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Transcript of ED055520.tif - ERICThis book, with its accompanying topes, is an adjunct to the Foreign Service...
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PREFACEThis book, with its accompanying topes, is an adjunct to the Foreign
Service Institute's Luganda Basic Course_ It is in the form of a self-in-structional program of approximately 20 hours duration and will be asefulespecially to those students who have a serious interest in mastering themaal system of the language_
A draft of the program was tested in Monroe, New York, with a groupof Peace Corps trainers whose reactions were collected and transmittedto the authors by Ruth E. Franklin_ Claudia P_ Wilds aLso supplied a de-tailed critique of the programming_
Earl W- Stevick, Professor of Linguistics at the Foreign Service In-stitute, planned and wrote the program with the exception of the Lugandaport-tons, Which were provided by Frederick IC- ICarnoga_ The work wasundertakea at the suggestion of Allan M. Kulakow of the United StatesPeace Corps_
Frederick W- Krug and John Llewees contributed photographs- Tapeswere produced in the language laboratory of the Foreign Service Instituteunder the direction of Cary Alley_ Recording techniciaas were Arthur Youngand Jose Rantiree_ Typing:vas done by Irma C. Ponce and Linda E-Carolyn Jackson and Marjorie Purchase assisted with the illastrations_
FSI gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Peace Corpsfor the preparation and publication of this volume_
James R_ Deemhuoi of Language Studies
Foreign Service InstituteDOpa.rOnOnt of State
LUGANiD.A. = 3212W117t.A.XlsrilsTG Prt.CGPLANI
38The rocm-a 1_ a a -tart -t E =
aiix i_orx i_r=E1ec-t cra.
LUGAWDA: PP-STRAINING PROGRAM
TA£L£ OF CONT£NTSPage
A Long and sbert vowels and consonants 1
£ new te ebeess tba rigbt initial vowel Eor a noun 14
C System Eor represeeting pitcb
'Class concord! between nouns and etb sr user cls 50Names and numbers commonly used Eor designating mostoE tbe noun classes 67
system Eor writing tone, end tbe tbree major toneruis So
Intoeetionel differeeces between statement andyes - no question 97
n Symbels used wbere pronuecietioe does not metcb tbespe1ling 111
I .7uncture symbo1s and comma intonation 127
S Lin3cing element /n'-/".end, wl_rcall..- 'Verb stem /'mi,/ 14'
x Jruzac-tur sym)=.oli_ E-I-3, `relative' forms with tbe verbstem E-ii...] 16
L. icrs of natural texts 173
m TI-1 irvt.omatiom ILIA 190
m ms-atilre 1.7-r-1, Eorms 2o6
0 Cardinal nuMbers_
4
'
M.GGAMDA: PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
to the syllable tbet precedes it_ Time the secondsyl1able of Ee3cildc.o_j 'vellay' bes one more Erom itsebort vowei [i], eed one from tbe oE tbe eextsyllable_ NO SIET.M.AELE MN LGGANE.A. MAY" HAVE MORE THAN
1
0' kft h 0 rt
i i irt 0
HO0 p. 3 5 '(11,J00.(0),M
It H. i 0 It i g ; l'1 'GI+ (IAA
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0 0
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0 0 0 11 PO
H. 0 Mn h 1 2 hM W5 : ; Ifli.10 0
1 10 1 ' ' ' 100 0 H . 40
14.
M 0 M
H.
0
'h 50 0 0
, . 0 H. . 0 rt 0 0
H 0 I) 0, n o0 h th 0 1 0 hd ii 0
h ,P0 0 . ill
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II H
;'
CitP H
1 (if
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0 r1 Mi ' th 0
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g fr(1'
(1)
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LUGANDA= PRETEASNING PROGRAM
2s.
3 s
14-s
5 i_r
Mn learning Luganda. you have to listen for somethings that you aos'r. 1-1su-s -to listen for in EngMish_One of these is the length (the duration) oF vowels_Here is a pair of Luganda words_ T-1.%,s first means'they finish' (bamala], and the secor-d. means "they
aLgaiirx.
'they finish' and (bamaala_) 'they smear'. Here theyare in reverse order= 'tbey smear' and(bamala.] 'they finis]i ._
Listen to the ..=.1lowing pairs of words_ riiwhether they are the SAME, or DMR'F'ENENT- Try to givethe correct answer ahead of the tape=
bamala_. ( - 1Now you will-hear only one wora at a time_ Tell
Whether the vowel of the s,soor.a sy-3_is-10.m,e. is T....ams, or
smaprr-3.0.-sms1s.
Again, you will hear one word at a time_Whether it means 'they finish', or 'they smear._
bamala_ bamaaia_
Another way to describe vowels in I...gal-1.as is
to say that a Short vowel has one 'beat', and along vowel has two *30,,Mal-t.8.2
13.-MaMaiMal. (3 10.al.i.5) barna.a.3_at. - (4- beavt.$)
LUGANDA= PRETEAMNMWG PROGRAM
56 Which syllables in the roll...owing wcrds have twoMOra3:
akwata_ Olcyamira-
I
1
A H1..., H
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LUGANDA: PREWRAMMING PROGRAM
3_7=
3_8 =
3_93_2"
Here are some more of the woras aro,2 wi 1.1. meet earMyin the main part of the corse. r-isten this time to thethird sar1.3_abi_e of each word_ We1]. whether it is LOWG,or smcawr!
In which of these words does tbe first sariA.able i_asti_ouger?
basome. they Shoul_d readasome. be/she sboul_d read
A. vowel_ tbat is tbe first sound iu a word 1.astscomparativel_ar but it stilA_ counts as OuMy ouebeat_ It is just a si_ower beat-
basome-aSOMebaasoma.
C
C - --]C 4 beats3 beats d_n eacb word
Mu tbe word Zamal_aal.o. tbe sariA.abi_e tbat 7_astsi_ougest is.
Mn Zamalealo,/, tbe saril.ab1eone beat two beats
Wbe uext-to-i_ougest sar11.ab.le iu ZamaMaa10-../ is.Ina
LUGANDA= PREWRASNMNG PROGRAM
64-
LIT 4=',e3 -s-qusuosuo pus sys~o". .xoff pus-4s ,r_ETx.t.t.t
q-T ffo ssT.mss s ss tiqr T spusEurm uT uuou
E ]
suT T
_ _ ] =Tao-E-q.1=.1u tzur
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.t3MMS.NCUM3U..,I
TOT
6
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zsp.xopft. o buTuuT5sq tI puuoff osTs sT s-4usuosuo sTquop pus sTbuTs '5uot pus -q.o,r_ts ussescoL sus.xsffTp
c-T sT LI TAPTT-INS.
sYcErix,V. sT or". 5u Tenez, -E off scra. r_i_ss tX
zsra..xorex. asaLtq_ go sq.,uleuosuo TsTps= syn_
ZatiaHS zco Mar-X AT.:54=1 -'0M00-1 sT q-M
Z.a."21.0130 zro
ff0 sTppTui sr_uq. uT puuos-5 strq. sm
usdo og. -sTubfau AucE. cog. -sTufs..0
=sidmsxs
-s-4.usuosuo ff0 rL T smss ssaff. --q-molLts .mo buoT Asur syslAon. spus.6u." uaas ansil azia.
[ __-_--]
r 80
9
S
_ _ _ _ 3
-o.x-rAuusmT>1 boTsus TsusTr,
tr
suo ATuo ss s-q.uuo r uct
*sq..ssq opnqi. ss sq..uuo -q..T pus :puoas
ustlq_ .xaf5uoT aq.sleT sTotsTT4Cs .q.szcTff slwq. '[-oTssTsms] um
Isrvu'ocyaa =Nratzvon-x
FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTENIVAS1-1 ,I4c31I1. cr-fc.
1970
A Ft 1- IN IE r1 1- s -r -r
LUGANDA: Faxma.RA,mmxma PROGRAM
30----ir
32:-
33:-
34' 1-x-
in the visual analog alagrame, a voiced doUbleconsonant C[bb dd, gg, sz, mml etc.) wiII be drawnas a heavy soIld dot:
elcisannyiro. - -An nnvoiced ao1.13.01 corasorari-e. (Epp, -e.t, k3 3be drawn as an open dot:
addwaIiro.
el<3comera.
amalaalo_
[- -1 -1
C- [- -
C- 3 - - -
A simple but important eact about Luganda is theway- it aiviaes words ince.o_symmaipms. In Lnganda, everysyl_MabIe ends with a vowel__ Po= ex-ample, ie yon asic aspealzer oe EngIish to pronounce the word ZaMbia withpanses between syM_IabIes he wiMI probably say Zama -a_A mlas,aLrid a. won11 say 2a -Mbi -a_
1_36
PRETRAXIMMING PROGRAM
I
It7
% H. I. 0 01 0 0 0 0 (0 0 to 1 ti
i(op
It.
0Mrhgl VP
0 (qH, 0zH,rt.A ,..4 H.000W0; 0
4H0 H.
0 14
11.1 HO rt M M 0
0110,0 OH41101
ftli/ ° (1) 5' ' 5'O
a g a,H g Hoag 0'
ID 0 P. 10 tO
0.11.h)4
W i'dh. M.moHgonS 0 e0 O1 4 Pi H g 8 '. 0
;f gl r.it g II.
M 148. Hif 8 ( DP 01 IF+ PH "
i'D 0 0 rt H. 0
0 11 V Fh AI, It01
pg 1101 8
1 4 gm0 :0 ii tt ° OA 1 00 4, a
; fil (1417100 k 0'
0 11 Hri115.0
H (gilt 44 0
100
OH00'0'11
.1.0i id.g
SID0 0 (D rt 0H g 11 4
ith ti ritrIA1 i ri;. MO
0 0 0rt tCI v M M
0 M 01 41 0 0 M 0
it 4 001
'H,
0 1-.
ti
1-.0 ic H.
01-1 74
0 ; W g.li 0 H.
0 gH. H. P54
0 ,004010
t,:!).
1 y
L..I
ID m 0 ti tI tq 4 41
X X H. glI 14 H. H H
I I 0 H.H. 4
Li 0 0 11 I 01 D
0 0 0 I 4 H.
0 I 1< 7 01 PI (II 0 0ft tC1 0
0 0 ti aI 0 H. iD.1
N
l< 0 CI 1.1. ID
P. H.00it moo.
7, 11 4 H 00 0 0 i< 0
,..10
l'h 14 0
el M M
I a a 004a I gl
g111 11
vHym
0
MOV H I ti ID M rtH 0
1-1 I 4 ID II .M .1I 110H. H. 7
0" 0 14I I
t(4 D11 ,..1
0 0 10 0P H 0
740 0 a
L.,4 H.
0 M 4Hi H.
X X X M 0 0 11
CI
I 0 rt 0 0V M
I 5 Is k 0 0 a ID
1 'III Pj) I 1 10- 1 O W gI I
0 0 tO
0 M I 0 0 1.1 0 0
ig 1)1
0 Hi
0 0 < rt0 V0 0
7
ie.'icsTtgdZcone. R. Frith. Doan
Is.2c01 of Language StudieaForeign Service Inatitute
Department of State
3
38"
39:-
40
43_
.42
43 =j-=
LUGANDA= PRETRASNMNG PROGRAM
The 'mora. is a unit of=tone duration infMection
The nuMher of moras in a syl_MahMe is the nuMherof that it carries.
heats stresses
What is the third syMlahMe in foMuguudo_3?912-1-1. gulud
What is the maximum nuMher of moras for anyLuganda syMMahMe?
2 3
WI-mat is tilLe maximum nuMber o' rhythmic heatsfor any Luganda syl_MahMe?
3_ 2 3
ut moras- -units of Mength - -in Luganda mayaMso b reMated to certain consonant .=.1.2oas.. mos-tol="7-iolas ax-.9 -e2-2.49 'momms-' om- aotimom49' Tri.a
corioo.ao.-t -to speaAt.
[)=,
2 0
2 3_ --I-
LUGANDA= PRETRASNMNG PROGRAM
The horizonta].. Mine segments in U I are intendedas graphic representations of=the pitch contour
Icino?
the intonation the stress pattern
wriat
Use of natural texts
M The intonationNegative verb forms
0 Cardinal numbers..
Clf3
4
M73
M90
206
222
LUGANDA= PRMTRAMNING Imon0GRAM
to the syllable that precedessyllable of [e],cilOco.]short vowel Cil, and one from the Dc3c] of the nextsyllable_ NO SY:I.:LABILE MN T...u2kmr,..p.. mxy- slAvsym MCMM THAN
it_ Thus he secondhas one moss from its
TWO MORAS. Note also that theremains Short_
How many moras are 1-1-...>reof each of these words?
omugga.edduiilca.
'vowel [1_1 im
d_rx the secorid syllable
iCascari. -e3c1comera
[2 ] [3-][2 ] []-]
A syllahle in Luganda may include more than two=
Whenconsonant sound, it adds a moreprecediug vowel_ An example- isin which the second syllable is
sounds S
a nasal consonant sound stands before anotherto the length of the
13,1A-t. p=oriourica
The vowel_ of this-with oaa_y oae [e] im-oamse
allartomaiLl_ca] iy bEcrnd, nt, nm].
syllableSNY'Sy'On
such
9
customarily wsitterisupposed to lengthen
coMbinations as [a.7, rob,
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNMMG i..ROGRAM
23'4- Xl]ci Xino?
r
J6. ...AIM..
is neceasary.accompany this
This frame isis necessary.
Tbere is no tane recordino toframe.
for information only. Wo choiceXllustrative material for this
franie is available on the tape.
5
LUGANDA: PRNTRASNMNG PROGRAM
14-8
Which vowel_ woula you expectof these words=
eme8 er3r3 enzl_1 e-n3ulungo-mambu3c a-maserengeta-buvanjube.
to be long in aach
The fourth and last sourCe of a second mora is a'semivowel' sound C[w] or [y3) that folMows anotherconsonant sound_ It may give am extra mora to thevowel that folMows it- An example is [Ddwe]iro-3'It is a hospitaM_' Mn this word, the vowel that iswritten [a] is pronounced [aa].
The *semivowels' in Lugandaa, u_w,a,
a X' =
Y-e, I, o, and sometimes w, y_
WhlCh vowel_ wou11 you expectof these words:
olcmicyamUlca-olcwasama-elcyemisama-
to be long ln each
17
Pre..rpitAkmix-rm PROGRAM
3cura.icar
[lb
2 6 1 Mugga_
KiXi Icino?
E
Cm,3
What is this',
swver tha isyXiaD1es rsr which tons maxlcs ars ts hsmaupplima: [Tull iudda wa^1. Xn sthor rramsa, yourrsapsnas will los in English wsralas in the's. Erases.,your alidar will uncover thirsts gussfttion marksz ? ? ?,Whicb warn you mot to move the, slider any farthar untilyou 'have decidsd on a response.
-
,3=-r
Nri 6
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNMNG PROGRAM
Xn summary, them, a vsmel. may he inherently lsmou(Eoimgmmao..3).. xt melay viox mp am ,m2.cta =lora from amomg comomamt, or form, a nasal plus concomant thatPOLLOWS it. Mt may picic up an extra mora Erom comsonantplus [w . y] that PRMCMDRS it- Mt may mot piClc up extramoras from two somx-os trvm sam. timmm, bow,a,,,r, ffor WO
OMLAMI.M MW LUGANDA MAN' NAVE rsoFt. rifiva rwo mcauks!
Wow many moras in the second syllable of Eelcyalo-]'a village"?
Ms the vowel of that syllable promo-.2mced LONG
or .MORT?[moms.]
Wow many moras in the first syllable of Dcaroca_]
"only'.?3_ 3
[3=)]
The second consonant in this word is pronounced 3_<=.9-xl_
long_ The first vowe]. is pronounced=Short ]ong
LUGANDA= PRTRAMWSWG PROGRAM
30-1- ic 3sino? What is this?
II 8
kr1
1kr
11
ln1
1
0
It,0
1..,0
014
.
N
1,t1
0.0
0I-
.to
rt.
gii
iia
7th
0
thoo
p0
0til
0at
II0
rt
I-1
7 H
H 0
01
plt.0
ori
111
0
<0
110
ftg1
111
I0
0,0
i k,
75
H 1
10
0H
.4
H o
nm a
tin
a n
a41
n1
un
v
4 00
I08
40M
0 0
rt 0
coO
l.
11
`1.7
gh
1 ; 8
0
nnr
ta
H.
ci
a
VH
P.0
a00
,00
0to
rt
en
0
h:1
rtrt
.0
00
W I
0
Iii
07
0
01.
1
OM
Olw
It
H r
t11
11(
00
H.
0 0
N0
00
to.1
00
1500
t011
.1-4
1110
<F0
"110
14M
AO
000
<0
14H
H1
1001
.h
il
49.
4-11
.4.
00
0 H
b0
I'1?
Cl'o
ll
&V
1-1
411
0 5
0".
,,,0
00ft0
1,1.
1.ia
l
,....
..
