Do Now: Do Now:

HW: Textbook pages 222-227; #1-5 in HW: Textbook pages 222-227; #1-5 in complete sentences! READ CAREFULLYcomplete sentences! READ CAREFULLY

Castle Learning Castle Learning ““HW #10 – if not completed!HW #10 – if not completed!

Aim: What TWO cell Aim: What TWO cell processes make life on processes make life on Earth possible?Earth possible?

““It's not easy It's not easy bein' green…bein' green…””

but it is but it is ESSENTIALESSENTIAL for for LIFE on EARTH!LIFE on EARTH!

1.1. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis: Converts : Converts SOLAR SOLAR energy into energy into chemicalchemical energy stored energy stored in the bonds of glucose.in the bonds of glucose.

2.2. Cell RespirationCell Respiration: Releases energy : Releases energy stored in glucose and creates high-stored in glucose and creates high-energy ATP used to do work.energy ATP used to do work.

Two Chemical Reactions Two Chemical Reactions Make Life PossibleMake Life Possible

PhotoPhoto – – ““lightlight””SynthesisSynthesis – – ““putting togetherputting together””

WHWHY ARY ARE PE PLANLANTS GTS GREREEN?EN?

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Spectrum and Visible

LightLightGammarays X-rays UV

Infrared & Microwaves Radio waves

Visible light

Wavelength (nm)

Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors.the human eye as different colors.

WHYWHY ARE ARE PLA PLANTS NTS GREGREEN?EN?

Gammarays

X-rays UV Infrared Micro-waves

Radiowaves

Visible light

Wavelength (nm)

Sunlight minus absorbed Sunlight minus absorbed wavelengths or colors wavelengths or colors equals the apparent color equals the apparent color of an object.of an object.

The feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments. These pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others.

Reflected light

Why are plants green?

Reflected lig

ht

Transmitted light

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts contain contain PIGMENTSPIGMENTS (chlorophyll) that (chlorophyll) that absorb the sunabsorb the sun’’s s energy and use it energy and use it to create glucoseto create glucose

Light

THE COLOR YOU SEE IS THE COLOR REFLECTED

AIM: How are plants able toAIM: How are plants able to

transform SOLAR energy into transform SOLAR energy into

CHEMICAL energy?CHEMICAL energy? Do you recall?Do you recall?

Which Which organelleorganelle is the site of autotrophic nutrition? is the site of autotrophic nutrition? What are the two What are the two raw materialsraw materials necessary for a plant to necessary for a plant to

perform photosynthesis?perform photosynthesis? The screen you are looking at appears The screen you are looking at appears greengreen – what does – what does

that mean in terms of the light being reflected vs. that mean in terms of the light being reflected vs. absorbed by the screen?absorbed by the screen?

AutotrophsAutotrophs perform photosyn. And include most perform photosyn. And include most plants, some bacteria and protists (algae)plants, some bacteria and protists (algae)

Capable of synthesizing Capable of synthesizing organicorganic materials from materials from inorganicinorganic raw materials raw materials

Ultimate source of energy = SunUltimate source of energy = Sun

(a) Mosses, ferns, andflowering plants

(b) Kelp

(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria

THE BASICS:THE BASICS:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

OrganelleOrganelle: Occurs in the : Occurs in the CHLOROPLASTCHLOROPLAST Raw materialsRaw materials: Carbon dioxide & Water: Carbon dioxide & Water ProductsProducts: Glucose & Oxygen gas: Glucose & Oxygen gas Plants use some Glucose for their own energy– and store Plants use some Glucose for their own energy– and store

excess as excess as STARCHSTARCH

THE BASICS:THE BASICS:

AIM: What are the two reactions that make up AIM: What are the two reactions that make up photosynthesis?photosynthesis?

DO NOW:DO NOW: Using the diagram at the right– Using the diagram at the right–

what are the raw materials? what are the raw materials? What are the products? What are the products? What is the source of energy? What is the source of energy? What types of molecules (not shown here) are involved in What types of molecules (not shown here) are involved in

speeding up the reactions involved in photosynthesis?speeding up the reactions involved in photosynthesis?

HW: Photosynthesis HandoutHW: Photosynthesis Handout

EnzymesEnzymes (protein catalysts) speed this (protein catalysts) speed this reaction upreaction up

Plants obtain Plants obtain COCO22 from atmosphere & from atmosphere & waterwater from soil and precipitation from soil and precipitation

Composed of Composed of 2 separate reactions2 separate reactions:: The light reaction The light reaction The light-independent reaction (The light-independent reaction (darkdark))

THE BASICS:THE BASICS:

The Structure of the ChloroplastsThe Structure of the Chloroplasts

Leaves contain the most chloroplastsLeaves contain the most chloroplasts Chloroplast contains: Chloroplast contains:

STROMASTROMA, a fluid filling the space in the chloroplast , a fluid filling the space in the chloroplast – – Dark Reaction Dark Reaction occurs hereoccurs here

GRANAGRANA, stacks of , stacks of THYLAKOIDSTHYLAKOIDS – – Light ReactionLight Reaction occurs hereoccurs here

The The THYLAKOIDSTHYLAKOIDS contain pigments: contain pigments: Chlorophyll aChlorophyll a - green pigment that captures light for - green pigment that captures light for

photosynthesisphotosynthesis Chlorophyll b and cChlorophyll b and c CarotenoidsCarotenoids

Surrounding

Space

Stack of

Pancakes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wi60tQa8jfE&feature=related

LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION (Dark LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION (Dark Reaction)Reaction):: uses by-products from first reaction and uses by-products from first reaction and carbon dioxide to produce SUGARcarbon dioxide to produce SUGAR

LIGHTLIGHT REACTIONREACTION:: splits water molecule splits water molecule using sunusing sun’’s energy s energy and releases and releases OXYGEN GASOXYGEN GAS

By-productBy-product: Produces : Produces ATP & NADPH (to be ATP & NADPH (to be used in the dark used in the dark reaction)reaction)

The Light and Dark Reactions:

What are the gas bubbles produced by the plant?

Which of the 2 reactions produced these bubbles, the light or the dark?

1. What molecule is split using the energy of the sun to create oxygen gas?

2. What does the plant do with excess sugar that is made?

3. What is the product of the Dark Reaction?

4. Within which organelle do both the light and dark reactions occur?

5. What are the two raw materials necessary for the process of photosynthesis?

6. What is a scientific name for organisms that are capable of performing photosynthesis

TAKE A LOOK AT THE TAKE A LOOK AT THE DIFFERENT PIGMENTS SHOWN DIFFERENT PIGMENTS SHOWN

HERE!HERE!

Aim: Have we mastered the chemical Aim: Have we mastered the chemical reactions of photosynthesis?reactions of photosynthesis?

Do Now:Do Now: An unknown bacterial cell is observed with a An unknown bacterial cell is observed with a

compound light microscope. Identify the compound light microscope. Identify the structure that, if observed, would indicate that structure that, if observed, would indicate that this bacteria is an autotroph.this bacteria is an autotroph.

Name one organic molecule that contains Name one organic molecule that contains carbon – name one inorganic molecule that carbon – name one inorganic molecule that contains carbon.contains carbon.

HW: Photosynthesis handout HW: Photosynthesis handout

STRUCTURE OF A LEAFSTRUCTURE OF A LEAF Leaves have large Leaves have large surface areasurface area for maximum for maximum

absorption of sunlightabsorption of sunlight StomatesStomates: tiny openings on underside of leaf : tiny openings on underside of leaf

surface that allow for surface that allow for gas exchangegas exchange and water and water evaporationevaporation

Guard CellsGuard Cells: control opening and closing of : control opening and closing of stomates, assist in maintenance of stomates, assist in maintenance of HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS:: During DROUGHT, During DROUGHT, guard cellsguard cells close close

stomatesstomates preventing DEHYDRATION preventing DEHYDRATION

Stomate

GuardCell

AbioticAbiotic = nonliving part of = nonliving part of ecosystem (ex. minerals, ecosystem (ex. minerals,

water, temperature)water, temperature)

Photosynthesis Song

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o

The World of Plants: Photosynthesis – unitedstreaming.com

CHROMATOGRAPHYCHROMATOGRAPHY

Different Pigments Absorb Different Pigments Absorb Light DifferentlyLight Differently

Best Overall Colors: _____________ and ____________

Worst Overall Color: _______________

Within which Within which organelleorganelle does photosynthesis occur? does photosynthesis occur? What are the two What are the two raw materialsraw materials of photosynthesis? of photosynthesis? What are the What are the productsproducts of the photosynthesis reaction? of the photosynthesis reaction? What What types of organismstypes of organisms perform photosynthesis?perform photosynthesis? What is the major product of the What is the major product of the light reactionlight reaction?? What is the major product of the What is the major product of the dark reactiondark reaction?? WhereWhere does the light reaction occur? does the light reaction occur? WhereWhere does the dark reaction occur? does the dark reaction occur? What molecule is What molecule is splitsplit in order to release oxygen gas? in order to release oxygen gas? What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth?What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth? What are the two most effective colors of light for What are the two most effective colors of light for

photosynthesis?photosynthesis? What is the worst color of light for photosynthesis?What is the worst color of light for photosynthesis? Provide an example of 3 organisms that are capable of Provide an example of 3 organisms that are capable of

photosynthesizing. photosynthesizing.

plateau

At low CO2 concentration, rate is positively correlated with concentration

As amount of available CO2 increases, photosynthesis increases

until a point, then it levels off.

plateau

As the amount of available light

increases, the rate of photosynthesis

increases - then it levels off.

Increased temp. gives increased energy and increased rate of photosynthesis

Optimum temperature

Above the optimum temp., enzymes are denatured and rate drops steeply.

Which enzymes are used in respiration?

As temperature increases, rate of photosynthesis increases to a point…

Above 35 C the rate rapidly decreases…

WHY???

Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted

into chemical energy.

True or False: True or False: Photosynthesis occurs Photosynthesis occurs during the during the day-time day-time

ONLY! ONLY!

True or False:True or False:

As the As the temperaturetemperature increases, the rate of increases, the rate of photosynthesis will photosynthesis will

decrease.decrease.

True or False:True or False:

OxygenOxygen and and waterwater are are the raw materials for the raw materials for

the process of the process of photosynthesis. photosynthesis.

True of False:True of False:Photosynthesis is a Photosynthesis is a

process performed by process performed by autotrophsautotrophs in which in which light light energyenergy is converted into is converted into

chemical energy. chemical energy.

This term refers to the This term refers to the complex carbohydratecomplex carbohydrate that plants store their that plants store their

excess sugar as? excess sugar as?

What is the least What is the least effective coloreffective color of light of light

for plants to do for plants to do photosynthesis in? photosynthesis in?

WhyWhy??

True or False:True or False:

Guard CellsGuard Cells are holes in are holes in the surface of a leaf the surface of a leaf

which allow the passage which allow the passage of oxygen gas. of oxygen gas.

What What life processlife process studied earlier this studied earlier this year includes the year includes the

process of process of photosynthesis? photosynthesis?

Explain the Process of Photosynthesis with regard to the Explain the Process of Photosynthesis with regard to the following:following:

List the List the raw materialsraw materials needed for this process needed for this process List the List the productsproducts made from this process made from this process State the State the types of organismstypes of organisms that do this process that do this process State the State the time of daytime of day that this process takes place that this process takes place State the State the type of cellstype of cells (plant or animal) that are capable of this (plant or animal) that are capable of this

processprocess State the State the importanceimportance of this process of this process Explain how the glucose created in this process Explain how the glucose created in this process enters the cells enters the cells

of animals and is put to use.of animals and is put to use.

1. What is this picture a cross section of?

2. What are tiny openings found in the lower epidermis called?

3. What structures are present to control the opening and closing of these “holes”?

4. What substances are exchanged through these openings?

5. How is the closing of these tiny openings during a drought an exmape of the plant maintaining homeostasis?

1. Identify one substance that could be found at letter “A”.

2. Identify the source of energy necessary to allow the chloroplast to perform photosynthesis.

3. What types of cells, plant or animal, contain mitochondria?

4. What are the two substances released by the chloroplast at letter “B”?

5. What important cell process can the mitochondria perform?

6. What is the ATP released by the mitochondria used for?

7. What might a plant do with excess glucose produced by photosynthesis?

How does the structure of a How does the structure of a leaf assist in the leaf assist in the maintenance of maintenance of

homeostasis for the plant?homeostasis for the plant?