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![Page 1: DNA, as genetic blueprint of life, dictates how to make every living thing Every cell’s job is to produce protein › Why protein? Animals: enzymes,](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110206/56649d0b5503460f949de414/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From DNA to Protein
True Purpose of Genetic Material –
Central Dogma
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A. Overview DNA, as genetic blueprint of life, dictates
how to make every living thing Every cell’s job is to produce protein
› Why protein? Animals: enzymes, membranes,
organelles, muscle, skin, hair = protein Plants: enzymes, membranes, organelles
= protein Life = protein!
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Making protein is cell’s doctrine or dogma› Central dogma: steps necessary to produce
protein Step 1: DNA transcribed to RNA Step 2: RNA translated to protein
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B. Transcription (txn) Double-stranded (ds) DNA found in nucleus
of eukaryotes (cytoplasm of prokaryotes) Code of bases (A-C-G-T) on DNA
determines what type of protein synthesized in cytoplasm› Problem: DNA trapped in nucleus, can’t
leave› Solution: use different nucleic acid that’s
able to leave nucleus = single-stranded (ss) RNA!
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Steps of Txn (nucleus) Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to DNA Step 2: RNA polymerase unwinds &
unzips DNA Step 3: RNA polymerase adds
complementary RNA bases to DNA› All bases are same as DNA except RNA
uses uracil instead of thymine
DNA: A T C C A G G T C A T G C A A G C
RNA:RNA: U A G G U C C A G U A C G U
U C G
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DNA vs.
RNA
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DNA
RNA
PO4
Nucleic acid
adenine
cytosine
guanine
Single-
strand
uracil
ribose
double-
strand
Deoxy-
ribose
thymine
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Txn can occur at different DNA forks (just like replication)› Different segments of
DNA called “genes” that code for different proteins/items
T A C G A T T A C A G C A
Gene 1
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C. RNA Three types of RNA made
depending on work needed1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)
brings information from DNA in nucleus to outside cytoplasm
2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Contains ribosome that clamps onto mRNA put amino acids in right order
3.Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to rRNA for assembly
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D. Translation (trl) Act of making protein from mRNA
› Recall: amino acids are building blocks of proteins
mRNA sequence is “read”› Nucleotide sequence codes for 20 different
types of amino acids› Group of 3 nucleotides (triplet or codon)
codes for 1 amino acid Ex: UUU codes for phenylalanine
UAC codes for tyrosine
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mRNA Codes Ex: AAC= asparagine
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Let’s practice:
Step 1: put blocks around every 3 bases (1 codon)
Step 2: look up letters in mRNA code Step 3: write down amino acid sequence
AAACCUAAGGCCAACCUAAGGACC
lysine- proline- lysine- alanine - asparagine
- arginine - threonine
- leucine
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Trl has repetition to compensate for possible mistakes & codes to start & stop› Repetition: proline is coded for by CCU, CCC,
and CCA› Start: codon AUG is where tln starts
(methionine)› Stop: codons UGA, UAA, UAG where trl stops
› Try it again! Do NOT start boxing codons until see START
codon “AUG” Stop translating when see STOP codon (UGA,
UAA, or UAG)
AACCAUGAAGGCCAACCUAUAGGACCG
Protein = methionine–lysine-alanine-asparagine-leucine
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Translation
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Steps of Trl
1. DNA undergoes txn to make mRNA in nucleus
2. mRNA leaves nucleus, enters cytoplasm & travels to ribosome (solo or on roughER)
3. tRNA binds to amino acids in cytoplasm based on anticodon & transports them to ribosome
4. ribosome bonds codon in mRNA to anticodons in tRNA, binding amino acids in right order until reaches STOP codon
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Step 1: Txn in Nucleus
dsDNAmRNA
tRNA
ribosome
amino acid
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Step 2: mRNA ribsome
dsDNAmRNA
mRNA
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Step 3a: tRNA binds aa
dsDNAmRNA
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Step 3b: tRNA/aa to ribosome
dsDNAmRNA
mRNAtRNA
try
ACC
Amino acid
anticodon
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Ribosome
tRNA
CUA
met
tRNA
UA
his
G
Step 4a: tRNA/aa to mRNA
GAU GAUUGAAU GCmRNA
tRNA
A
try
C
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Ribosome
(rRNA)
GAU GAUUGAAU GCmRNA
tRNA
CUA
met
his
tRNA
UAG
tRNA
A
try
C C
Step 4b: aa join as protein
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