THE HARVARD REFENCING SYSTEM

Elements of a Harvard-style reference The basic structure List alphabetically by lead author's surname

(i.e. the surname that appears first in the work quoted).

While conventions of use of italics, quotations etc. will vary according to the media, the basic structure is as follows:

Surname, initials (year of publication) Title Publisher, place of publication, journal,

etc. Exact reference.

Books Surname, initials (year of publication) Title Edition Publisher Place of publication. Example Abbott, A. (1988), System of Professions: An

Essay on the Division of Expert Labor , University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

A chapter from an edited book Surname, A.N. (year of publication) "Title of chapter" in Editor surname, initials (Ed.) Title of Book Edition Publisher Place of publication Chapter page numbers. Example Bourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in

Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.

A translated work  Surname, A.N. (year of publication) Title of Book Edition Translated by Translator name, initials Publisher Place of publication. Example Bourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of

Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Journal articles  Surname, A.N. (year of publication) "Article title" Journal Title Volume number, Issue number (if it exists) Article page numbers. Example Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The

moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.

Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8

Electronic sources NB this refers to a source which is only

available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.

These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web:

Name (year of publication) "Article title" available at: full url (accessed date)

For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:

When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"

(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites. 

Example Better Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party

assurance boosts online purchasing", available at: http://bbbonline.org/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).

Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: www.hummingbird.com (accessed 2 January 2002).

Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at: www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm

Pitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: www.gvu.gatech.edu

Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationship marketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at: www.mcb.co.uk/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.html

An electronic journal would be referenced as follows: Surname, A.N. (year of publication) "Article title" Journal Title Volume number, Issue number Article page numbers Available at: url (accessed date) Example

Swaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? An investigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. ascusc.org/ jcmc/vol5/ issue2/

Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.

Example Lodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link

managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in Grey Literature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October 4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.

Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. and Nummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the 14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.

Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying the sequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management in Services, EIASM, Tilburg

Government or commercial reports Particularly when writing a case study, you may want

to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:

Organization name (year of publication) Title of report Publisher and place of publication (may be same as

author). Example Apollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8. Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility

Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.

Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.

Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI, London.

European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, European Commission, Brussels.

Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds.

Some guidelines to remember for all source types

If all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:

The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.

Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of an article/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).  

If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.  

Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.  

Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized. 

The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary. 

Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).

Use commas to separate elements of the entry

References within the textWhere should the reference appear? All citations in the text will appear by just

author surname and date of publication, in parenthesis.

If, as in the second example given below, it is more natural to integrate the author's name into a sentence, then only the date will appear in parenthesis. If both name and date appear together in parentheses, it is Emerald style to separate them with a comma.

).

Example The results (Vroom, 1960) were quite

striking. Several decades later participation became a

key ingredient of several management theories, including those of Likert (1967), Maier (1970), and Hersey and Blanchard (1982).

What if there is more than one author in the reference?

In the case of two authors, use "and" (never &):

Example Earlier (Vroom and Jago, 1988) we described

a systematic evaluation ... Vroom and Yetton (1973) studied this

potential limitation.

In the case of more than two authors, use " et al." to avoid listing author names in full (note italics).

Example ... the ability to respond intuitively and often

very rapidly (Bar-Tel et al., 1999; Prietula and Simon, 1989; Schoemaker and Russo, 1993; Simon, 1997).

Crossan et al. (1999) stress that the subconscious is critical to understanding how people come to ...

However, if there is more than one multi-authored work in the same year by the same lead author, the names should appear in full.

Example Bar-tel, Raviv and Spitzer (1999)

Crossan, Lane and White (1999)

How should the reference be positioned if it follows a quote?

In the case of a longer, indented quote it should be positioned at the end of the quote, after the full-stop. In the case of a shorter quote, in quotation marks, it should come immediately after the quotation marks and before the full stop if at the end of a sentence.

Example As they note:     "Holistic approaches rely on experience-based

knowledge rather than on abstract knowledge ...     and a search for the 'middle way' between opposing propositions". (Nisbett et al., 2001)

National culture is "perhaps the broadest social context within which negotiation can occur" (Carnevale, 1995, p. 310).

What happens if there is a string of references?

List in alphabetical order of first author name, separating by a semi-colon.

Example ... the ability to respond intuitively and often very

rapidly (Bar-Tel et al ., 1999; Prietula and Simon, 1989; Schoemaker and Russo, 1993; Simon, 1997).

The literature on cross-cultural negotiations is expanding at a rapid rate and scholars have begun to develop both generic frameworks for explaining the dynamics of cross cultural negotiations (Brett, 2000; Gelfand and Dyer, 2000; George et al ., 1998; Kumar, 1999a) as well as frameworks unique to a specific culture (Fang, 1997; Faure, 1998; Kumar, 1999b).

What if the author has published two or more works in the same year

These should be labelled 1999a, 1999b, etc. with the letter closed up to the date. If more than one of these references is used then it should be shown as 2000a, b.

Example Such is the scale of improvement within less

than a year that "they [the workers] don't call this the Bat Cave any more" (Burt, 2000e; Parsley, 2001a).

Between January and July 2000, 500,000 Focuses were sold worldwide and 300,000 of the sales were in Europe (Ford, 2000a, b).

What if the author is an organization? The same principles apply – the organization's

name will appear as the author.Example ... to unlock greater growth and

competitiveness (European Commission, 1998).

... so that local organizations can help new and growing businesses (DTI, 2002).

Note that the second of the two examples uses initials; the full name will appear in the reference list as follows.

What happens in the case of electronic references?

The principle is exactly the same as for print-based references, as in the following two examples (the full reference is given in square brackets underneath).

Examples Furthermore, a biased sample may be a

desirable outcome, as data will be gathered from actual true users (Pitkow and Kehoel, 1997).[Pitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: www.gvu.gatech.edu]

... contribute to the growth of sustainable development within the region (Leeds Metropolitan University, 2002).[Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Startup@LeedsMet", available at: www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm]