediation protects groundwater. Analyzing groundwatersamples will monitor remedial progress. The progress will be reported and reviewed during theI ~ ~~statutory 5-year review period.

12796.A6T&980U2.do 1-5

1.3 OPERABLE UNIT 2 INTERIM REMEDIAL ACTION

Bioventing was implemented at source areas STI 3JDP26, and STIOISS 14 as an interim remedialaction. At each source area, air is either injected into, or extracted from, standard PVC injectionwells or steel well points using a blower in a small enclosure. A diagram of generalizedbioventing system features are included as Figure 1-3 and Figure 1-4. The air injection pointswere installed with the top of the well screen five feet below the mean low water table. A 90foot radius of influence was used for design purposes in order to cost effectively treat the sourceareas within budget limitations. The injection points were installed in areas identified as havingresidual hydrocarbon saturation in the smear zone.

The bioventing process degrades fuel hydrocarbons by injecting ambient air into the subsurfaceto supply oxygen to naturally occurring indigenous microorganisms. The microorganisms

* ~~convert hydrocarbon compounds into lower-molecular-weight hydrocarbons through naturalprocesses. As microorganisms consume hydrocarbons, they consume oxygen and generatecarbon dioxide and water.

I ~~System performance monitoring and biodegradation progress is conducted by respiration tests,where the subsurface air supply is temporarily halted, and the rate of oxygen consumption ismeasured over a period of several days. The rate of hydrocarbon conversion can be estimated byapplying the stoichiometry of representative fuel hydrocarbon oxidation such as hexane(Hinchee et al. 1992).

I ~~Hydrocarbon biodegradation rates have been measured as high as 4.5 mg hydrocarbons per 1 kgof soil per day (mg/kglday) based on vadose zone monitoring. In 1996, biodegradation rates atspecific monitoring points ranged from 1.2 mg/kg/day to 3.8 mg/kg/day. 1998 results indicated

biodegradation rates were less than 1 mg/kg/day at all 0U2 bioventing sites.

Cumulative respiration test data indicates an overall decrease of biodegradation rates at the 0U2I ~ ~source areas where bioventing has been implemented. This type of trend is generally observedas subsurface hydrocarbon impact is removed through biodegradation. The 0U2 respiration datamay be somewhat biased, however, due to low (to non-existent) biodegradation rates recentlyI ~ ~observed at shallower depths where hydrocarbon impact is lower in magnitude and/or hasalready been biodegraded. Groundwater monitoring at STI3/DP26, and STIO/SS14 hasindicated an overall decrease of hydrocarbon impact at these sites, however, which favorably

supports the theorem that bioventing is effectively abating hydrocarbon impact at these sites.

12796 16\F980U2.doc 1-6

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2. 1998 0U2 PROGRAM RATIONALE AND WORK

1998 field season activities at 0U2 were based on 1997 0U2 Remedial Action Workplan-Addendum 02 document and built on interim remediation conducted since 1995. Due to nofurther action recommendations prescribed in the ROD work in 1998 focused primarily on twosites, ST13/DP26 and STlO/SSl4. Work was carried out in accordance with the detailedprocedures in the Final O&M Manual, Eielson AFB, Alaska, 0U2 Remedial Design document(AGRA, 1997). As described in the 1997 0U2 O&M Manual, the work scope includedH ~~environmental monitoring and upkeep of the bioventing systems. The remedial design specifieduse of the observational method, where remediation was designed and built using simplifieddesign criteria based on the best current knowledge of field conditions. The system wasmonitored to check actual performance against objectives, and system modifications were to beincorporated as needed to improve performance.

2.1 ST13/DP26

ST13 is a diesel spill site near the fuel outlets along the southeast end of the main taxiway. DP26is located directly east of STl13, and has been used for fuel storage and dispensing since the basewas established. Spills and leaks from fueling equipment resulted in NAPL and dissolved fuelcompounds in groundwater. In 1988, a large above ground storage tank (AST), Tank 300, wasreplaced at DP26. Impacted soil within the containment berm was excavated to groundwater andclean fill was placed in the excavation. Two leaking 25,000 gal. UST's were taken out of serviceI ~ ~at STl13 in 1990 and removed in 1994. The fuel hydrant system was upgraded in 1994, whichincluded the removal of ten 25,000 gal. UST's, one 3,000 gal. UST, and one 1,000 gal. UST.The upgrades also included demolition of building 1240, installation of a new fuel tank near tankI ~ ~300, and installation of 4,000 feet of new utilidor. Approximately 10,250 cubic yards ofimpacted soil was removed from the site.