ItL
W th
Fil
III
"
8tsH
0 011
1
411
N1
I40 0
P.01
1.0
0kw
ft0
II 0
0 H
011
00
l<n
rt<
NH
H.
0rt
00l
1-
6rh
iH
01-
40
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v0
0 o0
00
00
0.
1
0
00
ril11
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hi)
ft0
It
01-
4
0to
rt00
46w
I4;
i0 n
.,
0ft.
i0
0
o n1
5o
Hft
1.J
0 0
0 0H
0a o
LI
3 6.,
30
thP
iLf
ta
1
8
X
'Or
AnotYmer wisy to dimascrilook vowcolo in Lugandm Lato smy that malkort vowval ftsit one '13.mati, andlong vowl balm two 'Immatimp°2
bammilm. (3 bolatm) basnmaila. (4 baisto)
LUGANDA= PRMWMASNMMG PROGRAM
r56
59
Which syllables in the following words have turn.
eacwata.e3cyo.lcaraIcyo.
olcyamira -nakyo.
(Icwa, "'care, lcyaj
Why is the last syllble in Dcya3cyo-] limited toone mora? ,
fnecanse it is at the end ofthe (one-word) phrase]
The situation with initial. vowels is some-what likethe situation with final vowels_ What is different ahontinitial vowels is that even the single more soundsnoticeably long=
besomm-- 'they read' brut = a some. _ =ea as..._
-..".w.ms solaria Mons, but they are notwritten Mons because=
they do not contrast with short initial_ vowels_custom Eorbids it-
-3-3
LUGANDA= PREM"RAMNING PROGRAM
36÷ ICilci lcino?
M
10IV
AO
000
o mpit 4 "
1)1
4C O
r1
IIN
i
lithi
i0
41rl
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CV
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0 4
4 4
4$4
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0441
0 11
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001
m!:
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po.
W AS
AC
41
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AC
ke4X490
in:"1"
1C1114t
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AO
spl,
.04A
/091_::$
?
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v
et0
0 @
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040/
lilt'
C13
3$ k064iklo
r4
1 .t
041
0 A
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1141
lk0
0°
I0
A 6
41I
Ik
0V
Io
42
lo,
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t g.,
V k
11144N
4010
1
154
0 g1
a A
C11
1,4
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g0
00
a4
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0 AIS49
0A 1
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f11
ll
0 0 .8
00
00
'00
0 10
00
4ri
0
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o0
IT 0
>1
410 0 A
1414
000
A14
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84
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4
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0
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iAV
T10
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4
AA
6A
00
0 0
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110
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11
ii
A 'r
10/ O
A 0
1U
N 0
0 0
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riri
AN
00
O 0
A
0 44
r4A
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4I
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110
MN
4...
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N N
A 0
001
71:iv
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.10-
10
,44.
"01
' &' .
.r,
H8,
o,00
gig
of
Ts
o.r
t,
0ri
ooi
ri.r
i0
oo
tr
o
A 13
0 M
A if
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00)r
i0
U N
DI
0
I)rl
0O
S
0 0
41 1
il A
.rl
0V
rA
p4O
AA
AW
0 V
11
i0
A .4
10/
E
16"
(ME you repaied LONG to this Mast word., you were probabMyreacting to the second sy11able irxstesa of the eirst_)
Mere are some words that you will meet early in themain part of this course- Tell whether the Eirst vowe1o£ each word is LONG, or SNoNT:
-
LUGAWDA: PRETRAMWMNO PROGRAM
3
esitenseni arEL poXiisi_emiisane_ a mission
WTiat is tl-xe missirig -v-owel?-miisane.
Choose the better visual anaMog=emiisane.
-sitenseni
24_3÷
araL
a
3 [ 1
LUGANTIOAr PRETRAM14XMG PROGRAM
C=3
Era.]
[32,3
L
urtou saop Ax11..s.
-Tzoalo>I
WW.-210-23.3
T-1-4
sT as-rueagj
4-Ea/Acp. -112-F4-ruT ulo N.mooT
..mapm.sulo aqq. ux Z.cmITN_
abbrtmo -0Ta,OT10.111:a
- _ ] _ -o.BurtTrumtua -0.2aaSaW4a
zATaaoTm, .4soux u..maad sT xr tubasau-rT act. asooqm, pulo sp_mo.m. buT.e.6,a.TTo aqq_ qmoea
.T.Tasoq. *o...mTTm.....iurpa .pao..x. - orvocrtbrt To [ _ _ - - ] [ - _ - --]
auosT_ma. lo...mamo>rsia .TTTLI. --T*=.saile
uaa/.1.qaq sq.E.Taq artoT...mle". '410 xxiwozcy suambas auTT suloam Act A.T-Elom,TqcT.a...mb passa_mdaca aq umm, qm,Td loppulobrvm
-aulosTTuura i-cd -12.Tsod 'met Ts-c-co
kreuoua =voimbrn-i
zeux
/-caT12,./ uT atqleTTAs .s3sabucaTc).3.tau
cE3 gracE WOaq aU0
:sale sauuom, /1212T/ atqleTTAs att4 6/cvrielleTimule/ six
.41
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f'sIs/
34' j-x-
r- " - t - - -
A simple hut Important Eect about Lugande is thewey it divides words into syllables- X= Luganda, everysyllable ends with vowel- lPor example, if you aSkspeaacer oE' English to pronounce the word ZeMbis withpeuees between ey.2.1eh1em, he will prob.-ably say Zam -hi -e-A MMgende would may Ze-mhi-e_
LUGAWDA: PRETRAMMTING PROGRAM
Wlay is -taae voweX [eadweliro. 1 El ri
37:-
heats it carriss. s =orsor langth. For sxwmple. the& second syllAthas off [o1 uguudo.3'road' is [Mu], and it has mms tutors. Ths third syMMahlsis Eguu3 with two morass. WS say that t 1 i (guul
is iMong*, or 'clow101.10.. mo SWIA.AMMM TM LUGANDA MAW HAVEMORE wHANI. TWO MORAS:
Whe unit off duration in Luganda is ca11cd a:worm dursms
-7- 1_4Cb3
LUGANDA= PREPRAXWMWG PROGRAM
-rarxyanj _ -3CaaC2:4i-
0
loOgig
a >ii0
il
0 IJ
ti 44 00 44
14 11 11 4
i4g004004
Si 0 40 0 0
A cn A 0 F011 4.I 0 0
C C 01144 440 1 1 .0 to14
1 if) riI o H
I C 0 11 44I T 0 0 0
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114 0 1
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e 1 4A 4 11004.1 '0 441,4A
0 4 +I 0 0to 0 14 4 0A 01 el QH 00
0 P 0 14
0 4.1 14 0 INa 4) 0
00 A 10
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044 4 0 H
Ii
I
a
1 1
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A
0 0 ,-,LH
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01 0 00 0 irl
0
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0 00 0 .1.1
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0
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g00 0
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0 00 0H14 00 14
0 Pi
H0
orscsaing An mwsrapols is Etcsonam.j -ws sirs ,
in which the =scone syllshlo is writton [go] but nranacraced
[goo]. Ths vowsi ca this syllshle is clustamftrily writtenwith only ons [ft] hscouss swsryano ism suppossa to lengthmnvawslo outamsticolly hsfore such combinations ses [rig, mh,
nay nt, ns].
-9--
LGGAMDA. PRETRAMMMMG PROGRAM
Which v*Dwes1 wrs.uld you expect to be long in eachoE tbome wrds=
cacWcymmUke. lcymcicweamme. Icweemacyeminanft. 3cye
Eb3
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNMNG PROGRAM
RZlci 3cino? Wbat is tbis?
Osomero_Mugge_
Osomero_
St's a sobooM,
Ma Luganda a noun may stand by itse1 as a comp1etesente=ce- Tbe trans1atir'n into Ilag1isb woryld be 'Mt Zsa 'TTLi ± f tbe timm.=-s. wben tbe noun doesnot bave its ZnitiaM
LUGANDA: PRETRASNMNG PROGRAM
=
6j-
_ [---- 3
But writing pitcb witb Mine segments is necessary
1. 2
OD]
Who mmoond oonsonant in this wore is prononnood Mogn.
long. Who Cirst vowoi i prononnosas
Short long
18
s
LUGANDA= r.a.wrIzrAxwzm BBOGRAM
KiIci 1.ino?Wha is thiS?
Osomero_ Mt is a school.-
eSsomero_
Osomero_
m. 'mt is s c1u1 ww does the wordlack. an initial vowel?
[Because it is used as a complete sentence, withthe meaning 'Mt is a
9 -r
LUGANDP, = 1,12BI'12_A.INING F12.0GBA.M
rris Arows1 of tris midams symisk.ms of ressysnis.]is=
long short1
...*
0 (11
0 si 0TIN 0;)
o00
0 0 00 A
Aw 0 0A 0A 0 AAA .
0 %01
0 " 0 00 vri 0D 0 A ,..
0 iro0 AA
1 0A 0
rtj "
Ht '1 3 00 f)0 r0 0 00 0 0 0
6-' 00 0
0 V A 0A g 0
0 0 0
rilli r--1.:(j iron' ,00 ,i
0 4.1A
0 r 0 HU 0 vo 0 0q4 0 %0 41
AN 0 0ro0 0 014 ty /0 0 0J
0 0 014 A
H
0 44 0H 0 id
0 041 p4
00 00
59Most initial vowslm mound long. hat thaw ars not
written long hscaussathew da not contrast with short initial vowslm.custom forbids it.
LUGANDA= PRBTRAMNMWG PROGRAM
37-
38-
Icino?
Mtagga-OMIagga-
T-Z7i What is this?
Mt's a river_
Mn 'the expression [Musga-1 'Mt is a river.' whydoes the mom not have on initia1 voweM?
(mIcaus,m it is hirma used as a complete semterice_
or= Because it marls 'Mt is a river'.1
SS0110,ar0..47> t
32 -25-
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNMNG PROGRAM
3_8-wria, cama0a63a-la.i=a_1?
J. itkaL=.3. typebecause the gap lo-etween 14attera migkat
he czorlEusing[h
asitsnissni ya poliisi a stationamiisano.
LUGANDA= PRWTRASNMNG PROGRAM
.SSSdrMS=0-alcssozi.OXITVAggS.
alcasozi_
wh.. th varox-ca
h.,. .. ,our.3.7is mentioned,, why doss it
LUGANDA= PRTRAMNMNG PROGRAM
23
.-
eacauxi)cs
[PAJ
s I-tenser,. 3rs pc.3_
TJGAN-1321/2. ErEt-WrIZASN'ING PRADGRANI
ol-tag-uaacl.c> - -1
-t
[m] [m] IGO
I - _ ] I- - - - - -1 -mszen.mo. -0.-Emmimmm -c..E.T.rn.Tr..5Etz -.m...ma.mcm..xm.q.q.a.
xt=q.Ta =.q.T 13.q.T.x q.lexlq. Tac.T.q.m.q.cmi q..tiambas-auTT ax./q.
I GE]
ra=aq.q."2.111
a000lt.t= prim sp.xcum. EvraTolotto am74 Limoea
-. 9
I
ww-azolaa -1,1MMM.NZUX.31ad =EE0lais
-6e 9C.
t!c)3 UT1 E]
se.loTTo
Tsnsoes. uo spusdsr, ysolots. TsTTuT stlu. o soToclo 'ssT.e.s-Tsn-4,o -Is] _sT Tsr...ots. TsTTuT usx1-4 q.usuosuoo
suTd Tsssu s 'q.utiosuoo sTquoy s sT Tsmon. TsTq.TuT
sz^,00-ETc. -sTamTs s.xs uuou s TsT=...TuT ss .o j
E.Taouna EarTsooxto
Ecc]
T-wq.-Fasoxt
Cf. "M
-oxTTse.s.vps
-oxTTsffiluvps -s6.6umo
icus T
WW214::/ad
sTaTuleam sq.T -17
. szaT -E wq.-F
-T (p
- va
4L1 t 'Taoup=kra TsTq.TuT s-4.T -17
sq.T -E 13.-F -a
buTusses sT 'T
isssTo TsTp=oouoo. sq.T nsasTo TsTpoouoo. sq.T
.c Arm .rom.^.=,m TW-rTIA'r
1
tk)
xm the noun Comusse-3, the metter fo/ is the,o£ tba word.pitch gccmccraiam ciame inytia1 vcwal
-i8-
LATG2k3W.P...7 PRE71.71=2.2,-.MTMLW PROGRAM
Cc]
Why is t1-i imiti1 vows]. c>f reclawa1iro_ I re] and1.7.-t a ?
Because tbe fel in the stem is preceded by [wl_Because a acilh],e-ccriscrierit .=.1A.c.ws the initieJ_ vcweJ_.
eddwal.irc_ennyanje. a J-alce
ennyenja.- C- "s - I
LUIrGANDA= 1.12...Eall2ATRT:ENG E.R.C3G-Ft_Ps341
Ecilci Jcinc? What, is this?
caraigs -Eft MS SI 01111ES X' 0
131 43 2301:M3r .C- - -1 - 3
26
a. cl-vaca.
Do 1
594-
r- UGANDA = PRETELAMISXNG PROGR-Alvl
rrya. j _ 11111.1.4<jaL Ica. a or.:
Davaa 3_ rtactsAra 3_
a 1-Ica p i_-ta 3_
31
39231_,T-TGA1'TiD.A. z 17.1.2=17-2W722,7G. PROGRAM
a
11,
.ri
9.10g0 00
0I
001
0
8
CA
l
044
00
N
RST
. 44.*ed. sr.A
rIVM
WM
VIIV
IVO
WPT
IMC
W,4"..,V
ma-R
4,41k4,10,...repoor...4m,..em
-
O0rIn
n00
..1
>1 0
00
Z
kai-
I 'e. '
1
29
eat heve itm initial vciwel..
mentence.In Luganda. a noun may stand by itssea.£ am a complete
." Whim im one. of the timmis when the noun dommWher translation into Mnglish would bee "It im
11
pp]
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
-
63-
8
edduuka-_ - 3
Fut writing pitch with Mine segments is necessaryonly at the beginning of our study. We soon find thatit gives us more details than we really need- Fasides,it is cumbersome. A more streamlined way of writingpitch is in terms of three 'tones', called 'high'(..rritten with -). 'falling' (written with -) mria 'mow'(6.7-.rittmm wtli m- lpy maDmmylm of any tone marlc..)
Metch the diacritic notation with the Mine segmentnotation.
alcasomi_ LIX'asOmi. alcasomi.- 1
Elp]elc3comera_ elcicomera_ elcicomera_N.
aroma aar- - -
- oluguudo_
amelealo_ amelealo_
re 3
e
re 3
where is a special. problem connected with thewriting of tones where a long vowel is followed bya nasal plus another ooz_,Fonant... For example,, theword fisilculungo.1 actually soumds Milce FT.= 1,bit mmp-mma_i_ms- m-um,mm rom1c)ia trkm w=i_tims- of two N.rowmimmttm=m 2.mfor m nasal plus another consonant, orindeed in any p.oeition where the :rowel is eutometiceMlylong.
413
LUGANDA= PRETRASNMNG PROGRAM
Xino? What is this?
(121mcaume, it is umma am at comp1ftto spenteinco, withthes milsamiras xt im - 3
30a
LUGANDA. PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
9 -r
1.2-
The vowel of the middle syllable of Cennyamja.]'laice' is=
long Short1
The long middle syl7able of tennyamja_/ is writtenwith only one vowel because=
it is pronounced as one continuous soundthe spelking rules require it
r7z. 1
The spelling rules require that the 1oris vowe1 o£E.mmy..ja..
a vowel is automatically long before anasal plus another consonant
spellings with doUble vowel letters, suchas [as.] are never usea in Luganda
The second syllable of reddwaliro_] 'hospital'actually sounds lilce Edwaaj_ Mt is writfcem with onlyone vowel because=
the sound rwA is a semivowelvowels are automatically long after a
consonant plus a semivowel
LUGANDA: PRETRAXNMNG pnaGn-.A.m
53 2- - enlculungo-r - Ien3cu1ungo.
MUlgOYM-17111:113grWill
3 11.-2
LUGAINTMA= PRETRAMNMNG PROGRAM
3-3-
'--
Typo-orapbically, it would be possible to writetones on [ennyanja.1 and feddwaliro_3 in tbis way=
-Maawa'a1lm-8_
wm p.x-mfmr- mot to ao mo mom4=mmmm.
doUble vowel letters sucb as Emm3 xoox mtr-mmgm.trim official spelling rules forbid it-
Mnstead of 1--...y.aamj76,_ 3 and feddwaalirO-1. we.. s .could write= [ennyan3a.3 and reddwall_r8-3- We sall
not do so because double accent marlcs (CA3 or [1.3 aretypograpbically troUblesome, botb on a typewriter andin commercial typographic systems_
Or, instead of Cenny-a-CAnj'a-i_j and CeddwaXtra_ 3, wefennya-nj1.,..3 and reddwl1r8-3- But thecould write=
in tbe string of letters would be confusing andobjectionable_
, -Why mt famasa3533aLuzira3?because it violates tbe official soelling rulesbecause it is potentially confusing_
Why not write [amasaKianz1_ra-] 2because it is potentially conusingbecause it is troublesome typograpbically
-36- -.4
LUGANDA= PRETRAXWMNG PROGRAM
[]=.3
38--41111011MDFO.
e,
3.2 -2
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNXNG PROGRAM
3_8
9-
a o '
a
222-
Why not write {m 93 TZ lira_ 1 ^ilioecalase it iss hard. tobecause the gap between ]etters mightbe oonfusing
Cb.
rin.a frOtax icrl wimm b.
why the voldwei is eutcrnisticelly iong-Whet Milce is -neref.are writtenfes ro-e3_N-..re- 1 irO.
Whet sounds 113 [eddw;-e1ix-O.] wi]_]_ be written:eddw61iro.
What sounds llice [ enmaya.S.-mj.a.] will he wt.itterx=
erlay..S.7fija_
-3-r-
LTJGANDAz PRETRAMN-2/4G PROGRAM
62- -3c1comets_
4-1.4MYWR .UST.
(Bacauss ths initial %paws]. is usset unMssas thsrsis some rsampan to drop it.]
-Xasasi.t
Ca
26 543
LUGANM71.= PRETRAMNMNG PRORAM
eadulalca.3
-edann)cn
-clauxOca.
cala alwaysoE noir w-i_mm o o=
oolarvtirig tii syllables in -taie w0raseeing which vowe1 Eollows it in the word.Moo3cing at the Eina1 oE the word
0Muglaiudo.essomer0 elOcu1u-eaduulca-
LUGANDA: PRETRAMMING 1.12.C.r.412AM
Series D.
This series introduces the phemenon oE 'classf...41.1
r-1
A
004
rd
,
I 0 0
o7 t
,ogoI
1rI ri
I i 0 I
O
"O ,
4t t0
i I1o o
tn to 0 1rl ri TI
0 0 i I
0
W
0 .r10 ri
0P,
0KI
>1
g .r1I g
0 W
N0
, Wg14
H g WW
4 0
I +
I r'M 1 (ICO
0g
0 0 1-1
'Ft N g gN 0 ril
0 g0 0 '14 gal ul .ri riX 0 Z X
+
1 oq
0Arl
1.1
flift 0
r,9.1
DI
100 0
0
.44t4)
4 .tri6-,
virl
M H
M 0g H
AO
0 r10 0
P0 1.4
0(F
1
41 0g 1
4A
0)0
"404A
0rn
A0
14 f1.-v0
0 41$4
0H
0 t, g"
00,....
.4
0 gtri H
0 r1g
e--,
g114 4O
P0
OR
0.P
iL
.J
grl
g 0 00 g g
> la
00
li0.1
>40r4r4
0g ri
0 04
A k 0 .r1
0 14rl
4J
0 0 A 14
>0 44rg
0 /4rt
00 0 '0
k0 *1'4
14 44A 41
041
14
44g 0
g1 .F
1g A
tO0
00 g ri A
011
04J A
00
4)14
>4)
44.r4
0 0g 0
A 44
rl0
0E
I0 g 0 )
r4 r4 0 0 00a/
4)10
PI
ri
6o ,-1
g o ,go
A0044
,"jte.M
Mtft`l'I';94.);)A
Pr
II
I
4).44N(s.
k0
0ri
4.r1
0
04
0to
. ri
00
4)
to0
0
I)HH
1rl1
V
4,00
14',4
IXR
I.
'r'l0 k
.1.1
0 0 rlg 0 N
.1-10
r0rg
r.A
Ig 0 1X
0 AX
0 X X
LUGANDA: PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
Mugga.11.ngundo.Mnyanja.
Lugundo. - _
What is this?
It's a road_
[b]
3cInc)? What is this?
-42-- EV3
Lugunda.Kimannyiro.nawalira.
It's a playing field.
Nnyct j a .armyan j a .
-32--
It's a lake
39
43÷
44 1-
4
I.UG.A1ID2kr. PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Kiki kinc? What is this ?
ya Leer-we.Sitenseni_Kizarmyirc).
Ki_zarinyir (D.- -
It' s a r ailway station.
Kiki kinc)? What i_s this?
Mugga-Ssormarc,-Maaaalc,_
-44-
It_ I's a ceine-tery.
ennyartja-edeuuka. a sihop/shopa
8irfa
Where is a special problem connected with thewriting of tones where a long vowel is followed bya nasal plus another cormonant. For example, theword (Nkulunge.) actually sou-ads like [N-ku-luu-ngo.1,but spelling rules forbid the writing of two vowelletters before a nasal plus another consonant, orindeed in any position where the :rowel is automaticallylong.
r...uGAND25,, PRETRASNMNG PROGRAM
Kiki 3cino? What is this?
Malealo-Tterekero-Mesa3030enzira.
ma.as3010EirizIrs.
1- I
It's an intersection.
[ - I [-
kino?JaAbblealie71:*,-
What is -this?
Nkulungo-Kisaawe 3.cy- nnyoni.MasaKmanzira.
It's a traffic circle.
Who second syllable oC (eddwaliro. j 'hosp&taa.-
actually sounds like Edwaa]. It is written with onlyone vowel because=
the sound Nil is a semivowelvowels are automatically long after a
consonant plus a semivowel
-35-
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
53
544-
ankulungo.-
Kimannyira.aJciaannyiro.
-tterekaro.
-ankulunga. anlculungcx.
a playing field
[]
CID]
57-masaxpiciansira.
ibl
54 -47-
x_
17-Why not writes carnastuovaTizira_
because it is potentially confusingbecause it in troublesome typographically
-36-
Ebl11
because it violates the official spelling rulesbecause it is potentially confusing.
(a]
--- II
LUGANDA: PRETRAXNTNO PROGRAM
Ilkulungo-enkulungo.
-masaloloanzira.
ekkomera.
a traffic circle
-tterekero. -nkulungo.
e, e, e e, e,
fb
fla
A..s we learned earlier, all syllables at the end ofa phrase are short- Ent a syllable at the end of aphrase may have falling pitch:
,d1c3comrera_ [-.. 3
compared with omugga.
This may be written with the mark ( ) :
-48- 55
22"ekikko.
ekikko. eacikka.
.414
62-
631-
651
-kkomara.
- I
enkuXungo.ekkaniaa.aRlcereziya.
eXIceramiya.
LUGANDA: PRMTRAINTNG PROGRAM
exlcOmra. eltkOmra_
-14-9-56
[ )=.1
a (Roman Cathol_ic) church
0 0 0
00 0(1) 00 .riri til
U g 0 04. PrI 1.1 fd
44 ) 41
0 ra to
0 0 44
0 01 0 .,1
0 0E VI
0 44 0c 0 V
A 4J0
01 0ll) g
0 ra 41
A $.1
0 0) N
U) ra
0 rou 0 In
0 fd 10
'0 N0 IA 0/4 C44 00 0
.r1 C 0 0.ri
W W W W \ N 6tri >I 0 AI
0 41 Airn
1(1) 0 0A C
N W O 0
ri E4
A 70 g 4 gEl A 0
0 A \ \ \u E 41
0 0 0 0 00 A 44 C C Co 41 0 44 'ri T1
X 0 14
LUGANDA = PRETRAINI NG PROGRAM
GANDA PRET R AI N I NG P ROGRAM
8 r
LUGANDA : PRETRAINING PROGRAm
Eric. / ickartisa. . 'Ma s is a
Lino / lc-Isomers .
111.111011M6p
WPM, ass Pncor;
Eh a
,
This is a-
re Scav,or
Eb3
Cal
10-kicomera
CD,
- 53 - GO
LUGANDA z PRETRAT NINO PROGRAM
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
ssomero / kkulu. This is a
Eno / miisane. This is a
,ess
A
Corresponding to English 'this', Luganda has anumber of words. All end in [.no], but the prefixmay be [ka, gu, 11], etc. Choice Qf the prefixdepends on the 'concordial class' of the noun.
The Iconcordial class' of a noun may be deducedby looking at:
its meaningthe initial vowel or the noun
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
+1
af 0
AA +40 0
UH 0 AA, "1 0S A "'I
4.1 ,00
"t0 >1
g>4 0 ) 0A 0 0
44 0E 0 .011 N `"0 ''61 741
44. 0 X1-1 4g111F100 0
N g >1 0 01 (0 COft tw
o cn a)
C cu $4 X XCO CO .400 CO
0
O
H ,t HHOOD!Apilg to 4.1 X % rIl 41 14 Kl 01
r1 E 0 "0 43 u)
1:1 i4 $4
k 44 0 00 0 4.1
01
14
(6 0 .1-1 0 r-1 0
0 $40 ow 0 0 OCN 00 4.1 a)
ti4 04 V H0 a) E 4.1 1.0 g 9'1 rX 14 $4 0 r-1
Ax 4-1
0 al 41 ro os H a;W
to0 0 0 1.0
r444 .14 0) 0 al E E to
44 ID0 0 ri 0 ZZ n El 2 0li PI (L) 0Om $4 0 0
0 01 9 - 1 CO 00 00 00 00 00 00
0,0 44 Ul
0 ra 0 01-1HHH4AA 0al 01 0 trir1111140140ci4.1 E
0 43
rl g>I .r1
01 $.1
RI al
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
in [Kano / Rasomil, the word [Rano] is:
an adjective of pro'cimitya demonstrative of tha [.no] series].
/ ddwaliro. This is a hospital.
Lino Eno
/ nnyanja. This is a lake.
Eno Guno
/ milsane. This is a mission.
Eno Kino
6 3
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
2 3
24-
25
26
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
/ dauuka. This is a ahop.
Lino Lunc Eno
Choice of [enol instead r-,E [lino] to go with
[dauuka] is related to:the concordial class that [dauuka] is a member of.the first letters of the stem of the noun.the meaning of the word.
Cal
Here is a new noun. Chocse the appropriate initialvowel Ecr it:
Choose the appropriate demnnstrative form tc
wit'h -bilis noun:
/ Ritongole.
Kino Bina Eno
LUGANDA:
-57-
go
[a
PRETRAINING PROGRAM
LUGANDA 7. PRETRAINING PROGRAM
This is a 'valley.
Lino Kina
Luna / lc.-naucao This is a
z*, f
luguucla . This is a road_
L in o Luna
Gana / Inas avoanz ir a . This is a
-
Meals Prima i re Station
LUGANDA PRETRAINING PROGRAM
g0
0
LUGANDA : PRETRAINING PROGR".M
36-
37-r
38
39-
nktiltingo . T11 s is a traf f lc circle.
Kuno Go no Eno
Lino / tterakaro. Th is is a
MEN11111r....alro--
Kino saawa kya nnyoni .
ttarekaro.
Eno
This; is a
rat
WINASat
*Mk/Tale 9
[c]
Cal
Th is is a reaer'veir.
ino Kano
67-60-
LTJGANDA : PRET RAI N I NC PROGRAM
031
40
4 1
42-r
43
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
oLino / ttereRaro.
/ Risaaws Rya nnyoni. This is am airport.
Kin./
Gano / raalaalo. This is a
c=aGana / malaalo.
6 8 -61-
LUGANDA: PRETRAaNING PROGRAM
b
(Gano I
LUGANDA : P RET RAI NING PROGRAM
44 -I.
4 9
46 -r
47
Enc. / sitsriserii ya lee rwe .
laalo.Garb
K Inc) / kizarrnyiro.
Aintelle
rki -Elzarkrly f.
1111
Kampala (*awn.* Airfie
This is a
Menem. rtisset
-41
Th is is a c erne te ry .Guno Kano
ti417. St. Pet
1
This is a
Kim.; .4; . Kir:Z) / kizarmyiro.
-62 -
41i
se
a
E.a 3
a
"/ kzarrnyira.
LUGANDA PRETRAINING PROGRAM
f
30
58
LUGANDA: RETRAINING PROGRAM
49-r
Notice the difference between:
Guno mugga.omugga guno
This is a river.this river
Aside from the meanings, thze contructions differ in:one way two ways
Here are s0me4 new words. Guess which demonstrativesgo with them by following the analogy of nouns you havealready had:
amawanga
mario
buno
ebizimbe
bino
omulimu
gano wano
Run° Rino
zirxo
muno guno
-63-
erica
tbl
ta]
[a]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAN:
5 9
..L.*J3ANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
One can often, though not always, guess theconcordial class of a noun by
looking at its initial vowellooking at the prefix that followsthe initial vowel
KIbuga. This is a town.
What is the demonstrative of the [.no] seriesthat goes with [eRibuga] 'town'?
Rino buno
/ nsi. This is a district/country.
Eno / nsi. This is a district/country.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
37-r
60-53-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
55
'6-
57-
58-
/ kkolero. This is a workshop.
KIno Llno Ano
The words (ekikkol and (omuggal differ In:
meaning, pitch contour, and initial vowelmeaning, concord class, and initial vowelinitial NfoWel only
The words [oluguudo] arm: [amalaalo] differ in:
meaning, pitch cc3ntour, initial vowel,and concord class
meaning, initial vowel, and concord classmeaning and initial vowel only
[la
[10
fal
In [Gano /masaxmanz-ira.], the wc>ra [masaW3a.nzira]has no initial vowel because:
It is the second word in the sentenceit corresponds to 'is an...'.
72 -65-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
its meaningthe initial vowel of the noun
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
59In the expression [EnO / the mark
the last vowel stands for:
falling pitch on a short vowelfalling pitch on a long vowelextra emphasis
-66-
( ) 0 Ve r
[a
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
62
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Series E.
Here you learn the names and nuMbers that are
commonly used for designating most of the noun classes.
Each of the concordisl classes has a number. In
general, a singular noun is in one of the odd nuMbered
classes, and the corresponding plural is in the next
higher even numbered class:
Class 3: omuggs. a river
Class 4: emigga. rivers
The pluacal
amati.
af [omuti.] 'tree' is:
omiti. emiti.
The singular of [emirimu.] 'jobs' is:
oMulimu. emulimu.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
51
/ M3.10a.Me.
Lino
This is a mission.
Eno Kino
6 3
LUGANDA: PRP:TRAINING PROGRAM
43-
5-
6-
7
Mn Luga,-da, the letter [1] is used after the vowcls[a, o, u], or at the beginning of a word. Mt is neverused after [c, 1]. After [e, i], the letter [r] is used.Mt is never .ised at the beginning of a word or after[a, o, u] (except in a few spellings of proper names).
Each concordial class has a number. Mn general,odd-numbered classes contain nouns andeven-numbered classes contain nouns.
singular, plural plural, singular
Classes 3 and 4 together are sometimes called:
the MU class the 3-4 class the MU-MM class
In Luganda, the letter is used aftcar [e, i],and the letter is used in all other positions.
1, r r,
-68- 75
Ea
Cc
[b
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
8 Ix-
9-
I 0-
1 2-
64 -57-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Another pair of classes are numbered 7 and 8=
Class 7= ekibuga_ a townClass 8: ebibuga. towns
Classes 7 and 8 together are often called 'the
KM-BM class'.
In [ebibuga] 'towns', the initial vowel isand the class prefix is
e, ebi e, bi
In [elcibuga.] 'town', the class prefix is:
In [emigga.] 'rivers', the class prefix is:
]
In [omugga.] 'river', the syllable [mu] is called:
the post-initial syllablet1.1 class prefixthe class characteristic
7 -69-
]
Da]
LUGANDA: PRETRATHING PROGRAM
r,
-58--
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
13
14-r
- r15
16 -r
1: ]
The plural of [eRizannyiro.] 'playing field is:
ezannyiro bizannyiro ebizannyiro
The singular of [ebyalo.] 'villages' is:
eRyalo ebbalo akyalo
[c]
[ a )
Tha second syllable of the word [ekyalo.] 'village'is spelled with one [a], but it has two moras. Wheredoes the second mora come from?
[The vowel [a] is preceded by a consonant ([k])plus a semivowel (Cy1)..1
The singular of [ebitongole # birta. J 'thesedepartments' 1.e:
ebitongole 4; Rinc). ebitonso1e # bin°. elcitongole # kin°
77
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[c]
to think of Luganda prefixes, suffixes and stems in terms
[a demonstrative Gr sericts].
66-59-
LUGANDA: PREMAINING PROGRAM
17
18'
19-r
Another pair of classes is numbered 5 and 6:
Class 5:Class 6:
essomero.amasomero.
a schoolschools
Classes 5 and 6 together are often called 'the LI-MA
class.'Class 5 is unlike most other classes in that its prefix
is not a separate syllable. Instead, it consists of doubling(and sometimes changing) the first consonant of the stem.
be:
The plural of [etterekero.] 'reservoir' is:
amatterekero. amaterekero. ematterekero.
The singular of [amaIwaliro.] 'hospitals' is:
elwaliro. elIwaliro eddwaliro
The singular of amawanga.) 'tribes' could possibly
awwanga egwanga
-7
eggwanga
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAN,
:-Ir9 Some words have no marked moras:
Eno Lino Kano
-60-r-
[b]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
2
2 4 r
eggwanga.]
amawangA.
[b]
[ AmlwA . ]
Another pair of classes is nuMbered 9 and 10:
class 9: ensi a countryClass 10: ensi. countries
Classes 9 and 10 together are often called the N class.
Nouns in these classes have e3cactly the same form inboth singular and plural, but the wards that agree withthem have different singular and plural forms:
is:
ensi # eno.ensi # zinO.
this countrythese countries
The plural of [enkulungo # eno.] 'this traffic circle'
enkulungo # eno. zirikulungo # ina. enkulungo #
(Nate that'with sMooth transition, this phrase maysound like [enkulungweno].)
72 79
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
F=.1
44
LJ 0
0
I tt;
0 01
0 0:1
14
00
I. IA 0H rl
44
44
0
tO
IQ IQ
0 010
tO
0 0H H H
414 0 0A H
U U01 14
0
HH
ri
04
0 14
,to 60
Al
r I 0 PI
KinL / / icizi1;knyirL. icinO /
-62-
ir
69
LUGANDA PRETRAINT NG PROGRAM
30-The Estm f [amalaalo.] 'cemetery' 1.0=
-ma laal -lo
The stem f [ ekikko . ] is
[ a ]
32 a"
MU-MI
-Icko
3. omugga4 emigga
-3sikko -ko
gun osirup
LI-MA i 5 eddwaliro lino1 6 amalwal ire .. gar'op
KZ -BI lc ino7 ek ilaga8 ebikrusa 'Dino
N I 9 ens I enk 10 ensi z ino
, . .
LU 1 oluginido lnnoKA i 12 . aknsozi kano;r0,-,A.--_14.. OausO*43-, ,
blaZIO.,
a 3
NOUN CLASS DEMONSTRATIVES Ser Les I ( the [ . n ] Ser Les )this , these g
MU-BA j not yet enconntred1 2 es et
- t 3-.3 . ncrt yet . er.ic....berasi
LDGANDA : PRETRAINING PROGRAM
23- A single marked syllable, not at the end of the word,
[
70,-63-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINTNO PROGRAM
Here is a new word:emikono.
This is probably:
a singular nouna plural nouna demonstrative or th9 [.nol merles
34- Refer to the Chart in Frame 15.The singular of (emilcono.] 'hands= arms' is:
ekkono. amakono.
The concordial class of a noun can best be guessed
by looking at:its inicial vowelits prefixthe meaning of its stem
77ephands!
.171P-?c1='rg,TARh'tha:._corr.,Spon510th e
mino # emikona -. emikono.# m. ma emikonO
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
28 ir
_7-
The next simplest representation-of the mark is found
-64-
%I.-.11 J. J. Ma a 1.1.&1 A-CZ-CV C.71.1113(.,
7 1
[ a
LUGANDA: PRETRASNING PROGRAM
Here is another new noun:
es:sass.
This noun looks like:a singular of the LI-MA classa singular or plural of the N classa member of a class that has not been
discussed so Ear
The plural of [essaza.] 'county' is:amassama. amasaza.
The isolated form of the word for 'rain' is [enkuba..].
This looks like a noun of theLI-MA class KA -BU class class
'This is rain' would
Enco / eiikUbs
-76-
LUGANDA: PRBTRAINING PROGRAM
321rSome words have two marked moras.
new word in isolation
enkuba. enkuba.
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
MSR would not apply to [ba]91a.1 because:
s-
-66- 73
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
4-7ir
14-9"-
5o
The tones of [Guno / musana.] are=Guno / musana. Guno / musana.
Certain nouns Shift their tonal pattern according towhether or not they have an initial vowel.
omusana. Musana.
in both these words, the high tone is on the third =ova.
ohudde # 'this weather, this period Of time'guno
ohudde.
buno Rano
fb
[a
in the word [amawanga.], the third vowel is long. Mtis written with only one letter because=
it is preceded-by /w/.It is followed by /ng/.
-78=
LUGANDA: PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
39sasllahle has the tcane
3Th singular of (emirimu.] 'jobs' is:
oMuIimu. emulimu.
74 -67-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINTNG PROGRAM
In the word [amawanga.], the /w/ would not cause the1,waI that follows it to be long because:
there is no consonant immediately before
it is,the third syllable of tl,e word
/w/
Cal
1-1-2
LTSGANDA.: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
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I.
29 Class 14 (the BU) class is alsoabstract nouns. These are of courseplural=
usad in fox-omation e>neither singular nor
agriCultur*herding
80 -73-
LUGANDA= PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
The °unmarked sequence rule cannotthere are unmarked moras.
at least 2 at least 3
unless
more than 2
The 'unmarked sequence rule' cannot operate unlessthe series of unmarked moras is:
preceded by a marked mora.at the end of a word.
In (e1ckermiy-a.12 the marked syllable has threeconsecutive unmarked moraa before it, yet all have lcwtone. Why does USR not apply?
mecause of the double R..Because the three M4Ervikas are notat the end or the word,
Because this word is an exception to USR-_ .
Some words have only one marked mora, The mark is
r.where the marked mora is.
The siMplest case is that of asmnglefMarked:mora ona shart .-vawel-that is-not at.,the end cir -the-.v.r6ra:
-,akasozm.
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
-
a
LU 1MM olugUudo MunoPLA 112 akasomi keno.BU . I 14 (Dbuac'al buno
not-'yetenCountered
-74-7
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNMNO PROGRAM
23-
2 4
ir
27 2-
A single marked syllable, not at the end or the word,is lengthened, has high tone.
The unmarked sequence rule apply to a wordsuch as [edawaliro] tLat contains a marked syllable.
may may not
Do}
[ a
The next simplest case is that of a single marked morathat stands at the beginning or a long syllable.
eddwalmro. .(pronounced [eddwaaliro.])Omuganda . ( pronounced omuga ] )
In thalwOrd that, i PW:91rAco1rie..04 leAlaWaaXirD.3. themark is represented eSi-
, - -high tone On the syllable [dWaa]high toee on the first halLE f the sylaable,fplwaa]
irie word Ceitieky mig1t be ri1 têii:amaleaMo.:- amalaal amalal°-
-86- 93
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[
2+
mino # emikono. emikono emikono #
[a]
-442
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The next simplest representation Cs-k---th markis foundwhen a single marked syllable stands at-the aof a statement:
enst. a countryomuta. a tree
-abafu dead people
Notice that the falling tone written with / / never occurs
except on a marked-syllable at the ama of a phrase.'
Which of the follemowing is a possible tone pettern in
Luganda?1.300I119. ,a001719. ,a907119.
Luganda has no rising tone', evenon asyllable thatis two mores long. That is, there is
-no such pitch pattern_
ennyaanja.
When tl-Pec.,ad more is markedthewhole syllable is high.
-87- 9 4
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
6-
Dal
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
32 ir
34-r
35-
Same words have two marked mores.ekkomera. a prisonKampala. Kampalaedduuka. a shop
Mn such worda, the two marked syllables, with all -thesyllables in between them, make up a single 'marked sequence%The concept of 'marked sequence' is crucial to understandingof Luganda tone changes.
The second tone rule of Luganda is the 'marked sequencerule' (msn). Sy this rule, if two or more marked mores ayenot adjacent to each other, then-both are high, and every-thing between them is hig. (If the end of the marksasscixismcs is also the end of a word before (.3, then thelast syllable is of course failing. See PraMeS 28 and29 on this -point.-)
mnn would not apply to (agende.3 because:
-U.Lere is only ena,0 mark,ed nwprathe marked more is at the end of t a word
Would the marked-sequenCe rUIe (MSR) apply t.o[bakolal?
-88- 9 5
LUGANDA= PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
1
omusana. omusana.
84, -77-
LUGANDA= PRETRATNING PROGRAM
36
37 ir
MSR would not apply to [bakola.] because:
the marked moras are adjacent to one another.the marl4led moras are not at the end of the word.
A series of unmarked syllables that follow a mark -(or a
marked sequence) follow the unmarked :61equence rule (USR):
low first syllable followed-by high on the rest:
"ettrek"e'r8. eddialir8.
Explain why the encircled syllable has the tone
that it has=
oluguudo.
Luguudo.
1.10;:vg-a.
.6-klbUgsa.
(91mi44b-13.4inr4._.
(DkR&Lra.ermy-4.-j-a -
[first or a series-of unmarked syllables .at end'--O2
[first of Series or unmarked'syllablesat end of word]_
unmarAci.sY11-0.PIA[precedes first marked syllable]
(precfds first-marked syllable]
at,end ok 1./c,d] =.7
-89- 96
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
,
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LUMANDA. PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Ali or tliese words have the tone pattern:
tali. 'we are located'muli. 'you (pl.) are located'bali. 'they are located°
All or these words have the tone pattern:
If you see a aeataaaa Printed ja Lugamaal witla ac)
tonal indication or aaY Riad. what Muat yau ao harore
Ycni can raPreaent the tcoaaa? That daPaads an 'Whicllstyle or representation you want to use. ir you, only
want to write visual analogs such as [ ], or
alaa3citiaa such as [all you have to do is
listerl to a Mugaaaa aa ha aaYa the aaataaca aloud. This
will give you a record or how these words are pronounced
in this particular sentence, but it will tell you verylittle about how the same words may ba pronounced in
other sentences.
9-8
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
ri
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to A N V A 0 E 5 . o rotn .,9 .2 4jr1 ) 4-1 0 Fl >1 4.1 9-1
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0 N N 0 0 el V .1.1 W V 0N041-1040 W 0 W 171 t0001TWO Ill'01)rib) M W14 00E A 0 'PI W V 0 W 171Vg NA
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tp ol 4Jocoo $44)out4o$44Jog tri cumrogo,gr000ro > 9.1
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,-----, -----the same tone every time,iit occurred, then the diacriticnotation ( ) would."be adequat. Unfortunately, this
is not the case. Keeping track of the tones in Luganda is
quite complicated matter. For these purposes, it is best
-81-
LUGANDA: PRETRAaNING PROGRAM
Luganda has tone rules, of which we have already
USR operates on two or more unmarked moras whichare each other
adjacent to not adjacent to
MSR operates on two or more marked moras which areeach other.
adjacent to not adjacent to
The third tone rule is called the 'dissimilationrule' (DR). This rule operates on two or more markedsyllables that are adiacent to each other. The resultis_that the first of these syllables is high, and therest haVe' 1 w tOne', except that Where 3 r inc.re
consecutive marked syllables precede [.], the last has
high tone.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Ander the a : [ e ddwA iro ]
ulader lotr [ eddforal
LUGANDA PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
Soth themore marked more s
and the ooerAte on two or
MSR OR USR , MSR
n [ akola . ] , the sy lab le [Ico I would have tone ;in [ bAlco la it wOuld have tone .
igh , low 11 1st: , high low, , b igh
balcOla .
A s ing le marked syl lable 't.11 ba s low tone On a clo ountof DR is treated A S though it were unmarked . WTI At is, USRmay 'LP 17t. t
bAtldika
LUGANDA PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
4oz-
IMI
P.0 rh 1P:
H
0 01
ti 9 r01 a0 0 aM
a/ 011 It 05 pilt rD 1111`
1 g IIIg o M
0' dIli
t1 ft 0 rt
g rJ. g0 trtPe 0 fi 11
rur g' Moa):1
fl a rt n a 0 co
0 o a (I) b'0 0 g M
0(1 gl
00 r2
00 0 H 0 o
0ii. a o . o o a O.xa m. .4 0+ HCMg 0
fD 0 M H 0 1:hi110
IfD 0 0 0 0
li u-i rt0
lO.0 0 0 11 a HI H 0 0 rt 0rt it 0 rt r 0
ui 4 0 110
0
0
0 0 0 ,
I Hi It 0
g i0 r 0H ri 0H i rt
0 t
pi 0 HCD Z
rt 4 0 H
OJ 00 11 r" it
0
0 ta01 0' a riti%
0% 00
mi Iv pp pp
% 0% M% 01 rt 0' ft r--- 0' 0Ia. Ia. rt g,
Oh Mt 1i Ot 0 P14 11 0 XI
iLiz., 0,01 ilif ?It I"
01 lot Mt 0 o .at qa 0 to a 0 01
In% 0' It ft H MfD v
10; Hi og 00
(M
0 11 0
0 Hi it'' 0
ft f D M
1:770
g m HW
g ...I 0 001 14 (1)(0(0E0O DI 0 0
t g 0 00000g to 011 0 +I0 14 P1
Ag kw
,0
0 0 0g
0 0 0W
).1 03
W
to H ,gg'44JWI!
to00 0 0rl
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to $4
g wI) 04
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$1 10
0
0 0II 4 g
4.; 004
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5 (.) 6 ow
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rd Aco
w 4.) !o
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to ra li CD It It0 4M 7 00 0.4
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Ng ti
ft it 0 ft
41
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01I.,
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4alII4
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Do
86 93
LUGANDA r PRETRAINING PROGRAM
3
20
5
Eno / nnyanja? Is this a lake?
Yee.Nedda .
Statement
No.
This is a hospital.
Question
Statement Question
Lino / ddwaliro.[ ]
Lino / ddwaliro?
98 105
[ a ]
Is this a hospital?
LUGANDA : PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-87- 94
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
6-
7
8 3_z-
9:-
A yes-no question is
a question that can be answered with yes or no.
any sentence that ends with a question mark (?).
In Luganda, the difference between a statement and
a yes-no question is Shown by a mOdification of the pitch
contour. This Rind or modification Of pitch is called
'intonation'. There is thus a statement intonation for
each word, and a yes-no question intonation.
The thing that is always found with the yes-no question
intonation is a Sharp drop in pitch. The height at which
this drop begins depends on Whether the intonation is added
to a marked word, or to an unmarked word.
With an unmarked word, the drop is between the next -to-
lest syllable and the last. It begins on a medium pitch and
goes very low:
Luna / luguudo? Is this a raad?
[ - -Notice that the pitches of the preceding unmarked syllables
are all level with one another.
Kino / kizannyiro?
[ - 1
-99- 106
Dal
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[no]
-88- 9 5
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
This [- --] intonation could not be used in Lugandafor a
statement question
What would be the pitches o
Gano / masavvanziraT
When the yes-no question intonation is superimposedon a marked word, the drop in pitch begins from a veryhigh level. It is preceded by a rise. All this occurson the two mores that follow the mark:
nkulunoo? malaalo? . tterekero?[ -
-
statement question
statement question
-100-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
96
LUGANDA PRETR.AINING PROGRAM
Kano / kasozi.-Kano / kasozi?
statement question
statement question
Eno / kkereziya?
statement question
-101-
LUGANDA PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-90- 9
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
20 2-
21--
22"
2 3
24
statement question
Eno / nkulungo.[ - - - 1
Eno / nkulungo?
]
If the mark (or the end of the marked sequence) ison the last syllable, then the rise and fall are condensedonto that one syllable:
kkomera? dduuka? Guno / muti?[ -
statement questiOn
statement question
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a]
93
.!tfg
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Lino / kkomera.[
statement question
statement quest:Lon
statement question
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
92 99
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
statement question
statexnent question
Kino / kikko.- -Kino / kikko?
statement question
statement question
111
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
93 100
3 5 2
36 2
37
38
39 2
Guno / musgra .[
LUGANDA PRETR..AINING PROGRAM
Gum:, / mussa? [
statement clue stiCM
statement question
st.at_ement question
Dal
112
LUGANDA : PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
ie-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
statement question
statement question
statement question
statement question
statement quest-lc:1'n
statement question
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
al:12
IATGANDA:_ PRETRAINING PROGRAM
statement question
(b]
Luginda thus superimposes a special intonation onto
the end of a phrase to show that it is a yes-no question.English also has a special intonation which it uses at
the and of a phrase to show that it is a yes-no question:
It's raining.it's raining?
_ 1
So far, so good. Unfortunately, however, English andLuganda often use pitch in opposite ways. For example,
the[
statement [Luguudo.1 'Mt is a road' has the pitches], very similar to the English question 'a high-
Iramy?' [- J. But the question [Luguudo?] 'Ms it a
road?' has with a sharp step dowinwards betweenthe last two syllables, very much as in the Englishstatement 'A highway' [----_ ].
It appears, therefore, that the Luganda yes-noquestion intonation is not only specially importantfor communication; it is also peculiarly treacherousfor speakers of Eng11..h.
-107- 114
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Changes in Luganda.
-96- 3
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
48-
49
50-r
Decisive dcwnstep at the end of a phrase in Englishindicates a In Luganda it indicates
statement, statementyes-no question, statementstatement, yes-no question
Ce]
Consider the tone pattern 1. This may occurat the end of a statement in , but not in
English, Luganda Luganda, English
The difference between the pitch patterns of [Luguudo.1[- ] and (Luguudo?] (-- ] is a difference of:
tone intonation emphasis
115
DD1
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
104 -97-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
51- r
52-r
53
54-
The difference between [amelaalo.] [-- ] and
[oluguudo.] [ ] is a difference of:
stress tone intonation
[
We said earlier that a single marked syllable isrepresented tonally as high followed by low. Is thisalso true for yes-no question intonation, or only forstatement lAtonation?
