Consider why the Renaissance occurred and what

forces drove the new way of thinking in Italy, and eventually the rest of Europe? Increased Trade with Asia and other regions Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italy Renewed Interest in the classical learning of ancient

Greece and Rome Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became

patrons of the arts Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledge Desire to beautify cities

Journal 2/12

Vocabulary Chapter 15 – The Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance Humanists Perspective Johannes Gutenburg William Shakespeare Reformation Indulgences Martin Luther Sects

Henry VIII John Calvin Theocracy Counter-Reformation Council of Trent Jesuits Broadsides Almanacs Standard of Living

The beginning of the Renaissance (changes in

society and the rise of city-states) Renaissance Ideas (Inspiration from the

ancients, humanism, secular writing, and science)

Renaissance Art

Objectives

Write a diary entry for the time period (early 1300’s)

by answering the following prompt: Imagine that you live in Florence, Italy immediately

following the Black Death. You have survived, but many around you have not. Describe your environment. How do you feel? Black death = bubonic plague, a disease that spread from

Asia along trade routes by way of fleas on rats that occupied the ships. Around 25 million (1/3 of the population died). People’s faith in God was shaken and the church lost a lot of its power and importance. Relations between upper and lower class changed. Workers in short demand now wanted higher wages and staged uprisings.

Anticipation

Compare these works of art. What do you

notice?

Journal 2/20

Pietro Cavallini’s Birth of the Virgin

Raphael’s School of Athens

In the early 1300’s a movement began in Italy

that began to altar how Europeans viewed themselves and the world.

The Renaissance (“rebirth”): both a philosophical and artistic movement and the era when that movement flourished. Marked by renewed interest in ancient Greek and

Roman literature and life. A new emphasis on the power of human reason

developed, and many advances were made in the arts and sciences.

An Era of Awakening

Natural for the Renaissance to begin in Italy

Italian cities (Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, and Venice) had grown rich through trade and industry.

Their citizens included educated, wealthy merchants and bankers.

Ruins of the Roman Empire, The Crusades, trade with southwest Asia & Africa (learned of Arab and African achievements in science and medicine) = encouraged curiosity and the search for new knowledge among some Italian thinkers.

Causes of the Italian Renaissance

The study of classical Greek and Roman

literature to learn grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric. People who specialize in these studies are

humanists. Believed it was important to understand how

things work and it led them to emphasize education.

The Humanities

One of the first humanists (1304-1374) Believed classical writers could best be

imitated by studying their writings Wrote sonnets to Laura, considered some of

the greatest love poems of all time.

Francesco Petrarch

A Florentine writer, diplomat, and historian. Sought to describe government the way in which it actually worked.

(dog eat dog) Argued that a ruler should be concerned only with power and political

success. Today some people refer to ruthless behavior to get ahead as

“Machiavellian.” “A controversy has arisen about this: whether it is better to be loved

than feared, or vice versa. My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved…. Men are less hesitant about offending or harming a ruler who makes himself less loved than one who inspires fear. For love is sustained by a bond of gratitude, which because men are excessively self-interested, is broken whenever they see a chance to benefit themselves. But fear is sustained by a dread of punishment that is always effective.”

Considered a humanist because he looked to ancient Romans as models, but his lack of concern for conventional morality was considerably different than other humanists of this time.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Start to see more realistic scenes and images

that depict lifelike human figures. Earlier artists often portrayed the Holy Land,

while Renaissance painters showed the rugged Italian countryside they knew so well.

Began to use a technique called perspective to make their paintings more lifelike. Made distant objects smaller than those in the

foreground of the painting. Created the illusion of depth on a flat canvas.

Italian Renaissance Art

Used light and shadows to create a powerful

sense of depth in his paintings. Lamentation (The Morning of Christ)

Giotto

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci

Frescoes in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican

Michelangelo

http://

www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance

Have you read or seen any of Shakespeare’s

plays? If so, which ones? Have you seen any movies that are portrayals of his stories?

Date/Copy/Answer

Journal 2/27

The Northern Renaissance

Chapter 15 Section 2

Geography:

Ideas and messages were able to pass through passageways of the Alps in Northern Italy.

Danube, Rhine, and Rhone Rivers = easy routes for ideas to spread.

Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg – printed copies of the

Bible Books spread humanist ideas to a larger

audience

The Spread of Ideas

The most influential

humanist of northern Europe, Desiderius Erasmus

Interested in early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture

Criticized lack of spirituality in the Church

Writers of the Northern Renaissance

Thomas More

An English humanist and friend of Erasmus

Published Utopia – criticized corrupt government and wrote about an ideal society where all male citizens were equal.

Quote from Utopia

“…wherever you are, you always have to work. There’s never any excuse for idleness… Everyone has his eye on you, so you’re practically forced to get on with your job, and make some proper use of your spare time. Under such a system, there’s bound to be plenty of everything, and, as everything is divided equally among the entire population, there obviously can’t be any poor people or beggars.”

Became very popular and translated to many European languages.

William Shakespeare

Built on the traditions established by Christopher Marlowe & other playwrights. Focusing on human, rather than

godly, actions. Transforms well-known stories

into dramatic masterpieces. Portrays personality and human

emotions. Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet,

Macbeth

Built on the skill of the Italian painters and

artists. Flemish school: painters from Flanders that

developed and perfected certain techniques of painting in oil on canvas.

Artists of the Northern Renaissance

Jan and Hubert van Eyck (The Flemish

Brothers): paid great attention to detail and used facial expressions in their work.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder painted in the

mid 1500’s Loved to paint the countryside and peasants of

his native Flanders.

The Blind Leading the Blind

Albrecht Durer, a

German artist, was famous for his copper engravings and woodcuts. Saw the possibilities

of printed illustrations in books.

Hans Holbein the

Younger traveled through Europe painting portraits of famous people. Erasmus, Thomas More,

King Henry VIII Reflects the

Renaissance interest in the individual

Portrait of Henry VIII

You and a partner will be writing a report on one Italian Renaissance writer and one

artist; along with one northern Renaissance writer and one artist. (4 people total)

Your report will need to include: Their name Background information

Origin, Date of Birth/Death, Education, Family, interesting facts, other Occupations, etc… Their styles/developments

Were they humanists? What they are famous/remembered for Any famous work Pictures Sources used

Must use credible/reliable sources (2 for each report) No wikipedia, .com, or infoplease I will be checking your sources if I suspect plagiarism, so if I cannot find yours it will

not count! Due at the end of the next class period!!!!! (will have some time to finish up)

(February 25th) No late work will be accepted

Quiz Grade

Renaissance Report

William Shakespeare was born April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon, a local government district in England. He attended school at King Edward IV Grammar School in his hometown where he learned Latin and some Greek. He also studied the classics which later influenced his writing (humanist). At the young age of 18, he married a girl named Anne Hathaway and they had three children. Two daughters, Susanna and Judith. Judith had a twin brother that died at a very young age. He started out at an apprenticeship to be an actor. He then developed into a playwright and actor. In 1594 he joined the Lord Chamberlain’s company of actors and then in 1599 joined the Chamberlain’s Men where they built and operated the Globe (one of the most famous theaters of its time). Shakespeare is known for his great playwrights, but he looked to poetry for enduring fame. He wrote many sonnets, including 154 in the Sonnets of Shakespeare, that almost all show the inevitable decay of time and the immortalization of beauty and love. Within his poems and plays he invented thousands of words that often combine Latin, French, and native roots. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, he is credited with such words as arch-villain, birthplace, bloodsucking, courtship, dewdrop, downstairs, leapfrog, watchdog, and many more. He wrote more than 30 plays that can be placed into four categories including histories, comedies, tragedies, and romances. In his early playwright years they were mostly comedies or histories like the Comedy of Errors and Henry VI. Then he turned to tragedies like Romeo and Juliet. Then in his late years he turned to romance like A Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. Only 18 of his plays were published during his lifetime.It was sometime after 1612 that he decided to retire and return to his home in Stratford. He then died on April 23, 1616.