I ~~Remedial design and fieldwork to implement a bioventing system was conducted in 1995. Thesystem was constmucted to include air injection below the water table. The injected air passes

* ~~through the smear zone and into unsaturated vadose zone soils due to pressure gradients. At* ~~ST 13/DP26 the bioventing system consists of two equipment shelters, Figure 2-1. Shelters "C"

and "D" each contain a Rotron 10 hp regenerative blower that is rated with a maximum flow of184 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) with 250 inches of water (WG) through horizontal

* ~~piping and are connected to 15 bioventing wells, Figures 2-2 and 2-3.

* ~~Included in the ST13/DP26 site is the product recovery system at the utilidor near manhole 795.This system was installed as the result of complaints by Eielson AFB maintenance personnelexperiencing ill effects while working in this portion of the utilidor system. The system,consisting of a diaphragm recovery pump operated by an electric air compressor, was installed in

* ~~November 1997 by Agra Earth and Environmental (AGRA, 1998) in association with theremedial design for 0U2,

* ~~The bioventing system at 0U2 STI13/DP26 operated virtually 365 days in 1998 with no majordown time. Some minor problems required a portion of the process to be shut down for a short

* ~~length of time.

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U ~~2.1.1 1998 Respiration Testing

Respiration tests were performed in the early autumn to evaluate hydrocarbon biodegradationrates in the subsurface. A GasTech 3250X, an instrument that measures carbon dioxide andoxygen. A Photo Vac MicroTip MP-100 photoionization detector and a vacuum pump utilizingI ~ ~Tedlar bags were used to purge three to five casing volumes of soil gas from each monitoringpoint and analyze the soil gas for hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. Bothinstruments were calibrated each day prior to the collection of soil gas samples and each sampleI ~ ~was analyzed within two hours of collection. Samples were collected with the system inoperation on October 8, 1998 and again immediately after the system operation was shut down.Samples were collected at approximately the same time of the day through the period of OctoberI ~ ~8 through October 12. Monitoring of soil gas occurred from sample points 13MPOl1, 13MP02,13MP03, 26MPO01, 26MP02, 26MP03, 26MP04, and 26MP04.

I ~~The changes in the three measured parameters were graphed over time. The results aresummarized in the attached table. The oxygen utilization rate (Ko) is the rate of reduction of thein situ oxygen content of soil gas due to biological and chemical action. These rates wereI ~ ~calculated as the zero-order relationship between percentage of oxygen versus time. The oxygenutilization rate was the predominant factor utilized in developing a hydrocarbon biodegradationrate (Kb). Biodegradation is the act of breaking down material by natural processes of livingI ~ ~things such as metabolization by microorganisms. The 02 utilization rate ranged from 0.6 to0.22 percent change per day. The 02 utilization rate averaged for the site was 0. 15 percentchange. These test results indicated hydrocarbon biodegradation rates ranging from 0.09I ~ ~mg/kg/day to 0. 19 mg/kg/day. At the observed average biodegradation rate of 0. 13 mg/kg/dayfor the site it is estimated that a possible 256 gallons of fuels were degraded during the 1998operating season. Where measured this field season, 0U2 respiration rates have shown anI ~ ~overall decrease in hydrocarbon biodegradation rates when compared to previous annual tests.This data may be biased, however, due to soil vapor samples collected in October whenmicrobial activities are thought to be slower. Cumulative groundwater quality data atI~ ~ ~T3D2 has indicated an overall decrease of hydrocarbon compounds at these sites. Thisdata is supportive of the bioventing systems effectively removing hydrocarbon impact at these0U2 source areas.

Table 2-1. Summary of Respiration Test Calculated Data for Eielson Air force Base - Operable Unit 2____________October 1998 Respiration Test._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______

Calculated CalculatedOxygen Coefficient of Biodegradation Biodegradation

Monitoring Utilization K. Determination Rate Kb Rate KbSite Location Point (%/day) ll2 (mg/kg-day) (mg/kg-year)

ST13/DP26 13MPOI 0.22 0.69 0.19 69.35ST13/DP26 13MP02 0.17 0.25 0.14 51.10ST I3/DP26 13MP03 0.17 0.63 0.14 51.10ST I 3DP26 26MPOI 0.11 0.17 0.09 32.85ST I3/DP26 26MP02 0.22 0.48 0.19 69.35ST I3/DP26 26MP03 0.11 0.49 0.09 32.85ST13/0P26 26MP04 0.06 0.43 0.05 18.25ST13IDP26 26MP05 0.17 0.29 0.14 51.10Site Average 0.15 ________0.13 46.99

1279 6.1 6980U2 doc 2-5

H ~~~~~~~~~~13MPOI 02

I ~~~~~21.5- t-069

20 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I ~~~~~~~~06 21~ 0.5-

20

2 04 2-

0.7I ~ ~~~~~~~0.6 -6 0.5 ---

0.4000 ---

80.3

80

5 0

20

0 2 4 6 8

12796 16\F_980U2 doc 2-6

13MPO2 02

21.4 - 2 ~121.2 - R= -

21 -Ko=O17

6 20.8 -K:~20.6 -

1 2 0 .4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* ~~~~~20.2-

1 9 .8 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I ~~~~~~~ ~~0 2 4 6 8'

13MP02 CO2

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.7-

0.6 -

0.4-

0. 1

0 -0 2 4 6 8

3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~13MP02 PID

300-

3 ~~~~~~~~~~~50 -200

0 2 4 6 8

12796.16\F'_980U2.doc 2-7

I ~~~~~~~~~~~13MP03 02

21.421.2

21

6 20.8~~~~

a20.6

I ~~~~~20.2 - Ko=0.1720 -- Kb=O.14

19.8 -

0 2 4 6 8

13MP03 CO2

I ~~~~~0.5-o04

0' 0.3-

I ~~~~~0.2 _ _ _ _ _

0-0 2 4 6 8

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~13MP03PI

* ~~~~~80-

60 -

40-

* ~~~~~~~~20 -

03 ~~~~~0 2 4 6 8

12796.16TF9SOU2 do 2-8

26MP01 02

21.4-

21.2 -F$=O.1695

21 ~~~~~~~~~~Kh=OO09

g20.8 -

2 0 .6 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20.4

20.20 2 4 6 8

26MP01 CO2

I ~~~~~~~~0.7 -* ~~~~~~~~0.6 -

0.5-

I ~~~~~~~~~0.3 -0 .2 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I ~~~~~~~~0.1 -

0- p

0 2 4 6 8

26MP01 PID

I ~~~~~100

80 -

60-I ~~~~40-

20 -

* 0-~~~~

0 24 6 8

12796 16\F_980U2.do 2-9

26MP02 02

21.5-

H S ~~~~~~~~21 -I 2~~~~~0 2.

A2=0.476220- Ko=0.2220- Kb=a.1 9

19.5-0 2 4 6 8

26MP02 CO2

I ~~~~~~0.71-

* ~~~~~~~~0.6*-

0.5 -

0.4 -

20.3 - 0 ___

I ~~~~~~~0.1 -0-

0 2 4 6 8

26MP02 PID

I ~~~~~~150-

I ~~~~~100 -

50.-

0.

0 2 4 6 8

12796 16T_98OU2.do 2-10

26MP03 02

I ~~~~~~21.2-

21

I 20.8 ~~~~~~R2=0.493120.6 - mo--iI ~~~~~~20.4 - Kb=0.09

20.23 ~~~~~~~0 2 4 6 8

26MP03 CO2

I ~~~~~~0.7-

0.6-

0.5-

o0.4 -

:0.30 .2 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I ~~~~~~~0.1

00 2 4 6 8

26MP03 PID

350-300 -

250 -

50-II~~~~~~~~~~ 0-I

0 2 4 6 8

12796.1 6\FAS9OU2.do 2-11

26MP04 02

21.1

I ~~~~~~21

I U ~~~~~~~~~~R 2= 0.4286

I ~~~~~~~20.7- Kb=- 0.05

2 0 .6 ------------ T---------- -__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0 2 4 6 8

26MP04 CO 2

I ~~~~~~~~0.7-I ~~~~ ~~ ~~0.6 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0 . -

04-

0.3

0.2-I ~~~~~~~0.1

0- I

0 2 4 6 8

26MP04 PID

I ~~~~~~~100

* ~~~~~80

60-

I ~~~~~40-

* ~~~~~0-

0 2 4 6 8

12796.16\_98OUJ2 do 2-12

26MP05 02

U ~~~~21.4-2 1 .2 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* ~~~~~21-6 20.8-:20.6 2

1 20.4 R =0.7595

I ~ ~ ~ 202 Kb= 0.14

207

6 0.56

0.4 -

0.

0 .1 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

I ~~~~~00 2 4 6 8

I ~~~~~~~~~~~26MP05PI

250-

200-

U ~~~~~150 -

100-

I ~~~~50

0T0 2 4 6 8

12796.16TF98OU2 dcc 2-13

U ~~2.1.2 Operations and Maintenance

In October a 10-hp Rotron blower motor failed at bioventing system ST 13/DP26 shed C. Rotronmodel DR823BB72, serial number 894 shaft bearings seized causing a fault condition that shutthat portion of the system down. The blower was repaired in Fairbanks and replaced. Failureoccurred on October 19h and was reinstalled and brought back on line on October 30rh EG&GRotron regenerative direct drive blowers are guaranteed up to one full year from date ofpurchase. Eberle in Brazil manufactured the 10-hp motors used by Rotron during this productionseries. It is reported in cdnversations with a manufacture representative that Rotrdn observedproblems with tolerances in the assembly of these motors and Rotron no longer purchases Eberlemanufactured motors. It is believed and expected that similar failures will occur with similar

* ~~type blower motors.

2.1.3 Product Recovery

Product recovery near the 795 Utilidor was operated and upgraded during the 1998 field season.A new collection drum system was devised and implemented. A gauging port was installed onthe 55-gallon drum top to allow access and measurement of the recovered product. This gaugingport eliminated the need to remove the product recovery equipment in order to measure recoveryprogress. Personnel exposure and spillage of recovered product was also minimized.Approximately 17 gallons of product was recovered and transported to the HazMat facility fordisposal in July and continued to recover approximately 15 gallons of product through December1998. The product recovery system is checked at least twice a month.

2.2 STIO/SS14 SITE SETTING

STIO/SS 14 includes the bulk fuel storage facility, Spruce Lake, and the railroad area, located inthe southeast portion of the developed base area, Figure 2-4. The combined source areas includeareas of NAPL and dissolved fuel compounds released from the tanks and associated piping.

A bioventing system was constructed at STIO/SS14 during the 1995 field season. The systemwas constructed to include air injection below the water table. The injected air passes throughthe smear zone and into unsaturated vadose zone soils due to pressure gradients. At ST1OISS 14the bioventing system consists of two equipment shelters, Figure 2-4. Shelters "A" and "B" eachcontain a Rotron 10 hp regenerative blower that is rated with a maximum flow of 184 SCFMwith 250 WG through horizontal piping and are connected to 18 bioventing wells, Figures 2-5and 2-6.

The system was upgraded in 1996 to include soil vapor extraction (SVE) in the vicinity ofBuilding 6225. This upgrade occurred in response to reports of hydrocarbon vapors inside thebuilding. The SVE system consists of one shelter located adjacent to the building, threehorizontal SVE lines and two air injection lines, which are installed around the perimeter of thebuilding, Figure 2-7. Associated mechanical and control components include a Rotron 7.5 hpexplosion proof regenerative blower capable of a maximum rated flow of 345 SCFM with 97"

* ~~WG. The system exhausts through a 12-ft tall stack to the atmosphere.

12796 16T 980U2.do 2-14