[only for statement intonaton]
we said earlier that a series of unmarked syllablesat the end of a word are represented tonally as low onthe first syllable, followed by high on the rev...-. Isthis also true for yes-no question intonation, or cr'yfor statement intonation?
[only for statement intonation]
In statement intonation, a single merked syllable isrealised as:
high tonelow on the first syllable followed by high
on the rest
-109- 116
[ a ]
Lino / ddwaliro? -
-98- 105
[ - -
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
57
USR to an unmarked word at the end of ayes-no cluestion.
applies does not apply
DR stands for
downstep rule dissimilation rule
The tone writing system with diacritics ( )
is useful because=
Mt is the best way of Reaping track oftone changes in Luganda-
Mt gives a direct indication for thetone of each mora.
[
The tone writing system with underlining and tonerules is useful because:
Mt is the best way of keeping track oftone changes in Luganda.
Mt gives a direct indication for thetone of each mora.
-110- trl
1_
[ a ]
Series H.
2
- - -
-99- 106
[ - .
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
in this series you meet the symbols (+] and
[-], which are used where the prortunciation of the
language does not match the spelling. You also
.practice operating one of the three tone rules.
ludda+wm,k
- -%Where are we?
Tull ku ddwaliro. We're at a hospital.Tuli Itu kisaawe Rya nnyQnyi.
The stem [-lil has to do with being at a location.Its Engalah equivalent in this .context is 'is, are'. Theprefix (tu-1 stands for first person plural subject 'we'.
The expression [Tugenda ludda+wal means:
Where is he?Where is he going?.Where axe we going?
118 C
statement question
[a]
-100-
3- 7
5 -
6
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
The phrase [ludda+wi,] is approximately equivalentto 'where?' It has two characteristics that deservecomment. One is that the syllable [da] has low tone,even though it is between twa marked mores. That isto say; MSR does not apply. This is the principalmeaning or the symbol [+]: that MSR ammo mot applyeven though otherwise it would.
The second thing to note about [luddal-wagf] isthat there are no word spaces on either side of the[4-3. This means that (wan is pronounced as though(1udda+wa0] were a single word. (This combination ishowever to be written as two words.)
The expression [Ava ludda±wa,?' means:
Has he arrived?Where does he come from?What is he doing?
In the expression (entamu've], the symbol [']stands for the fact that the vowel [u] is pronouncedlong when it is not at the end of a word. Thecontinuous underline from [u] through [ye] standsfor the fact that this expression is pronounced asthough it were a single word. (It is however tobe spelled as two separate words.)
It-112-
[bJ
[bJ
)
108
[a ]
ir
9-
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
We saw earlier that when two marked syllables occurwithin a word, they may become the end points of a
-'marked sequence': [ekkQmera.1 1.- Syllableswithin a marked sequence are high.
The same thing happens sometimes across wordboundaries: [Tull ludda wa?1 [ - -
The first and last moras of the marked sequence in
[Tull ludda+wapr] are repectiirely:.
tu, wa lu, wa tu, dd
[c I
, -The syllable [13_1 in [Tuli ludda+wag] has high tone
because:It is within a marked sequence.It is unmarked.a high tone is added for euphony.
Tull Ru ddwaliro.[
a
We are at the hospital.
-113- 120
Cal
staremenr quest1Lon
[a
-102-
11
121
13-
14-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Tuli icu clawaliro.
[11 Rd]
The particle [Rul has to do with location. It istherefore sometimes called a 'locative particle'. Thereare two other locative particleb in Luganda: [mu, e].From the point of view of their tonal behavior, the locativeparticles are all unmarked.
Nouns that follaw locative particles never have aninitial vo4we1.
The element [Ru] is called a:
prepositionlocational particlelocative particle
The locative particles in Luganda are:
ku
a
mrn
121 -114-
[c]
Gano / malaalo? L- _ J
-103- 110
Dal
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Which is correct?
Tuva Ru eRibuga. Tuva Ru Ribuga.
[b]
In the expression [Tuva Ru Ribmga.], why doesn't[Ribuga] have an initial vowel?
because it is the first syllable in the wordbecause it follows a locative particle
Dal
Again in the sentence [Tull Ru dawaliro.], a markedsequence runs from one marked syllable to the next. This
one actually crosses two word boundaries.
In the sentence (T411 R1-a! cia1ir*L.1, why does Etul
have high tone?
[Because it is a marRed syllable.]
In the sentence RZL ddWalirO.], why does [Ru]
have high tone?
[Because it is withill a marked sequence.]
122 -115-
[ a ]
-104- 111
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
20+
21'
22:
Tulx ludda+wagf W_ere are we?
Tull Ru nnyanja.Tull Ru Raeozi. We're on a hill_
Tull Ru Raeozl.[ ) -
[ _ _
4C .Tulx Raeozi.
123 -116-
[b]
[11 Rd Rd]
RilmannyiroY
112
L
[a]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
234-
24-r
25"
Tul".1 RuttereRero?
Are we at areservoir?
Yee, tull Ru ttereRero.Nedda, tull Ru RRereziya. No, we're at a church.
Why are the last two syllables of [Tuli Ru ttereRero.]
high?
'Tulx
By USR.Becaude there is a marked:sequence that
ends on the first syllable of [tterekero.].
-RRereilya:
124 -117--
3_
[11 RA RRere]
statement clue t i on
-106-
-107- 114
LAIGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
291-r
30:
In the expression [Tull Ru mugga.], there is onlyone marked syllable. There is therefore no basis forsetting up a 'marked sequence.'
Now, we have seen the'- the rule for setting up markedsequences may apply across word boundaries. We might expecttherefore that with four unmarked syllables ([1i Ru mugga] )
at the end of this sentence, only the first would be low,and the rest high. I.uganda doesn't work that way, however.The two syllables with which the USR starts must be withinone and the same word. Therefore the USR begins in thissentence only with [mugga].
We're at a playing field.
[l ku Ica]
Why cannot [11] and [ku] be counted as the first -bwo
syllables in an unmarked sequence, in [Tull Ru kizannyiro.
BecauseBecause
they are within a marked sequencethey are not in the same word
-119-- 126
[b]
i?
108 115
32
33--
34:
35:
LUGANDAn PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Tuli ku sscmerc? Are we at a school?
Yee, tuli ku socmero. Yes, we're at a sclxacl.Neada, tuli ku kkomera.
Tuli ku ascmerc.[ -(
Tuli Ru sscmerc.
Tuli Ru nkulumgc. We're at a traffic circle.[
-120-127
_A_
LUGANDA: PRETRAINTNG PROGRAM
nkulungo.
[Because it is within a marked sequence.]
Wc_lre at a cemetery.
Eli ku m'a.]
In the sentence mala-A18.1, why does the
syllable /lo/ have high tcne?1
Tulf17-a! maasxwanzira. We're at an intersection.
Theunmarked
sentence [Tall Rix inasz.1313acizix.a.] has 7 consecutivesyllables at the end of it. The rule for a series
aren't [Ru] and [ma] high in this sentence?
[Elecause USR begins to apply only when there aretwo unmarked syllables within the same word.]
-1.2 1 -
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Here are the names of some places in or nesor Kampala.The marked syllables have been underlined. Write thediactitics. (Spellings, where they disagree with pronuncia-tion, are in round brackets.)
Kibull [KIbUli)
Makeerere [M-SkeLrere-A
Nnakivubo [isTnakivabO]
Ntinda (ktlfida]
Kololo [KO101S]
Mulago [MUl'LgO]
Lubaga (Rubaga) [RZOn'ag-a]
Kampala [KaMpLla]Entebe (Entebbe) [Entebej
The name of another place in Kampala is Lusira.What are the tones?
The tones [LIZzzir-S1 imply:
Lumira. reither of these
129-122-
LUGANDA: Pith:TRAINING PRLPGRAM
4
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The marking [Luzira.] wonld stand for the tonet
[LUzIral, by MSR[Liazir'a], by DR[LUzira], by USR
In order to conform to the tone rules, [LUzira..] must
be marked [Luzi-ra.] The hyphen means [Luzi] and [ra] are
pronounced as though they were closely linked but separate
words.
What tones are implied by the marking [A-merelca.]?
Amereka.
The seconl syllable of [ova.] 'you come from'
is normally pronounced with mora(s).
one two
-123-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The second syllable in [Ave mu Uganda.] 'he comesfrom Uganda' is pronounced with only one more because:
[-] is a syMbol for shortnessthe syllable [Nra'l is followed by word boundary
In [Ova-wAY] 'where do you come from?' there is noword boundary after [va']. This syllable is now pronouncedwith mora(s).
Another place in Kampala is [Wandegeya]. Whatare its tones?
Wand'eg.ey. fefildegeya. Wandegeya.
The pronunciation [Wandegeya.] might be marked:Wandegeya. Wandegeya. neither of these
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
53
54
ir
r
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
The marking [Wandegeya.] would give the tones:
Waild-egy'S. Waildgeya.
The marking [Wandegeya.] woulel give the tones:
by DR[waridtgya.], by MSR[Wandegeya.]
[bJ
[
The proper marking for the word is (WAA(1.6c/vA.1.
This involves an extension of MSR (cf. Series F2 Frameto cover a series of consecutive marked syllables thatrun up to the end of a phrase. Befcre [ ] , the last
syllable of the series has high tone.
What tones would he implied by the marking [hatandise.]?- %
hatandmse. h.a.tandisZ.
132 _125-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a
LUGANDA : PRETRAINI NG PROGRAM
57
58
59-r
T u 1 i ludas +ur.a%
,
Where are we ?
Tu i K ihu 1 1 . We ' re at Kihu 1 1 .
Tuli Luz -r a
Predit the tones in [ Tu 1 1 Kikvali.
pr1.111 .
Why is [ K1 3 high in {TJ.i Kihul . 3?
[ Because it is wi th in a markedsequence .
-126- 1331._
L UGANDA : PRET RAM NM NG PROGRAM
New items 1: this series are the juncture
symbols [ / ] and [ # ] , and comma intonation.
Tull Kibuli.Tull Luzl-ra.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
2+
3
L. r
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Kibull / Rasozi? Is Kibuli a hill?
Yee.
Kibuli kasazi?[ )."°.
.*v
Nedda.
[a)
In the cluestion [Kibuli / kasozi?], there is a markedsyllable in eac:1 word. Yet the syllables [li] and [ka] arelow. There is no 'marked sequence' from [bu] through [so].
This kind af boundary is marked by the symbol [/]. Thsrule Ear marked sequences does not apply across the boundarybetween the sUbject of a sentence and the rsst of the santence.In this respect, [/] is liks [+] (Series n).
-128-
135
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
0
(1)
\E01g
A g0
01
0
A0
ko
U1
14
ri
a)
0
lt
0
0
}-1
a)
44-1
a)
4.)
0
0
0a)
a)
a)
4.)
a)
01
0
00
a)
0
tO
A
LUGANDA : PRET RAI NING PROGRAM
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Here ts another importamt fact about the boundarybetween the sUbject of a sentenc.3 and the word that
begins the predicate. A series of unmarked syllables be
before this boundary are all low:
Mlàgb / kästSzl.
In this respect, differs from [+] (series H
This place name hau no marked moras. Predict its
tones in its citation form:Nnakasero.
entObbe
Yee. Nedda.
-131-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
16'
17-
181-r
19
Kampala / kibuga.[ _
Kampala.CD ]
(
1
C
Kampala is a c3Lty.
Here is one more interesting fact about the (/]boundary between subject and predicate. Where thecitation form in statement intonation would have afinal falling tune [ ], the last syllable of thesubject is high levels
Kampala / Ribuga.
Put the syMbol ( / ) into each c.,r these phrasesif it is needed.
eXibuga kinoKino kibuga.
132
this cityThis is a city.
139
(13
[a]
(not needed)Nino / Xibuga.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
high. Why aren't [ku] and (ma) high in this sentence?? ? ?
[Because USR begins to apply only when there aretwo unmarked syllables within the same word.]
-191-
128
20-r
21+
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Predict the tones of the place names in these
sentences. (Marked syllables have been underlined.)
Lumi-ra / kkamera.
Kibull / Rasomi.
Makeerere / ssomero kkulu.
Nnakivubo / mugga.
[Make,arere
[Nn.ikivubo]
Ntinda / Rasozi. [kt13.1d]
Kololo / Rasc,m1. [KL1L1.;]
kubaga / milsane. ERZIbLgl]
Kampala / Ribuga.
Wandeaeya
/Rasomi, obassomero?
Kasomi.Ssomsro.
-133-
_140
[WLndegey-a]
Ms Kibuli a hill,or a school?
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
..-1
I
RI
4.)..4
aito
t) I
..ro
o c..
0 g A g
u 0Ill r--,
0 .ri3 .r1 g M
rtl 01
0
N0
0 " r1
N 0 r 0 0 k
0) 044 ..1
0 rtl ri..4
44 0 'A gN w
1W .0
.1 (0
V 0 E H 0 4 w
00 44 0
o
Ki ti (0 o pitoH
toC,.
, 4)0
°I 0 A \ a) 0
A 0 N-0 g
. A01 WI u
0
10
0 ...1
$4 0 tO A 4-) .0 g0 1
r-,.. .:;;.',\11 \\._14-'"
AX 04
al pI c.. , .
4J raA
g/ . / ...%).Y.!.1.!\_1;;;;;"
-
ri w0 u L.. /
;;.......,..:.-.,4,-.,
0 N g 4.) 70
4J ra
/ fr----;;;; 0A.._,-.....%;,:::-,
al01 +)
g o 0
A 0tarcl
.1 44 'ri 0$.1 A
."X":=;-;;;±,14;_,',...
4./ 01
Ill wS:5194--z4'
A 1
g 0 p 004 al
) :::"_/:/-177-
w ro 1
\ 00 0 0
(o 01 A
4.)4 r I .I.)
uRS
. 0 ri
'ill : 0 ri
.. i,g
to
0 4.)
./ i
1.1 01i
A/
H 0 '0 4j
i
0 rA [If lir i( f..,;,/,:i
w EN01 Mu g 04 A a)
a) 0 00 4.)
H 04
> 00 0 ra H 0
'41 44 0
0w gta 4.)
0V
Aoil
o c..
W. z o\ w WI
p-I 4 w A k
0 0 0 W H I-1 >1RII H \ w
RI
A rl44 ro p
0 0 V W4 44 0
Ab
00
0 g 01'41
4' 2 ,'@
A 4.)0 RI .r1
ol 11:1g
I 01ri +
I (NI
130 -123-
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
What is Luzira?
Mugga.Kkomera.
We're at Makerere.What IS Makerere?
Kkanisa.Ssomero
-135-
14p
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
16'
[a I
-124- 13j
LUGANDA: PRETRAINTMO PROGRAM
Tull Ntinda? Are we at Ntinda?
Yee, tuli Ntinda.Neada, tull Kcalalca.
GanD / malaalocaba /kizannyirca?
Kizannyiro.Malaalo.
-136-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
20-z-
28-r.
29-r
30-r
LIrkotterekero,
malaalo?
/32 -125-
LUGANDA: PRETRAIMING PROGRAM
Yee Oba
(b]
Observe the following phrases containing thejuncture [ # ], and try to figure out its characteristics.
kin° Rano
this hill
g a no
ennyanja # this lake
el-10
2 LITE
lino guno
-137-
144
[b]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-126- 133
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
31"
32
33"
34-1.
35:-
akasomi # Rano.
cmugga # gunc. this river
[a ]
[b
ekimannyiro # Rinc. this playing field
ekimannyirc # Rinc ekimannyiro # Rinc.
The last syllable in [ennyanja # enc.] is highbecause:
USR applies tc the word /enc./.It is preceded by #.
amalaalc # ganc. this cemetery
# gin6. mIla116 # sanG.
-138-145
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[b
[a ]
[b]
27-1-
(1)
-127- 134
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
37
38-
397
1+3.-
USR to the syllables before the juncture marker #.
applies does not apply
The symbols #, -, and /, are
phonetic syMbols juncture syMbols
The symbols . 2 are
intonation markers juncture markers
amasarnanzmra # gano. amasarallanzxra # gano.
The action of USR across # to unmarkedsyllables that follow it.
extends does not extend
-139--
146
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
31
Ea)
a
[b]
-128-
135
43-r
44-
LUGANDA= PRETRAINING PROGRAM
eddwaliro # lino.
eddwalmro # 11r1,. ?ddL1Ir; # lmno,
Akasozi # Rano / kali
[a]
This hill is nearRumpi / n'e-nnyanja. the lake.
One would expect the tones of [Rano] in this sentence to be:
mn the preceding sentence, the tones of [Rano] are [Rano]because:
USR cios not apply before [ / ].[Rano] is the secDnd word in the sentence.
14:7
[a
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
32
0
0$4 $4
vr1 %.1.11
t r0 C'.
0 0 0H H gH H M
0 T ra rl04 114 0to to > 0 0
ri ,g Ato u) 0 4.) 4,)
ri .1.1 >0 0 01
; 11H 0 fl
0 0 0 0) 04) 4)II ttl il 0
H0
U U0 0 0 & gH H g ar
1,t) M (0 4)A .11 (0 r"
W r1
%WI ...-. ...-. A --, )4,
q) cv N. $4 01H H 0 t tn
> 0% (0 rti 1
>1 4 ;r. 4) -4U U
vrl ..... .... 0 H4 g H 1--- 1
4 il %0:0r1 :Ijr1 0-1(1) 0 111)rt (0
41%gl . . 44 0 3A 0 +
10 H.1.1 A 4) 0 r0 HH W 0 0% g g '01 01
1 I 0 CD
t 01 410 :11 0" A o
H01.0
-0 ..0rg 4) itl .4 9-1 0\ \ )4 0 u ri 0 A
Prl rrl13 A 2 fj
,RI,Ri \,0 %0
0) r." r" 4.) 0 0U A H
1.-/ (0 4) P4 ili
f 101
tr1 vrl .0 .0 01
H H 4) 4) 0
%MI %MI H .11X X 8
--133-- 140
LT.JA14IDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Edduuka / _______ 1udda-i--wat Where i the shp?eli Sri
{b]
10 kkznr # iri, ?r( This prisam is riesrti-iS 1ke.
- - I [-- - I - I
[b]
11
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
3-rKab1 kjbi.ics xi mtl
Cr)
k.0 >1
m 0...ri k 0 IlA 0 04.1 al l0 S.I
0 r1 0?A >.r1 rl rl .r1
rl rl g A>I 4.) r1 .r1 0 A
Aal
§0
.!14\ al0
0 A
10-1
4.1
0, El
0 0>I
O 0 0Z 0 0H \ 0
'00(t1
g .14
-C , 0 rl g\ DI
Is
0 94
0 , I '0%0%pi Di 1 : .14
0 r 4 I i 0 k0 al ,e,i-
al ,r-1., ^ 0 E E4.I 0 I 1 0 0w '0%01 g to 0
A AI 1
g'
.14
,0 "0 ,-01 0
,0 erl \ \ .r1
A ,141erl erl
-0 .14
i5 rl \rx ii N 0
erl %\ 0 .14 AN vri vel ,14 ,s4 W al
g%01 ,i, 1
W %op 1.r1 %.r1
I rS94
co %oho'Z 4 X X 4
01
0
0
Dal
-135-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
17'
18:-
191x-
C17=DRunpm / n'e -kikko
kumpi / n'e -Rikko[
[
kumpi / nia-m'asannanZi-i-a
-
near a. valley
Da
(i.e. high tones on the samelevel with one another)
,(1.e. last series of high tonesdown a step)
Cb]
whri- a law`to-ria cOmas IDawreem -t:W6:hi41.c.-6., !.-he
hightOne that r8diaxiiii J:-'th9-iki4ii--6:ni-O'tikatIca--.,_--(TVilik -1:i7 16.i-44-'ml-1along, hut we haVe not needed to-C-ailtelnt164)-tit-:'until now.) A sries of alternatingtones-would'theraforehave the' following pitch pattern:-
,-;
154
LUGANDA: PRETRASNING PROGRAM
amnositive construction [ensi Buganda], [ekyalo
ta J
-136-143
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
20-z
2 1
22:-
23
Write the pitches on [enkulungo.]
(be sure pitch on 4thsyllable is lowerthan pitch on 2ndsyllable).
True or false: A high tone at the end of a longsentence may be on. a lower pitchthan a low tone at the beginningof the same sentence.
Kiri kumpi n'e-ssomero.
I
[True.]
The Pitch downstep im En'easoMero.] betWeen /ne/and±/so/is:dUe trzritheIcione of/ss/ that Corneabetweenthem. The low-tone,ha,e_this efeCt eYenthoughitle,itsel inaudible.
16-
_ £fif .71487
'
155
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Why Is the first syllable of rekkulul hicrh in
1 cv
amalaalo # g ano th is c emetery
# gln8. # g"AnC", .
-158-145
LUGANDA : PRETRAS NI NG PROGRAM
KirlKiri
/ n ' &-kkismara./
Why is the syl 1 abl e /ma/ high in [ ' a-ma la al o ]?
When the connect ive ma ] ' and is used be fore aword that begin s w th an in it i a 1 vowel , the vowe 1 orthe connect ive agrees with the in it ial vowel . Thelength of both vowe 1 s xs pre serve d
n a + omugg n ' o-mugg a ( pronounced [ nOomugg ] )
n a + elcilcic o e -lc 110co pronounced [ n6 ] )
ma aka:3c.= n a-Ramo= ( pronounced [ nA aka Oz I ] )
Is of course pronounced
( pronounced . [ nL'Ii;sC,fli'Lr8 1]
0v..157
LUGANDA : PRETRAT NING PROGRAM
24 2
Erlriyerijs + Nnalubaale / I s Lake Victor la in
-139-
146
LUGANDA- PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Write long vowels double and check your answers withthe column at the right:
Pronounced:na + enkulungo --0- ? [neenkulungo]
na + aluguudo .., [nooluguudo]
na + eddutika .., [nedduUka]
na + eddwaliro --0,- ? [neddwaliro]
na + amalwaliro--0- ? [naamalwaaliro]
na + ekkomera --e- ? [nekkomera]
For purposes of calculating tones, the initial vowelis reckoned with the connective-, and not with the noun:
naa-masarplansira
and not: na-7amasavgansira
it is of course written [n'amasarmansira] in the officialspelling system.
"'he high tone of [n'l forms a marked sequence witla
the first marked syllable of the noun that follows it:
WeRkeremmya
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
29: Axe Nsambya and
3141-
352-
LUGANDA= PRETRAINXNG PROGRAM
The phrase /nz,/ plus /ekizimbe/ is pronouncedee e g.[nee -}xmbe]. Why does the syllsbls /ki/ have high tone?
/In [nee-kxsxmbe], why does the firt mora of thefirst syllable have high tone?
- for euPhony--because when the second mora of a long vowel
Ls marked, the whole vowel is high- because it precedes a marked sequence
CDekxsannyiro
ntle-Rig2annyiro
rb
[RI
j
362-itzannyiro.
32
LUGANDA: PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
-141-
LuGAmn/k: PRETRAmmING PROGRAM
37-r
38 2-
39-
#1 /In ths expression [nle-'k3_manny3_ro], why does Cki]
have low tone?-Because the [e] does not count as a part of thesequence of urimaLrk,ed syllables; the [e] is nowreck.oned with the connective.
-Bee,ause the lour tone on Dcl] must he precededby a high tone.
[a]
nle-Rimannyiro
[ -[ - - [
IN MANY OP THE FOL]L.OWING FRAMES, -You WIL.L NEED TO
amE.ER To THE MAP OP UGANDA.
Entebbe / nal, oba / kibuga? Is Entebbe a country,or a town?
Kibuga - Mg; 1.
402BUganda nal, oba / "Xibuga?
-
KibUga
-153-_
IsEt plagrxcl 4=.1.1Arre-m-Y,
or is it a town?
Nsi.[
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
36-r
142 149
LUGANDA PRETRAX N IRO PROGR.AM
9.4WEST INILE
Arne
A NT
/INN\._ K.E.1,1-7-A.
tro \A C
oulu KARA MO-IAAirMoretti..P--5,..."--..--------......\...... (
\
Kitale
UGANDAInternationalboundary
Dg,sotLir.tior.
National capitalD;strict capitalRailroad
?..t
Road
5,0 Milesl. 25 50 KilometersPa tover.:Iit
EIU 647Hoirna
Jr .....- .111Lira r:LANG°.
sC N(IC:ethers.
uniaSoroti
fPci SEBEI
...15.L1KEr>1 0UGS>..11/31../SC>GA
) FortPortal'6
o ...."-.1. Ntubencie..0) 110400094 0
a. 0 F S7 0 R 0 ...., ---------*-..-..... ......--.Kasese r:.:3".--a'r'-''--.."-N-...,NI F. I
....---- ---,.
94 Li et E;
K19961:90J F
Mbarara (.......
$1<i Z I
Kat,
RWA 1,41.3A.
Born be
JAMPAL A
Masaka SESE ISLANDS
M A
Inja
K A LA KE
Iganga
VI CTORI A.
'T Z 1%1 I A.tikeba
;scitria
JEC EEtutereIt A.-
-154-163_
LUGANDA PRETR..AINING PROGRAM
-143- 1507
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
oba / kibuga?)means, in part:
or is it a town', the symbol
-that MSR does not apply between (ba] and[coo] is a conjunction
-.:that DR does not apply between the two words.
Bunyoro / kibuga, oba / nsi? Ms Bunyoro,a town, oris it a country?
Kibuga Nsi.
ajinja / nsi, oba / Isibuga?
Kibuga Nsi.
The locative particle [mu] has a short vowel, Init
when it is followed by a nasal plus another consonant,it la lengthened just as if it were in the same word:
ku nkulungo
LUGANDA= PRETRAINING PROGRAM
0
1.1
Fl
14
0
are tone marksstand for tone ruleslimit the application of the tone rules
-145-152
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING pnoonam
Kabale Ribusa munsi Kigazi.
is a town whichis in the country[of] Kigesi.
The forminitial vowelby itself as'indidatiVel.
[ekiri] is [Riri] plus the appropriateThe form [Riri], which can stand
the only verb in the sentence, is calledThe -form [ekirl],..which CannOt stand by
itself, is called 'relative'. (Remember thatalSo, it is the form witixout initial vOWelby itself: [Mugge.] 'It is
makivubo musga
a river. )
with nounsthat can stand
RibugaNakivubo is a rivarwhich is in thecity [of/
Entebbe . Kampala.
164
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
53 2
146
LUGANDA: PRBTRAINING PROGRAM
Naltivubo / mugga 11 Nakihubo is a rivermu Ribuga Kampala. that is in the city
[of] Kampala.
0S111
ensi ± Buganda. the country [of]Buganda.
akyalo Kibuli. tl-ie village of Kihuli
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
57
along, but we have not needed tO call- atte'utiolik tO "It..
until now. ) A series of alternating tones would there orehave the following pitdh pattern: -
.,
datiadadada [ -
'147 1I54e
_
LUGANDA z PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The appositive construction [ensi Buganda], [akyaloKibuli] contains the juncture marker (+1. USR may extend
across [+] to include unmarked syllables that follow it:
In [ekyalo + Kibull. ] , the syllable [ki ] is high
because :
-it is the last syllable of an unmarked sequemoethat begins with [eRyalo].
MSR does not extend across z
eRibilge + Entebbe.
the, r...ountry [or]Kigi,
441,100MArMt.
LUGANDA : PRETRAINING PROGRAM
6o-
it is itsel-e inaudible.
16-
- r17'
18'
19
155
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Why is the first syllable of [ekkulu] high in[essomero + ekkulu.1?
-Because it is in a marked sequence.-Because the unmarked sequence of CessOmer6]extruast across the [+].
Dol
aNnakasero / Rasozi + Nakasero is hill+ mu Ribuga + that,-] s in the
Kampala. cirY [of] Kampala
aka ogu eki
C.Nnakasero / Rasomi + akali +mu Ribuga + Kampala,. .
[al
[Nha-R4sZrOl
Writing [+] between [Rasomi] and [akali] means,in Part, that.:
-the last vowel of [Rasomi] must not be merged withthe first vowel of [aRall].-USR'acoem ncrt spply-MSR does not extsna across ths bounclerY bstwssn thssstwo woras-
[
167
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
63'
cr,t7
1,-to ke't
,
20-
21-r
22-r
237r
15.6
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Predict the tor.:?_s in [omugga +which is iocated...'=.omugga + omugga +
river- -omugga + oguli
In [NiVaaeaseri5 / k-asiSzi.], why does (mnakaaero]have axx low tones?
Makerere / ssOmero kkuin +mu kibuga +
Kamcal.
-?
[Because .5.t is unmarkedand stands before [/].]
-Makerere- i universitythatiin the city[of] Kampala,
Wcall oguli eriri
vellY ac, [icaL11-] .1"1!a [4:)91.3115,] hAre-f1.1-in_the-lastsyllable, bnt -
] is written following [e.,i17,
1,1m- itten 6 il2i6whe re . ]
1.68'
LUGANDA. PRETRAINING PROGRAM
na + eXikkona + Akasosi--4- nl.a-kasomi
(pronounced(pronounced
Ineexixxon[.aaka..6.1])
Before a doura,e ccalmorlaalt, vowel is of course pronoUncedShort=
na + essomero (pronounced [ne;3158mer8])
50-
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
w,ee. meaciaL.
Ennyanja + Nnalubsale / LakeVictoris is inmu Afirika. Africa.
eriri eri
LSRe Victoria is inyAfrica.
In the newt few frsmeSinO tomAl Indictjan8tterl. -Continue ta use tones: 1atjd, howeVer..
1112.g4.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
3-
7-151-
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Are Nsamhya andNaksisero hills,or rivers?
Musozi. Migga.
Nakivuhomugga.Kitants mugga.Nakivuho ns Kitants
Nakivnho is a river.Xitants is a river.Nakivuho and Kitanta
ars rivers.
migga husosi
kisannyiro
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
7
Buganda / mai, oha / kihuga? Me Buganda a country,or la it a town?
Kihuga Nsi.
1 G 0
LUGANDA: I:RETRAINING PROGRAM
Ankole ne Lang'o miri Ankole and Langgo arein
Uganda Buganda
Ankole ne Lang'o Aukoie aremu Uganda. in Ugande.
eri gull
Mhale ne ajinja hihugamu Uganda.
eziri
Mhale and Jinja arecities that arein Uganda.
ehiri hiri
Acholi me Kigezi mei
emiri ehiri
17
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
162
ulkobaIVILisorna
-154-
161
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
a
40-
41 :
42
The forme [kali, bin, gull.] etc. are calledwhile [alcali, ebili, oguli] are called
5
indicative, relative relative, indicative
Kampala / icin I mu malcicati+ Uganda?
Wee. Meade.
Kampala / malckatis'e-nal + Uganda.
MU.
Kampala / mu malckati-nevi -1- Uganda.
-i66-
[ a ]
me,Kampa1a-in,_theMiddlethecountry [of] Uganda?
Knjpaiaiiri 7thecemter of thecountryr[or] Uganda.
Kampa1a is,In thecente cbff thecountry[Of] Uganda.
-
[70
173
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
ku hkulungo
.162
[
t7,7,
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
44:
45:-
47-
48-r
Mbale / kiri mu buvan uba Is Mbale in the east
bw'e-nsi + Uganda? of the country [of]Uganda?
Yee. Neada.
Mu buvan uba.
--Xbilvanjuba bvea-nst.
[a]
I[mu buvan uba.]
buee-nst.]
In [mu buvanluba b'we-nsx..], the syllable [ju] is
high because of:
DR traR MSR
[c
Mbale klri mubuvan M3PaIe_ls in the east
nsl + Uganda,: at';t19,PPaP,IritrY Tar]Uganda.
gee- Imee- 10e-
-167 -
17.4
Dal
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[b]
-156- 163
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Mbale kiri mu kitundu+kimu Uganda?
What part of Ugandais Mbale in? ('Mbaleis in what part inUganda?)
Kiri mu buvanjuba.Kiri mu makkati.
Fort Portal kiri mu buvanjuba, Ms Fort Portal in theoba kiri mu bugwanjuba? east, or is it in
the west?
Kiri mu buvanjuba.Kiri mu bugwanjuba.
[Fort Portal] takes the ki concord as in [kiri]because it is a city Ukibuga]).
-168-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-157-
164
[b]
53 2
542-
55-
56:-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Gull kiri mu makkati, Xs Oulu in the center,
oba Riri mu mambUka? or is it in the north?
Kiri mu malckati.Kiri mu mambulca.
Which is correct?
mu mambuka. mu mambuka. mu maMbUlca.
[b]
[Oulu] takes the form [Rirl], and not [gull] because:
7it is a meMber of the gu class.-it is a noun of the Ri class-it is a city Ukibuga]).
[c]
Kigezi eri mu mambuka, Is Kigezi in the north,
oba eri mu maserengeta? or is it in the south?
mu maserengeta. mu maserengeta. mu maserengeta.
-169-1 76
[a]
LUGANDA: PRETRAXNXNG PROGRAM
7.1-5 165
57-
59:
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[Kigezi] takes the concordial prefix [e-] and not[ki-] in this sentence because:
-It is a noun of the ki class-it is a country ((ensi])-it is an exception
Hoima kiri kumpi na What town is Holmakibuga-Fkil near?
