© Ed Coyle, Nov 4, 2004 Wireless Sensor Networks: Research and Applications Professor Edward J....

© Ed Coyle, Nov 4, 2004© Ed Coyle, Nov 4, 2004

Wireless Sensor Networks:Wireless Sensor Networks:Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

Professor Edward J. Coyle, Co-DirectorProfessor Edward J. Coyle, Co-DirectorCenter for Wireless Systems and Applications - CWSACenter for Wireless Systems and Applications - CWSA

Electrical and Computer, Purdue UniversityElectrical and Computer, Purdue [email protected]@purdue.edu

Results of a fast, Results of a fast, distributed algorithm distributed algorithm that enables wireless that enables wireless sensor motes to create sensor motes to create an energy-efficient, an energy-efficient, hierarchically clustered, hierarchically clustered, network architecture.network architecture.

© E.J. Coyle, Nov 2004, Purdue Univ.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

► My Students:My Students: Aaron AultAaron Ault Seema BandyopadhyaySeema Bandyopadhyay Murat SenelMurat Senel Qingjiang TianQingjiang Tian Xuan ZhongXuan Zhong

►Visiting Scientist:Visiting Scientist: Scott LiuScott Liu

► Everyone in CWSAEveryone in CWSA


Center for Wireless Center for Wireless Systems and Systems and

Applications - CWSAApplications - CWSA► Wired for WirelessWired for Wireless®®

► Multidisciplinary Center – ECE, CS, CE, Ag, …Multidisciplinary Center – ECE, CS, CE, Ag, …► More than 20 core Faculty in the CenterMore than 20 core Faculty in the Center► Cross-Layer Design: We span materials, Cross-Layer Design: We span materials,

devices, RF, OSI layers, applications, strategy, devices, RF, OSI layers, applications, strategy, and policyand policy

► Living Lab Concept: Partnerships between Living Lab Concept: Partnerships between students, researchers, IT staff, and companies students, researchers, IT staff, and companies to create unique testbedsto create unique testbeds

► Give and take between research, education, Give and take between research, education, and applicationsand applications

► RF-MEMs, RF-Ids, Sensor Nets, MIMO Systems,RF-MEMs, RF-Ids, Sensor Nets, MIMO Systems,……


Sample Sensor Network Sample Sensor Network ApplicationsApplications

► Multi-Sensor Capability on Multi-Sensor Capability on each node; i.e. MICA2 multi-each node; i.e. MICA2 multi-sensor board with light, sensor board with light, sound, magnetic field, sound, magnetic field, motion, and other sensors.motion, and other sensors.

► Activity detection; Pattern Activity detection; Pattern recognition; Environmental recognition; Environmental monitoring; Food safety; monitoring; Food safety; Defense; Homeland Defense; Homeland Security; Infrastructure Security; Infrastructure Protection;…Protection;…

► Flexibility; Low-cost; Flexibility; Low-cost; Tethered or Untethered; …Tethered or Untethered; …


Sensor Development Work at Sensor Development Work at PurduePurdue

► Center for Food Safety Engineering:Center for Food Safety Engineering: Biosensor based approaches for rapid and Biosensor based approaches for rapid and sensitive detection of Listeria sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes. A. Bhunia, A. monocytogenes. A. Bhunia, A. Morgan, R. Bashir.Morgan, R. Bashir.

► Center for Sensing Science and Technology:Center for Sensing Science and Technology: Portable neutron sources and detectors for Portable neutron sources and detectors for the detection of energetic materials. the detection of energetic materials. Y. Kim and D. Koltick Y. Kim and D. Koltick

► Aston Labs for Mass SpectrometryAston Labs for Mass Spectrometry Ultra-small, ultra-sensitive, Ultra-small, ultra-sensitive, mass spectrometers. mass spectrometers. R. Graham Cooks R. Graham Cooks

► Many others…Many others…


Sensor Net Application StructureSensor Net Application Structure► Sensor Motes on Sensor Motes on

potentially mobile potentially mobile platforms platforms

► (De)Centralized (De)Centralized algorithms algorithms analyze analyze aggregated dataaggregated data

► Real-time alerts Real-time alerts and reportsand reports

► Rapid response Rapid response or reconfigurationor reconfiguration

Application Level User Application Level User InterfaceInterface

GUI/Controls/Options/ Re-GUI/Controls/Options/ Re-taskingtasking


Research IssuesResearch Issues

► Energy Efficiency: Cost of sensing, computing, Energy Efficiency: Cost of sensing, computing, and communication in terms of energyand communication in terms of energy

► Link/MAC Layer Issues: Multiple Access Schemes, Link/MAC Layer Issues: Multiple Access Schemes, Antenna Design, Connectivity, OptimizationAntenna Design, Connectivity, Optimization

► Network Layer: Routing, Connectivity, Coverage, Network Layer: Routing, Connectivity, Coverage, Synchronization, RobustnessSynchronization, Robustness

► All Layers: Security and ReliabilityAll Layers: Security and Reliability► Tradeoffs: Energy vs Accuracy; Spatial Resolution Tradeoffs: Energy vs Accuracy; Spatial Resolution

vs Temporal Resolution; Reliability vs. Simplicityvs Temporal Resolution; Reliability vs. Simplicity► Must simultaneously consider signal processing, Must simultaneously consider signal processing,

networking, communication, and energy usage.networking, communication, and energy usage.


Recent ResultsRecent Results► Fast hierarchical clustering algorithm that Fast hierarchical clustering algorithm that

minimizes energy usage in un-tethered netsminimizes energy usage in un-tethered nets► Characterization of trade-offs between spatial Characterization of trade-offs between spatial

sampling, temporal sampling rates, and sampling, temporal sampling rates, and energy.energy.

► Characterizing trade-off between delay and Characterizing trade-off between delay and information throughput.information throughput.

► Improved backoff algorithm for sensor Improved backoff algorithm for sensor clusters.clusters.

► Reliability-aware and energy-aware routing.Reliability-aware and energy-aware routing.► Synchronization in a wireless environment.Synchronization in a wireless environment.► Improved models of mobile sensors and their Improved models of mobile sensors and their

impact on connectivity, reliability, and impact on connectivity, reliability, and performance.performance.


Recent ResultsRecent Results

Tradeoff Between Energy and Tradeoff Between Energy and DelayDelay

k = Number of k = Number of levels in levels in hierarchical hierarchical clustering of clustering of sensor sensor nodes.nodes.

Green plot Green plot shows shows analytically analytically derived derived performance performance bound.bound.

Blue plot shows Blue plot shows results of real results of real protocol.protocol.



Packet Delay vs Sampling Packet Delay vs Sampling PercentagePercentage

Results Results show show time time required required to gather to gather data from data from a certain a certain % of % of sensors.sensors.

Theoretical Theoretical bounds in bounds in red vs red vs simulatiosimulation of n of 802.11 802.11 (WiFi) in (WiFi) in blue.blue.



0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Percentage of Sensors

De

lay

d=r/2 Pipeliningd=r/2 No Pipeliningd=r/6 Pipeliningd=r/6 No Pipeliningd=r/14 No Pipeliningd=r/4 Pipeliningd=r/4 No Pipeliningd=r/10 Pipeliningd=r/10 No Pipelining

=15

=5

520

600

78%

Sometimes More is Better!Sometimes More is Better!

Collecting Collecting data from data from 30% of 30% of sensors sensors with with density density 15/unit-15/unit-area takes area takes less time less time than than collecting collecting data from data from 90% at 90% at density of density of 5/unit-5/unit-area.area.



20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Total Number of Nodes

Idle

tim

e B

efor

e E

mpt

ying

the

Clu

ster

Zigbee without GTS

Zigbee with GTSStandard 802.11 DCF

One Stage Approach

Real-time Performance: 802.11b-SOSBRA Real-time Performance: 802.11b-SOSBRA vs. 802.11b and ZigBeevs. 802.11b and ZigBee



► New Mobility Models: Correlated Random New Mobility Models: Correlated Random WalksWalks

► Exact results for probability of being at Exact results for probability of being at location 2 for a CRW on [0,10] when p=.95location 2 for a CRW on [0,10] when p=.95

► Can study transient behavior Can study transient behavior


Why Mobility ModelsWhy Mobility Models► Future Networks will be a combination Future Networks will be a combination

of networks of large numbers of of networks of large numbers of sensors that are connected to the sensors that are connected to the world via possibly mobile nodes in world via possibly mobile nodes in wireless ad-hoc networkswireless ad-hoc networks


What a Future Network Could be What a Future Network Could be LikeLike

Sensor Node

Ground Mobile Ad Hoc Nodes

UAV Ad Hoc Node


The e-Transportation ProjectThe e-Transportation ProjectThe e-Transportation ProjectThe e-Transportation Project

► PartnersPartners:: Purdue: CWSA, JTRP and Purdue: CWSA, JTRP and

Krannert, Krannert, Delphi Electronics and Safety, Delphi Electronics and Safety, Motorola, Motorola, INDOT, INDOT, Telematics Research GroupTelematics Research Group

► VehiclesVehicles as another device as another device at the edge of the Internet.at the edge of the Internet.

Project Goal: Enable new safety, traffic management, and entertainment applications via in-vehicle and vehicle-roadside sensing, wireless communications, and networking.

Research Issues: High-Speed Wireless, Managing Intermittent Connectivity, Physical Channel Issues, Applications!!


CowNet: Sensor Networking for Dairy CowNet: Sensor Networking for Dairy FarmsFarms

Monitor Cow Health Indicators:Monitor Cow Health Indicators:► TemperatureTemperature► Cow activity levelsCow activity levels► Feed and water intakeFeed and water intake► Rumen pHRumen pH

Benefits:Benefits:► Early detection of illness, lameness, Early detection of illness, lameness,

… … ► More humane herd managementMore humane herd management► Increased overall production and Increased overall production and

reduced death and early culling reduced death and early culling losseslosses

► Farm security and food safetyFarm security and food safety

Goal: Improve dairy efficiency and animal health by real-time monitoring of livestock characteristics.

CWSA members from School of ECE and School of Agriculture

Living Labs at Purdue Farms and Ault Farms, Inc.

© Ed Coyle, Nov 4, 2004 Wireless Sensor Networks: Research and Applications Professor Edward J....

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