2.2.1 1998 Results

The STIO (E-2) bioventing system operated approximately 245 days in 1998. The Building6225 SVE system operated approximately 300 days throughout the year. SVE exhaust samplesI ~ ~were collected on a quarterly basis and these samples were analyzed for BTEX using EPAMethod TO- 14. SVE exhaust samples were collected from a sampling port using I -liter Tedlarsample bags. Since the exhaust stack is under positive pressure, the port on the stack is openedI ~ ~and allowed to purge for a minute befdre the Tedlar bag is connected to the port and the airsample is collected. The average BTEX emission rate was calculated to be 0.04 pound(s) perday (lb/day). This rate calculates an estimated recover rate of approximately 12 lb ofI ~ ~hydrocarbon compounds recovered from the ground.

Difficulties with the Safe T Net continuos-monitoring system developed in March and persistedI ~ ~into June. Periodic system shut downs occurred during this time period. Fault conditionsdeveloped between the Andover Infinity DDC Controller and the Gas Tech Safe T Net 150single-point combustible gas monitor by the issuance of high level alarms. A system diagnosticI ~ ~was performed at each instance of a shut down in an effort to determine if a 20 percent lowerexplosive limit was exceeded within the equipment space or if the exhaust stack hydrocarbonemissions exceeded a 5000 ppm level. It was determined that drift was occurring in theI ~ ~calibration of the gas monitors and false indicators were being sent to the Andover Controller.The monitors were re-calibrated and the drift problem remained. The manufacture was unable toprovide adequate consultation to resolve the problem. In June the bioventing system wasI ~ ~switched into the manual mode. No unexplained shut downs have occurred since the modechange. The system continues to be operated in the manual mode. Periodic sampling of stackexhaust with a PID indicates exhaust concentrations not greater than approximately 1500 ppm.I ~ ~Measured LEL readings from the SVE equipment space have not been measured at levels greaterthan 5 percent.

Construction activities at the E-2 POL fueling site required a 73 day partial shut down of theST IO/SS 14 bioventing system. New utilidor construction in the vicinity of Bldg. 6221 and Bldg.6227 intersected distribution lines to injection points 14VW05(A) and 14VW06(A). On August1, 1998 the blower in equipment shelter "A" was shut down to allow trenching and the reroutingof the air distribution lines. Western Mechanical Contractors performed all associated plumbingon the piping. The two-inch HDPE plastic piping was exhumed and cut. Schedule 40 PVCpiping was routed towards the buildings, around the new utilidor and back into the originaltrench. The piping was then spliced back into the existing HDPE piping with 2-inch Ferncorubber connectors, Figure 2-8. On October 13, 1998 the blower in equipment shelter "A" wasrestarted. The system was pressurized to 3 psi for 30 minutes and then brought up to a maximum

of 6 psi for 30 minutes. No pressure loss or air leaks were detected at the spliced locations. The

Respiration testing was not performed at STI0 due to EAFB construction activities at the E-2POL fueling site. Movement of heavy construction equipment and surface soils adhering to theI ~ ~equipment has resulted in a change of grade in some locations at E-2. Consequently the surfaceexpressions of monitoring points IlOMPO I, 14MPO I and 14MP02 and injection points14VW04(A), 14VW05(A), IOVW II(A) have been erased. These points could not be located

