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Transcript of Dear teacher this was adapted from a presentation by: Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon Who...
Dear teacher this was adapted from a presentation by: Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon
Who teach in Bay County The missing words have been noted for
each slide in the “Click to add notes” space at the bottom of each slide.
BENCHMARK
• SC.912.L.16.1* Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. (HIGH)
• SC.912.L.16.2* Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by
various modes of inheritance, including dominant & recessive
which are simple inheritance & codominant, sex-linked, polygenic,
and multiple alleles (complex inheritance). (HIGH)
For Humans: 23 homologous pairs; one chromosome form mom and the other from dad
Karyotype-display of pairs of chromosomes
Autosomes are chromosomes 1-22
Chromosome pair 23 is your sex chromosomes
Gene - a section of DNA that codes for a ________
Allele – Any form of a specific gene. You get ____ from each parent. Dominant Allele - ______case letter Recessive Allele - ______case letter
Karyotype - the display of the pair of chromosomes with highlighted alleles
Phenotype - the physical _________ of the alleles
Genotype - allele __________ for a gene of an individual Bb, BB, or bb (B is the dominant allele, b is the recessive allele)
Trait - term for distinguishing phenotypic features or ______________
INHERITANCE OF GENES
Maternal chromosome
pair
Paternal chromosome
pair
Gene
Paternal gamete: sperm
Maternal gamete: egg
Gametes unite during fertilization.
Child inherits one set of chromosomes from each parent and, thus, two copies of each gene.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 individual chromosomes) and, thus, two copies of each gene.Each human gamete has just one copy of each chromosome and, thus, one copy of each gene.
ALLELES
What traits will be expressed?
For simple inheritance, you only need _____Dominant allele for the Dominant trait to be expressed.
Naturally, the only way for a Recessive trait to be expressed is if the person has ______Recessive alleles.
Exceptions
Heterozygous - a __________ and a _________ allele (Bb) (also called hybrid)
Homozygous dominant - ____ dominant alleles (BB) (also called Purebred)
Homozygous recessive - ____ recessive alleles (bb) (also called Purebred)
Only one dominant allele need to be present to be expressed
The Punnett square is a grid system for predicting all __________ genotypes resulting from a cross. The axes represent
the possible _________of each parent.
The boxes show thepossible _________of the offspring.
• The Punnett square yields the ratio of possible ___________and ____________.
__________ crosses examine the inheritance of only ____specific trait. homozygous dominant X homozygous
recessive Genotype: all heterozygous (100%) Phenotype: all dominant (100%)
PUNNETT SQUARE: ALBINISMA Punnett square is a useful tool for
determining the possible outcomes of a cross between two individuals.
GAMETES
GAMETES
A
A
Aa Aa
Aa Aa
a a
OFFSPRING Genotype
Phenotype
All heterozygous Aa
All pigmented
FATHERpigmentedhomozygous
AA
MOTHERalbino
homozygousaa
Cross 1 (F 1)
– If you cross a heterozygous with a heterozygous (Ff X Ff) – What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? – 1:2:1 homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous
recessive; (25%:50%:25%)– What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? – 3:1 dominant: recessive (75%:25%)
GAMETES
GAMETES
A
a
AA Aa
Aa aa
A a
OFFSPRING Genotype
Phenotype
FATHERpigmentedheterozygou
sAa
MOTHERpigmentedheterozygou
sAa
Cross 2 (F2)
1/4 homozygous dominant AA2/4 heterozygous Aa
1/4 homozygous recessive aa
3/4 pigmented
1/4 albino
3:1RATIO
Your genotype and phenotype results are presented separately
• If you cross a heterozygous with homozygous recessive
(Ff X ff) • What is the genotypic ratio? • 1:1 heterozygous: homozygous recessive• What is the phenotypic ratio? • 1:1 dominant: recessive
• A ___________is a cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with the recessive phenotype
Why use the recessive phenotype to test an unknown?
____________is the likelihood that something will happen.
Probability predicts an average number of
occurrences, not an exact number of occurrences.• Probability =number of ways a specific event can occur
number of total possible outcomes
• Probability applies to _________ events such as meiosis and fertilization.
GENETICS AND PROBABILITY
IF…The mother is albino, andthe father is heterozygousTHEN…There is a 100% chance that the mother’s egg will carry the recessive a allele and a 50% chance that a sperm will carry the recessive a allele
aa Aa100% 50%
a a A a
1.0 0.5AND…0.5 or 50%chance theoffspring willbe albino.
Multiply the two components togetherto determine the overall probability.
=
aa
×
Goat g
enetic
s
Mendel’s dihybrid crosses with heterozygous plants yielded a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
• Mendel’s dihybrid crosses led to his second law,the _____________________________________.
• The law of independent assortment states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during meiosis.
Dihybrid Cross:a cross that shows the possible
offspring for two traitsFur Color:
B: Black
b: White
Coat Texture:
R: Rough
r: Smooth
In this example, we will cross a heterozygous individual with
another heterozygous individual. Their genotypes will be:
BbRr x BbRr
Fur Color:B: Black b: White
Coat Texture:R: Roughr:
Smooth
BbRr x BbRr BR
bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
Then, find the possible genotypes of the offspring
Fur Color:B: Black b: White
Coat Texture:R: Roughr:
Smooth
BbRr x BbRr BR
bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
BBRR BbRR BbRr
BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
BBRr
BR bR
br
bR
Br
BR
br
Br
BBRR
BbRR
BbRr
BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
BbRR
BbRr bbRR bbRr
BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
BBRr
How many of the offspring would have a black, rough coat?
How many of the offspring would have a black, smooth coat?
How many of the offspring would have a white, rough coat?
How many of the offspring would have a white, smooth coat?
Fur Color:B: Black b: White
Coat Texture:R: Roughr:
Smooth
Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon