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FROM DECLINE TO RECOVERYPost-primary education in Mongolia

Regsuren Bat-ErdeneAmerican University of Mongolia

@dev_progressUN Photo/Eskinder Debebe

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Outline

1. Mongolia context2. Post-primary education since 19903. Factors enabled enrolment improvement 4. Challenges ahead 5. Concluding remarks

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Mongolia contextFROM DECLINE TO RECOVERY: Post-primary education in Mongolia


Mongolia at a glance A landlocked nation in the East Central Asia

• Population: 2.9 mln (Mongols - 95%; Kazakhs – 4%)• Territory: 1.56 mln sq km (19th)• Climate: continental with four seasons• Political system: parliamentary republic• Major economic sectors: mining, livestock • GDP (PPP): $ 15.2 Bln (2012) and $ 5,371 per capita • HDI (2013): 0.675 (medium, 108th)


Post-primary education since 1990

FROM DECLINE TO RECOVERY: Post-primary education in Mongolia


Mongolia recorded the most rapid fall in school life expectancy but responded with the greatest improvement among Central Asia transition economies

Source: UNESCO


Gross enrollment in secondary education reached a 30-year low in 1997, fully recovered in early 2000s and further expanded

Source: UNESCO


Following a drop in tertiary enrolment in the early 1990s, almost 3 in 5 young Mongolians now enrol in university

Source: UNESCO


Growth in enrollment at various levels of education since 1990

1992 /1990

1995 / 1990

1999 / 1990

2000 / 1990

2005 / 1990

2009 / 1990

2013 / 1990

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0kindergarten Primary and secondary school Vocational schools Undergraduate programs


Primary and Secondary Enrollment: 2011-2012 school year

2008 –-2004

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XIIPrimary Lower secondary Upper secondary Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary

Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary

CHANGES IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLING

primary school enrollment secondary school enrollment

GER

by genderGER

by gender

girls boys girls boys

overall 97.9 97.4 98.4 100.5 103.4 97.5

Ulaanbaatar 93.3 91.9 94.8 100.8 102.5 99.2


Factors driving greater access to post-primary education

FROM DECLINE TO RECOVERY: Post-primary education in Mongolia


Strong demand and high value placed on post-primary education – A ‘thirst’ for education – The economic premium of post-primary education

Policy reform and reaching the unreached

– The evolving policy framework for post-primary education – Addressing teacher shortages– Support for higher education tuition fees and costs


Expanded provision through investment by the Government of Mongolia in education

– Investing in schools: public and private; national and international

– Investing in pupils: capitation and non-education funding– Expanding public resources to education: proportionate to

GDP – Reform of public financial management: decentralization

and recentralization

External support through development partners


Challenges ahead FROM DECLINE TO RECOVERY: Post-primary education in Mongolia


Challenges ahead: what can be done about them?

– Equity: inclusiveness and affordability; young kids from nomadic families

– Quality and Relevance: school-to-work transition – unpredictability of trends, life-long learning – obsoleteness

– Efficiency and effectiveness: Connecting disconnects

– Securing sustainable advancement: teaching and administration personnel, technology and funding


Concluding remarksFROM DECLINE TO RECOVERY: Post-primary education in Mongolia


Research and work beyond 2015

– Assessing learning outcomes: reaching the international comparability and recognition

– Introducing information-based decision making: reaching the target groups and areas

– Strengthening research capability: securing relevance and sustainability


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