12796.1 6TF98OU2 doc 2-15

H ~~during reconnaissance and subsequent snow covered the complex postponing any location effortsuntil the spring thaw in 1999.

Air samples within Building 6225 were collected each quarter and analyzed for I3TEX using theNIOSH method of analysis of NMAM 1501. Samples obtained within the building werecollected for a minimum period of two hours using a calibrated air sampling pump and acharcoal sampling tube. The sampling pump is placed at a height of approximately 5 feet abovethe floor in the main office of Building 6225. The results from all samples taken within Bldg.

6225 indicate non-detectable concentrations of all ahalytes for the given analysis method.

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REFERENCES

AGRA, 1997.Operations and Maintenance Manual, Eielson Air Force Base Operable Unit 2Remedial Design, November 1997. AGRA Earth & Environmental, Inc, Fairbanks,Alaska.

Hinchee, R.E., S.K. Ong, R.N. Miller, D.C. Downey, and R. Frandt. 1992. Test Plan andTechnical Protocol for a Field Treatability Test for Bioventing (Rev.2). Report preparedby Battelle Columbus Operations, U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence,and Engineering Sciences, Inc., for the U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental

Excellence (AFCEE), Brooks Air Force Base, Texas.

I~ ~ 1761\F9O2d -

IIIIIIIII

I ~~~~~~APPENDIX A

Photo LogI ~~~Site Photographs 1998 Operation and Maintenance Field Activities

IIIIIII

12796 16\f3_80U2.do

I

I ~~~~~~PHOTO LOG - SITE PHOTOGRAPHS1998 FIELD ACTIVITIES

I~ ~~~Epsr :S1/P6nvcnt f1MO.Colcintsi ,a-iilldiiirsi-ttlI~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~tsigfo oioigpitIIMI

lFxI)Ostif I: ST1 3/D)I26 in vici nity of I I3MPOI 1 Col lection otfsoilI gas sample during respi i aionI ~ ~~~~~~~~~~testing from monitoring point 13MP1103.

I~ ~~~~~~IIT AG-ST HTGAHI~~~~~~~~198FEDATVTE

I~ ~~~xouel ht stpclueo aleh15Xisrmn hc esrscro ixdI~ ~~~~~n xgnfrmsi a apecnandwti elrsml olcinbg

Exposure 3. Photo is typical use of a PaslJ'ech 320XinsoipMPmn w hich me iasueicron detectorI a~~~ndsoxygent w ic asrshdcab otetfrom soil gas sample contained within a Tedlar sml olcinbg

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~anl olcinbg

I ~~~~~~P11010 I LOG - SITE PHOTOGRAPIIS1998 FIELD ACTIVITIES

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t

I~ ~~~~ xouv5 TOSH(- ulCmle)i iiiyo lg62.ic I EPpn

Kxposure 5. SIr10/SS14 (E-2 Fuel Complex) in vicinity of Bldg. 622!. 2VincOew pipoingI~ ~~~aprxmtl cssowg hspliced2 incoShdue4 PVC witiFrpiCnnectrsunex trou new utilidor coflStutfIiiof

I ~~~~~~PHOTO LOt - SITE PIIOITOGRAPIIS1998 FIELD ACTIVITIES

I~~ ~~~xo=:S11/S4E2-ul'inlxivcnto'ig62.Veilkn

I~ ~~~apoxmtl atsoigteslcd2ic V iigrna-udnwuiio osrcin

ExpoKsure 7: 51'10/S55'14 (FA2Fuel ( omipiex) in vicinity olfBdg. 6221. Viewsisplookingapoximatel est showing the spliced 2 inch PVC piping run around new utifi idor construction.

I ~~~~~~PHOTO LOG - SITE PHOTOGRAPHIS1998 FIELD ACTIVITIES

I~~ ~~~xouei'''0S1(-Fe~mpe~ivciiyfld.21 iwsoknI~ ~~~~Iprxmtl ot hwn h nhPV iigrnaon h e nldrcntuto

I~~~~~~~~~~

[xposure9 S 10:SI/SS14 (E-2 Fuel Complex) in vicinity of Bldg. 622!. View is lookingI ~ ~~~approximately nosth showing thespie 2 inch PVC pipin g run aroundth new ulifidor conSTrUCtion

I ~~~~~~PHOTO LOG - SITE PHOTOGRAPHS1998 FIELD ACTIVITIES

I~ ~~~kxoue :S118[P6i qimn Se C.Rmvlofie ofnBoe oeI~~~~~~~~~~~R2B7,1 E

Ex'pxstiel 12 Sf1 3/I)I26 in Equipment Shred "C". Removai of failed Rotron Blower Model III ~~~~~~~~~~~~DR823BB72, 10 H.P..