Kiri Rumpi ne Kampala.Kiri kumpi ne Masindi.
Eno nsalo, obamugga? SUDAN
KENYA
KARAMCPJA.. )nnorc:Ist.
Neala Mugga.
[b]
Is this a boundary,
-170-177
or a river?
1:
[ a ]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[
-159-166
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
60
61:
62'
With an initial vowel, the word for 'border' would
be:
Eno nsalo yansi+Rilf
ensalo
UGANDA
ansalo onsalo
K E
1
Nsalo ya Kongo ne Uganda.Nsalo ya Kenya ne Uganda.
Mbale Riri Rumpi n'e-nnyanja,,
Oba Rini Rumpi nle-nsaloya Kenya?
Kiri Rumpi nt-e-nsalo ya Kenya.
Kiri Rumpi nle-nnyanja.
ButereY A
178
C a l
What countries isthis the borderof?
(1)
Is Mbale near the laRe,or is.it near theKenya border?
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
[a]
two words.2cco across tne nounaary netween these
-16o-167
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
63-Kibuga+R1 ekiri olcumpi
n'e -nsalo ya Kongone Uganda?
Kabale.
-172-
What tawn is it thatis near the borderof Congo and Uganda?
Tor0r0.
179
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a]
161
168
Series L.
1:
2 :
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
This series inaugurates the use of natural texts.
You may have to listen to each frame seNieral times atfirst, but there are no new grammatical features in-
troduced.
Here is a short connected passage tila-L. was originally
given impromptu as an answer to a question, with na restric-
tions or grammar or Vocabulary.
The new word in this passage sounds as though it
should be written:
ekakala ekikiri ekikulu
Listen again to the recording for Frame 1.
Judging from the context, (eRikulu] might mean:
every
-173-
capital
180-L
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a]
Nsambya kasozi, obamugga? Is Nsambya a hill, orriver?
mugga.
169
-t
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
41
6
In the phrase re'Ribrag'a + the [+] is areminder that:
-MSR does not operate between the two markedsyllables.
-USR does notof [ekikulu].
apply to the first two syllables
[a]
When an adjective begins with an initial vcwel,as [ekikulu] does in this.example, it is almostalways preceded by [+].
In the phrase [kye kibuga + ekikulu], why dcesn't[kibuga] have an initial vowel?
-Because the initial vowel is on the adjective[ekikulu].
-BeCause it f011ows the emphatic pronoun [kye].
Here is a second version of the same reply:The new wcrd sounds as though it should be written:
bugliga bukika buklika
-174- -181
]
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
-163- 170
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Where are the marked moras in robakilka]?
(obuklika]
Judging from the context, the word [obukilkal might mean:
- capital, chief, principal- city, town, village-side, direction, section
Here is a third version of the same ar.swer.
Teso eri mu Soroti?
Yee. Nedda.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-164- 171
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
One would expect the initial vowel [a] before[buvan'uba]. Instead, we find the element [e].
In the phrase [mu bukikka], why doesn't [buklika]have an initial vowel?
Soroti / Ribuga? Is Soroti a town?
Yee. Nedda.
In the complete sentence [Soroti / Ribuga. 2 whydoesn't [Ribuga] have an initial vowel?
-Because the proper noun [Soroti] never takesan initial vowel.
LUGANDA- PRETRAXNING PROGRAM
-165-172
LUGANDA- PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Yee, Soroti nsi.Kiri mu Teso.
Which visual analog fits [mu Teso] 'in Teso'?
Which visual analog fits [mu nsi + Ri?]
Teso / eri mu mambuka ga Is Teso in the north
Uganda? of Uganda?
Yee, eri mu mambuka.Nedda, eri mu lauvan'uba.
TAIGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[b]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Here is the impromptu answer to a question aboutMbale.
Mbale / kiri mu nsi + What country is Mbale in?
Kiri mu Teso.Kiri mu Bugisu.
Bugisu / eri mu Uganda + mu Bugisu is in Uganda, inbuklika buvanjuba. the eastern part.
bwge- obwe-
Compare these two sentences, both of which haveoccurred in natural texts by the same speaker:
TesO eri mu Uganda nu buRlika bw'e buvanjuba.Bugisu eri mu Uganda mu buklika obwg-e buvanjuba.
This is one of the few contexts in which a speaker ofLuganda has a choice of using or omitting an initialvowel. His choice depends in some way on emphasis ordegree of specificness but this matter is not completelyclear.
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
1-11-1- 7.7..jcaaau...Uganda.
-167-174
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
23 "
24 :
25
262
Mhale / kiri mu huklika'+R.1 What part of Uganda isbhw'a Uganda?
Kiri mu huvanjuha.Kiri mu hugwanjuha.
Mhale in?
[
Mhale / Rini mu Teso. Mhale is in Teso.
[ - -[b]
Augisu / eri mu Uganda. Bugisu is in Uganda.
[BZigisZa]
Mhaale / Rye kihuga + ekikulu Is Mhale the capital of+ mu Teso? ('in') Teso?
Itee, Rare kihuga + ekikulu + mu Teso.Nedda, Rye kihuga + ekikulu + mu Bugisu.
-179-.1.86
[b]
because it is a city ([kibuga]).
-168-175
LUGANDA: PRE-TRAINING PROGRAM
27
282-
29
30'
Here is another unrehearsed reply:
Uganda Museum ku Rasozi. The Uganda Museum ison a hill.
eri all
Uganda Museum / erm ku kasozi.
[ a
f[erm]
Uganda MUseum / eri kumpi / Is the Uganda Museumn'e-nnyanja? near the lake?
Yee. Nedda.
Dal
Eri kumpi / n'e-ddwaliro? Is it near a hospital?
Yee. Nedda.
-180-
187
[ a
MU maSeL-engws-ca.
-169 -176
31"
33ir
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Uganda Museum / eri Ru What hill is the Ugandakasomi+ki% MUseum on?
Eri Ru Kitante.Bri Ru MUlago.
Ku kasozi+RI4f
1 - -
[a
]
ME the interrogative element [kin is added to anoun, and if the noun ends with a single marked syllable,then the marked syllable becomes a long vowel with falling
tone:nilski.
This extra mars is written with a raised dot [ ].
Mt is pronounced only when the word is follcwed by anenclitic such as [R1,]. (An enclitic is an element thatfollows a word without any intervening word boundary.)
188-181-
Nsalo Mugga.
-170-177
[a]
34"
35:-
36"
37i
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The word "that is customarily written [Namiremhe.] ispronounced:
Namirembe. Nnammremhe. Naami.remhe.
Here is the unrehearsed reply to another question:
OluRiiRo Bulange / lul i ludda+wa,
Luli Rumpi / ne NaRivuho.Luli Ru Rasozi + MMengo.
Rumpi n'olusozi
I. [ - -1
Dal
[b]
The stem [-sozi] in the KA class means 'a little hill'.In the LU class, the same stem means 'a (middle-sized) hill',There is still a third form, in the GU class, which we havenot yet met: [ogusozi] means 'mountain..
-182- 189
Kiri Rumpi n'e-nsal.o -NrciKiri Rumpi n'e-nnyanja.
-171-178
fa]
38-
4o-
41-
42
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The plurals of [aRasozl] and [olusozl] are respectively:
[obusozi],[ensosi],[obusozi],
OlUkilko Bulange.
[amalusozi][Ohusozl][ensozl]
l'a lwa
[c]
b
OluRilko / Ru Rasozi. Thc LuRiiRo is on a hill.
eri lull lwe
Do]
Lull Rumpi / na lusozi+Ri% What hill is it near?
Lull Rumpi / n'akasozi + Namiremhe.Lull Ru lusozi + Namiremhe.Luli Rumpi / n'olusozi + Namiremhe.
-183-1913
-172-179
45"
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
OlUkilko / luli Ru The LUkilko is near[the hill] Mengo.
Mengo Rasozi Rasozi Mengo aRasozi Mengo
[b]
Here is another unrehearsed text:
This text describes the location of a hill. The namethe hill is apparently:
Kampala Namirembe Kampala OmuRadde
Listen again to the same text.
The new word in this text sounds as though it oughtto be spelled:
wapati
191
paRati waRati
]
[a]
-173- 180
46"
47-
48-
492
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-?Wakatm wa Nnamiremhe
wakLtil wakatm wakatm
Judging from the context, the word [waRati] might mean:
-time between on
Akasomi / kali wakatiNamiremhe + ne Nakivuho.
Wa.
Kampala Omukadde / Rasozi,oha / Rihuga?
Kasomi. Kihuga.
Ya
1LS2
[
V m 4
3 .I
14 00 rl
tri 00 0
0 A 1-1
0
0AEi
(;Ct.,
1-1,0 1,1
t
I
0
M
N ml M
M0
fa 4)
mg Am
3 4)
N01 H fi X
ml 01 4103,gz,g2
... mu buklika bwu buvanjulaa.
182-175 -
a
a
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
53
54-
553-
eARasomi # Rant5 / kali...
[R-AnO]
What causes the difference or tone between theoccurrences or [Rano] in the last two frames?
[Occurence before [.]and before (/].]
'Each of the four junctures symbols [- + / #1 has its
own meaning:
means hat: DR does not operate at the boundary.MSR and USR operate across the bounelary.
[ + ] meanS that: DR operates at the boundary.MSR does not operate across the boundary.USR operates across the boundary.
[ / ] means that: DR operates at the boundary.MSR and USR do not operate across the
boundary.USR doesn't even operate on the word
before the boundary.
[ # ] means that: DR operates at the boundary.MSR and USR do not operate across the
boundary, but USR does operate onthe word before the boundary.
-187-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
What juncture would you write between the words in[-abantii bin. ] 'all, any people'?
[ ± ], because MSR does not apply between the words.
[ / ] , because [b,.Dnna.] begins with low tone.
[ # ], because USR operates before the boundary,not across ix_
What juncture would you write between the words in[emmrmmu mmngm.] 'many jobs'?
[ - ] because there is no marked syllable in thef.irst word.
[ / ] because USR does not operate on the first word.[ # ] because USR does not operate across the boundary.
[+] or [-] [+] or [#] [+] or [-] or [iik]
[On the basis of thisone exampl, c]
-177- 1-4
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The purpose of the juncture symbols is:
to remind us which of the three tone rules(DR, MSR, USR) apply at each 1,----,undary.
to tell us which unmarked eyllabl,B arepronounced with high tone.
-189-
degree of specificness but this matter is not completelyclear.
-178 -185-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Series M.
The intonation [y], writh is used in certainRinds of questions. Relative forms with the verbstem [-genda).
Tugendaludda4waRf
The word [tugendal means=
we are they are going we are going
-190- 197
fcl
LUGA)MA : PRET RAI MING PROGRAM
4-
5
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
In [Tuganda Ru ddwaliro. J. the syllable [Ru] ishigh because:
-It is within a marked sequence that ends with [ddwa].-It is part of an unmarked sequence that begins with[ge ].
[a l
GDTugenda Ru mugga. We're going to theriNzer.
g6
In [Tugenda Ru mugga.1, the syllable [Ru] is highbecause:
is within a marked sequence that begins with [tu].-Mt is part of an unmarked sequence that begins with [ge].
-192- 199
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[b]
LUGANDA: PRE'TRAMNING PROGRAM
The tone of [ge] in [Tugenda Ru ddwaliro.] Is high
because:-St is between the marked syllable [tu] and the
final unmarked syllable [nda].
-rt is within the marked sequence bounded by [tu]
and [dwa].
We're going to the lake.
We're going to theplaying field.
LUGANDA: PRETRAININa PROGRAM
^ I rci I ^ I I,0 m "%la "
o4 0 0 E 014 rl 6-1
00 W 0 W gA 4 g 4O 0 0
0 0 0 dv 0 0
-i
0 H 0 0 t)A ill .H .H 00 00 14
W0 0
- .i40
0 4 00 H 0
al
0 0 01.4 0 k
1 4 ..0
0
0Ii
00
Ic:-.11 I
in
C\1
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Tligenda -I- waif Where are we going?
Tugenda ku kizanzwiro.Tugenda ku nnyanja.
Thgenda wag(
Tugenda lcu t-terelcero.Tugenda lcu rikulungo.
-195-
LUGANDA: PREI'RAINING PROGRAM
Tre..toommlospsnolamm.w.7..m,
193-E
2 0-
2 1-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Which visual analog fits [tugenda + wAgf3.
[c
Luganda has five 'question particles'. So far, wehave met two of them: [R13 'what?' and [wa3 'where?'.All five are used in questions that cannot be answeredby yes or no, and all five require a special interrogativeintonation. The symbol for this special intonation is [7e3.This intonation reqaires level high tone beginning with thepreceding marked syllable and ending with the questionparticle itself: [Tugenda+wa%) is [ 3.
The four 'intonations' of Luganda are symbolized by:
+ / #Y .
DR USR, MSR, and absence of an overt symbol
Each intonation marker applies to:
-a single syllablewhole phrase of one or more words
-an entire sentence
203
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[333
[103
22
23-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Tugenda + wal
Tugenda Ru ssomero eRRulu.
Tugenda 1 RRanisa.
4:5 EL. 1
[b]
A whole sentence in which all pitches are high level
is possible before:
and y
204
and y y only
-197-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
1' 0 .0
..'; ri01
';". '.>"°.:c 4 g\ : '11....' / ,';'..P".elg
'(: Zk''''%.- ,
2 ./ ;,.4..., 0 g ..,-:*,4,-.0,-,,k 0,,.
.a '0: , .
-
.'.. /';.,,7 >. I0 Z 1'4 i,,
a .'0":',:'.) 0 /1,4,Y\
..t...r.'lci '.. . :', 4:..... < .;A') (0 o
0g ri
'00 0r0 0
0 0 tri
k 0 17 .06 0 H 0 Ir0 a 01 4 ^o o g (1
roa) ca gO ta a)
01 o o
frZt n,
264-
27:-
28:-
2 9
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
C)Mu ssomero.
Ru ddwaliro.
CTugenda Ru ddwaliro.
-199-
[me]
Welre going to thehospital.
-1,
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
[R6]
li
ii
10
10'
44
m% m%
00
0,01
w'
0)%
gg
0' 0%
F X
M' Mt
ki
il
1-3
10%
4 0/
0 PI 0),.
g 0% X Mt
11
VIL
A)
I
g V X'k
X M,
ri CD\
14 1."\
0,
g 0 g C 4 4 /.1/./
cjI I
Lk)
I11
)IL
A3
IO I.
1-3
10 4 0 a 0 g 00
g C 4 4 11
It
1-3
10 4 M a 0 g 00
g
Ii-n
H to 11 M
1
5 00
g Il"
1- N a 0 0
t'i 0 0 1
:1
01 ol or
*0
60
'> 11
X/
XI
m,
tN
M
OM
,O
Nli
III
N>t
IVH Z H Z
M0
0t
NI
Pi
L J
a'
0l'
M
11°
M0 t
X°
IA.
11
<M
H. M
01 M
XM
CA
M4.
M (IN
N III /
0 IA.
0 0
0 H
0'
0r-
-,4
48
00
00
0
g o Lca
l
4 ci%
g0
0L.
J
I
,..,
I
i_.,
I
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
362-
37-
38:-
40-
Oluguudo # 1tirv / lugenda This road goes to the
ku ddwaliro. hospital.
In Clugenda], the syllable [1u] is the subject
prefix agreeing with the concordial class of:
oluguudo eddwaliro
coniguudo # luno / lugendaku ddwaliro.
Ca]
[gOAd6]
Tbe juncture sysibol [#] is written between [oluguudo]
and [luno] Lecause:-USR applies to [oluguudo].-USR applies up to but not across the boundary.-MSR does not apply across this boundary.
-201-
208
[
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
263
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
242-
43'
45
46
The word [luno] is called:
a demonstraxave a pxonominal adjective
[ a ]
Between a noun and a demonstrative of the [.no] serieswe regularly get:
- ] juncture- [-] or word spaoe juncture.1- 3 intonation
a ]
Oluguudo # luno / lugenda ku ddwalircb.
Luno / lugenda k mugga. This [one] goiss tathe river.
[ltigib]
Luno 45ighda ku milsane. This [one] goes to amission.
-202-
209
[lilgtS]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
198 -191-
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
48-
49-
50-
51 I
52
The form [olugenda] is form of the verb,
a 'relative° an 'indicative'
[a]
Luno / lwe luguudo This is the road that
ku nnyanja.goes to the lake.
olugenda lugenda
Oluguudo # luno / This road goes to a
Ru ssomero. school.
olugenda lugenda
Luna / lwe luguudo + olugendaku nnyanja.
C=Luno / lwe luguudo + oiugenda
=7ku nnyanja.
-203-
a
Do]
This is the road thatgoes to the lake.
210
(gélidaj
(nd& ho,.]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
29 :TiAke r.eklblaga #
-192- 199
LUGAGDA: PR]ITRAINING PROGRAM
53-
54:-
55
56-
In [... olugenda Ru nnyanja.], the boundary after the:relative verb [olugenda] should have been marked with:
[+] because MSR does not apply[-] or word space because [Ru nnyanja] is a
complement of the verb
Oluguudo # luno / lugendannyanja,
[a]
This rcad goes to thelake.
[gAndA Real
In lugenda Ru nnyanja.], the boundary after theindicative form [lugenda] should be marked with:
[-] because MSR applies[+] because [Ru nnyanja] is a complement of
the verb
An indicative verb may be follcwed by 7 arelative.verb may be followed 1.-:y
+ or - only - only, + or - + or only
-204-211
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
33:1-`
200 -193-
1.UGANDA: PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
Luno / lwe luguudo olugenarg +:03! kizannyiro.
(gbAcIA xxl]
This is the road thatgoes to the playingfield.
Egéridh
IAJGAgDA: PRETRAJENING PROGRAM
-194- 201
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Series N.
2:-
3
4-
This series introduces necative verb forms.
Listen to this text, wIlich cOntains one new word:
The new word in this sentence is:
agemu vAcimu elcumu
aUdging from the context [ekimu] might mean:
one
eRibuga
only biggest
akamu ekimu
one town
[a]
[b
Since the adjective feRimu] begins with an initialvowel, we would expect it to be preceded by:
[ [ C#
-206-
213
[a]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-195-202
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
ME (+1 is used before CeRimu], then Comugga +ogumu...] would have the tones:
akasozi one hill
akamu ekimu
omugga one river
ogumu agamu
enst one country
emimu emu
-207-,
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
203
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
9
10-
11-
12'
Here is the next part al: the same text.
Buganda / eri mu Ritundu +
eRya waRati. eRya mambUka. eRye buvan'uba.
Ye ms + emu + Runsi + mu Uganda.
eziri
[a]
It is one district amongthe districts in Uganda.
ebiri + eziri +
Kye Ribuga + + Ru It is one city among thebibuga + 4- mu cities that are inBuganda. Buganda.
a
emu, eziri eRimu, eziri eRimu, ebiri
Here is th entire text about one city:
The name of this town is =
MasaRa MasaRa MasaRa
-208- 215
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a]
[a]
Between subject and verb:
-197-204
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
13"
14:
15-3c
MasaRa / Riri Ru luguudo RIO
Ku luguudo luno.Ku luguudo olugenda a Mbarara.
MasaRa / Riri mu buRiika+RIobwa Uganda?
Kiri mu maserengeta.KIrl mu mambuka.
[a]
Supply concords; tben cbeck yourself by listeningto tbe tape of Frame 12.
Masaka e buga mu Ru buga ri
mu Buganda. Buganda a nsi mu Ru nsi
ri mu Uganda mu tundu a Ratl.
Masaka ri Ru guudo genda
Mbarara mu Rilka amaserengeta a
Uganda.
-209-
216
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
47:
-198-
LUGANDA:
205
PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
16-r
18-
Supply the missing elements=
MasaRa Ribuga mu Ru biebiri Buganda. Ki mu maoerengeta
Buganda. ri Ru luguudo olue Mbarara.
The speaker used the word [nedeta] in this textbecause:
a) he wanted to correct himself_b) he wanted to say that MasaRa
is not in the north.
In two successivespeaker used [Rimm] inand [eRimm] in [Masalemthere no initial vowel_
LUGANDA:
te11ings of this text, the same[Masaka / Rye Rimm. Ru bi1mga... ]/ Rye Ribmga kinni. . ]. Why isin tl-to first of these two e'camples?
-210-
[Because [Rimuj follows theemphatic pronoun [Rye].]
217
PRETRAINING PROGRAM
19-
2 0-
21
22z-
206 -199-
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
mu bugwanduba Uganda.
bwa ga
mu maserengeta Uganda
bwa ga
In the wet of Uganda.
rnwa
In the south af Uganda.
mwa
Dal
Here is still another town in Uganda:
Fart Portal / Riri Ru nsalo Fart Portal is an the
ya nsi±k5 border af whatcauntries?
"00
Kenya ne Uganda. Uganda ne Kongo.
The new word in this text is written:
eRa eRya
-211--
2.1B
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
[a]
[b]
[b]
-200-
207
LUGANDA: PRETRAINMNO PROGRAM
2 3
24-
2 5 I
Judging from the context, the phrase [eRibucia #eRyo] might mean:
the aforementioned city in the city your city
ME 'the aforementioned city' is [Ribuga # eRyo],than 'the aforementioned cities' would be:
Skibuga # ebyo abibuga # eRyo ebibu.ga # ebyo
Ea]
The word [eRyo] is a :demonstrative of the [.0] series.The meaning of demonstratives of the [.o] series is 'that'or 'those', not in the sense of 'that, thoSe over there',but in the sense of 'that, those near.you, or already knownto you, or mentioned already.'
-212- 219
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
-201-208
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
261The following is a refrence chart of tile demonstratives
of Type XXX, for the noun c_a_asses that we have met so fart
MU-MM oMUggs o0Wo(3,4) et.dxsga eGWo
LI-MA ennwsliro eRWo(526) aMAXwsliro sGo
KM-DI sKIkrugs sKIto(7.8) snIbugs sEVO
N smsi sWo(9,10) smei sZo
T_.0 (X1) oLUgmudo oLWo
KA-DU SKAsomi eKo(12-14) oBlisozi o0Wo
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
8-fomn-1 is singular. T1ks corresponding
-202-
mission.
209
LUGANDA- PRETRAINING PROGRAM
27:
28
You will hear a noun with a demonstrative of the [.no]series. Reply with the same noun and the demonstrative ofthe [.o] series. Be careful to preserve the tone pattern.
ensi # eno.
ennyanja # eno.
ennyagja # mino.
elcibuga # Rino.
ebibuga # bino.
elcildco # Rino.
ebikko #
eddwaliro # lino.
amalwaliro # gano.
amasagrjanmira # gano.
emiisane # eno.
enkulungo # eflo.
enkuluncro # mina.
ensi # eyo.
ennyanja # eyo.
ennyanja # emo.
eRibuga # elcyo.
ebibnga # &plyo.
ekikko # ekyo.
ebikko # eloyo.
eddwaliro # eryo.
amalwaliro # ago.
amasalplanmira # ago.
emiisane # eyo.
enkulungo # eYo.enkuluncio # emo.
This frame is the reverse or the preceding one. Youwill hear the noun with the demonstrative of the [.o] series.Reply with the same noun and the demonstrative of the [.no]series. Be careful to preserve the tone pattern!
221
102-
LUGANDA: PRETRAiNING PROGRAM
Abantu # bano / MMINIMMOMMO
29:
30-
31-
32-
Luna / 1w luguudo + oluganda=>ku nnyamja.
-203-
210
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
In this frame, you will hear a phrase like [ekihmga
elcyo.] 'that town of which we spoke'. Reply with the
complete cruestion [Ekihuga # ekyo / Riri ludda + wan.
Kampala.Twagala Rugenda a3in3a.
In this context, [twagala Rugenda] might mean:
we are at...
[nodal Rb]
we want to go to.... this is not...
Tugenda ajinja.Tusinsiira mu makkati g'ekihuga.
go'
In this context, [tusinzlira] might mean:
there is a road it is :lot we start from
]
If (Oyagala Rugenda ajinja.] means 'youto ainja: then-LOgenda'ajinja.]
youlwant to you Are golus to you
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
12-a.- a" These ceople live in
fa]
-204-211
LUGANDA- PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Tuva Kampala.
Judging from the map, the word [tuva] might be translated:
we are going from we are at we are near
'You are going / coming from Kampala' might be translated:
Otuva Kampala. Olra Kampala.
The word [(e)Risimbe] occurs twice in this Short text.-,Judging from the context, What Might it mean?
Minister, building
LUGANDA: PRETRAINXNG PROGRAM
15
The nove
-205- 212
36-
37-
38
LUGAN.DA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The plural of [e]cisimbe] is probably:
rnsimbe
Mcisimbe "Icya Ministryylebyenjisiriza /
alcasimbe ebizimbe
Where is the buildingof the Ministry of
ludda wa? Education?
sr kniOD]
Masaka / kiri mu maserenseta Xs Masaka in the gatouth
sa Uganda? of Uganda?
Wes, "Itiri mu maserengeta.Nedds, kiri mu ma.MbUlc.a.
392Masa-ics / kiri mu muibUlc.a
sa Ugsnda?
xirl_ mu mmb-U3sa..
Nedda,- +
north
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
18+
[ a
-206-
213
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
40 I
42
most negatives in Luganda are formed by placing [te]bfore the subject prefix of the verb.
What are the tone of these two expressions=
Kiri mu maserengeta.
Kmrm mu masrengeta.
-WeRmrx mu macerengeta.
fKmrm
Welciri mu maserengeta.I
ism
mu maserengeta.Cal
Tekirm mu mam)srengeta.
After the affirmative verb in Frame 41_, the juncture
After the negative verb in Frame 41, the jwicrture
-
Dal
Dal
fa]"In fact, negative-verbs are alwaYS: fori-lcwwled: kik" [ ]. '
LUGANDA: PRRTRAINING PROGRAM
-207-214
LUGANDA- PRETRAINMNG PROGRAM
Oluguudo # oiwo / te genda That road doesn't go
Mharara. to Mharara.
The negative form [terugeudal has a mark on:
the root syllablethe second mo:ca of the root
the first mora of the root
Each Rind of juncture is characteristically found in
certain places. Which is whiOh?
Before a word that starts with an initial vowel:
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
2 3mean:
Ma s aR a Ma s aR a MasaRa
[a]
-208- 2 15
LUGANDA PRET RAI NING PROGRAM
Between subject and verb:
Af ter a reMative verb :
De tureen noun and demons tr at ive s cf the . no ] or E.o]series
Af ter a negat ive ve rb
Buganda / Ribuga? Buganda a
Yee R ibug a .
Nedda ssi + R ibug a ; kitund u a Uganda .
LUGANDA z PRBTRAINING PROGRAM
26- -16--
47:
481
4 9+
-209-216
LUGANDA= PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Nnaluhaale / mugga?
Yee, mugga.Nedda, sal + mugga; nnyanja.
Ms Victoria a river?
The negative 'is or are not' is [sal_ ±], regardlessof the concordial class of the noun that folicyws it.
Tetuva + mu R.ihuga.
iCARAPOICI-JA,
KARA MOJAoroto Morots,e,
7C.-r S 1
-r
Sorot I t
/ (-74:Z;pciZkir
sEEW!. 1
CID
LUGANDA= PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
2 9MUSt
iii
emphatic pronoun [Rye].]
-210-
217
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Series O.
This series introduces cardinal numerals and a fewother very useful words.
omugga cmuntu
1
1 LUGANIAA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM1
1
32:-;
; c, ;-- - .. _. .._
exyca
LIJGANDA PRETRAIMTNG PROGRAM
LUGANDA z PRETRAXMTMG PROGRAM
34-
-212- 219
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
With this tonal pattern, we conclude that Comuntu]has marked syllable(s).
one two
omuntu abantu
ahaptO
=24 231
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
3 6 2
-213- 220
.LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
TI-e prefix Eomu-] is singular. The correspondingplural prefix is:
The word [bano] in this sentence probably imeana:
. .
The word Ebamc,;1
these:
A demonstrative cf theA demonstrative of theAn aAajt.i.Nr.
-225--
]series.
series.
232
Clz.]
38÷
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
series. Be careful tc preserve the tone pattern!
10
-214- 221
LUGANDA: PRETRAINTNG PROGRAM
abantu # bancbabeera mukibuga.
The verb (babeera) might mean:
Abantu # bancbabeeraludda+wa%
they eat they live
Da I
Babeera mu kibuga.Babeera mu nnyanja.
-226-233
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
4o
go to Jinja; then Lugenua
you want to you are going to you came from
-215- 222
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Abantu fl7171D-elie/ babeera These people live in
mu kibuga. a town.
# b-AnO)
Abantu bano babeera mu kibuga.
(b.Abeara]
The syllable [re] has high tone in this sentence
ILscause of:
The drflooristr-tive --or,the
Comuil.tul
234
LUGANDA= PRETRAMMING PROGRAM
142
-216-
223
[c]
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The noun [omuntu] is a singular noun of theclass.
MU-MA MU-MI
Omuntu # no / beers This person lives inmu Rihuga. a town.
Abantu # no / beers. These people live inintl Rihuga. town.
=22P7-.
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Wee, Rini mu,mambulca.Nadda, takiri + mu maMbau-ka
11P
Does this pcarscmlive In a ,city?
LUGANDA: PRETRATNING PROGRAM
In fact, negative verbs Are alwaYS rcallOureci by
225
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
492
2 2
PUNT/LAMMING PROGRAM
audging Erom context, (hakola] might mean:
they work. they 'know
These .people wor]c intu
baclirea b1 ima
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
51+
2 9
30
31-
r..uGANDA.: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
In [bakola ki0], the symbol [Z] means that there musth1igh pitch beginning with:
The subject prefix of the verb.
The last preceding marked syllable.
Abantu + ababeera + mukibuga / balima?
mada.
The form [ababeera] is called:
An indicative form.An infinitive.A relative form.
[b]
57 2
LUGANnAi PRETRAINING PROGRAM
2254
LUGANDA: PRETRAMNING PROGRAM
Do poplAe vatio live inRibuga / balima? twn-farm?
[ababAara]
In this sentence, why does the first syllable of[ababeera] have high tone?
Becauss it is part of an unmarked-segUencethat begins in the preceding word.
Because the initial vowel cif a relat.ivealways has high tone.
Abantu beera mu kiln:se People who live in -Lawnbakola mu work in offices.
LUGANDA: PRRTRAINING PROGRAM
6o-
LUGANDA PRETRAINING PROGRAM
The new ward isOmusanda Mug arida
The ward [Musgancla 1 is best translatedIs a .Garacia -Paraari.A Ganda par son .The Gart,cla par sort.
2 31
LUGANDA :: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Omunctn # ono s -this personMng ands.? a Mug arida?
ontnal.ingu..
The words [Omuzungu] 'European' and [Omuganda] 'MUganda'in tone.
The words [Muzungu.] and [MUganda.] are
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
Most marked nouns always have the mark on the same morayno matter whether they have an initial vowel or not: fekibuga,kibuga; amalwaliro, malwaliro; omumungu, mumungu.]. A fewshift the mark so that it is always on the third more:[Omuganda, Muganda].
omuntu omu one person
[omuntu] is:
-227-234
LUGANDA: PRETRAINXNG PROGRAM
42-
43:-
44-
abantu biri Two people.
ba aba
mn the expression (abantu babiri] 'two people',
USR to the unmarked noun (abantu].
applies does not apply
What tones and what juncture would you write for
[omuntu omu.1?
-239- 246
(1)
. ft.[omuntu / omu]
=228-
The juncture between these two words is:
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
ebibuga / bingi many citiesM ubende Bornbo
Masake
The tones of this phrase ought to be:
ebibuga bingi
obusozi /.ngi
many hills
237
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
(13
50
Abantu # bano All these people/ Baganda.
Ebibuga # bino
(6,5
bona bonna
are Baganda.
Da
All these citiesbyonna biri are in Uganda.mu Uganda.
Bombe.
KAMPALA
_ tobbe
anlia
Igangs
The juncture that is used before Dayonna] 'all' is:
, because USR applies to [bino] in thissentence.
because USR does not extend across theboundary to (byo).
# 1,
249113
-231-
239
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
53-
55-
56
The word [abasinga] probably means:
they who sleep, restthey who surpass, predominate
Abantu + abasinga + mu Masindi / Banyoro.
Abanyoro / bantu, oba / kibuga?
Bantu. Kibuga.
The word. [abasinga] in this sentence is:
An ordinary noun, the subject of the sentence.
A relative verb Modifying [abantu].
An adjective.
Abantu + abalcola + mu ofilsi / babeera mu Ribuga?
Yee, babeera mu Ribuga.
Nedda, babeera mu "Icyalo.
-244-251
[b]
[a]
Da]
[a]
-233-240
LUGANDAi PRBTRAINING PROGRAM
57:-
58-
59-
Abantu + abakola + mu oftisi /babeera mu Ribuga.
abakola OhOkola +
People wIlo work inoffices live intown.
abakola +
There are three marked moras in the relative verb
form [abakola +]. Why do the last two syllables havelow tone in the above sentence?
DR applies within the word.
MSR does not apply within the wcrd.
[a]
[a]
In the relative verb form [abasinga +] there areagain three marked mores. But the tones are [abasinga +].Why doesn't DR cause the syllable [nga] to be low?
-245-
[Because [nga] is notpart of an unbrokenChain of marked moras.]
241
LUGANDA: PRETRAINING PROGRAM
6o-
a
In [abasinga -E], why is the syllable [si] high?
-246-
[It is part or a markedsequence that beginswith [báj and endswith [nga].
MIL GOVER.20012Wr PIR0141240 OVVICIS 1'870 0 396-398 (140
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