William Shakespeare

http://

www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/william-shakespeare

http://www.shakespeareinamericancommunities.org/education/life-william-shakespeare

Sources

William Shakespeare

A modern portrayal of Romeo and Juliet

No journal! Get out current events

Journal 2/25

You and a partner will be writing a report on one Italian Renaissance writer and one

artist; along with one northern Renaissance writer and one artist. (4 people total)

Your report will need to include: Their name Background information

Origin, Date of Birth/Death, Education, Family, interesting facts, other Occupations, etc… Their styles/developments

Were they humanists? What they are famous/remembered for Any famous work Pictures Sources used

Must use credible/reliable sources (2 for each report) No wikipedia, .com, or infoplease I will be checking your sources if I suspect plagiarism, so if I cannot find yours it will

not count! Due at the end of the next class period!!!!! (will have some time to finish up)

(February 25th) No late work will be accepted

Quiz Grade

Renaissance Report

Imagine that you have worked REALLY hard for

a good grade, and then were told that to get the grade you earned you had to pay for it. How would you feel about it?

Date/Copy/Answer

Journal 3/3

The Reformation

By about 1500, Erasmus was not the only

northern humanist criticizing the church. The church was no longer focused on the

spiritual mission. These claims led to a reform movement

known as the Reformation that split the church in western Europe.

Era of Reform

Northern humanists believed:

the church was more focused on its wealth rather than saving souls.

Popes were acting as warriors & political figures instead of spiritual leaders.

Priests were corrupt. They sought a new emphasis on personal faith

and spirituality.

Causes

Germany saw the first real break

from the Catholic church. 300 independent states

In Rome, Pope Leo X was rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica and needed more $$$$$. Sent a monk, Johann Tetzel, to

German states to raise funds by selling indulgences.

Northern humanists became very angry at the misuse of indulgences.

The Beginning

Quit law school to become a monk

and spend his life in search of salvation. Found no comfort in the church’s

methods for salvation. Developed beliefs that ceremonies

and good deeds would not save a sinner. The only thing that could save the

soul was an inner faith in God. “Justification by grace through faith” Lutheranism

Martin Luther

Claimed that indulgences were false promises

of forgiveness Wrote his 95 theses about indulgences and

posted on a church door. He was denounced by church leaders after the

news spread that he challenged the church.

Luther’s Protests

By 1520, Luther began to openly disagree with many

church doctrines. He claimed the Bible was the sole religious authority. Ceremonies could not make up for sins. Priests had no special role in leading people to salvation. God views all people of faith equally His church was a “priesthood of all believers.”

Utilized the printing press in spreading his ideas. Was declared a heretic and excommunicated by Pope

Leo X. While in exile, Luther translated the Bible into German.

Break With the Church

Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, opposed

Luther’s teachings and tried to stop Lutheranism from spreading. The princes who supported Luther protested the

emperor’s treatment of Lutheranism. Reformers became known as “Protestants”.

Luther’s works and ideas continued to spread. Established the Lutheran Church.

Protestantism

Many German rulers established the Lutheran Church

in their states. Charles V sent his armies to fight Protestant princes in

Germany in 1546. They won most battles but could not get rid of the

Lutheran Church. Charles & the princes reached a compromise in 1555.

Peace of Augsburg – each German ruler has the right to choose the religion of the state. Subjects can either accept or move.

Almost all the princes chose Lutheranism.

The Spread of Protestantism

The reformation started completely different in

England. King Henry VIII caused the break from the church

because he wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Pope Clement VII refused his demands so England withdrew from the Catholic Church.

Parliament passed a series of laws that created the Church of England, aka the Anglican Church. Paved the way for Protestant reformation in

England.

The Anglican Church

John Calvin, a French Protestant that carried

on the acts of religious reform in Switzerland started by Huldrych Zwingli.

Founded a Protestant church with a strong following.

“The Institute of the Christian Religion” – explained what the faithful should believe on every major religious question. A code that united Calvinists against opposition.

Predestination – at the beginning of time God decided who would be saved (the elect).

Calvinism

In 1536 Calvin moved to the city of Geneva, where

Calvinism became the official religion. Geneva became a Theocracy, with strict rules and

restrictions. Many people, including nobles, in France converted

Huguenots (HYOO-guh-nahts). The Catholic French monarchs saw them as a threat to

national unity. In 1562 there was a series of bloody civil wars between

Catholics and Protestants. Edict of Nantes – Huguenots freedom of worship

Calvinist minorities in Poland & Hungary Large Populations in Scotland & Northern Netherlands

Calvinism Spreads

At first the Roman Catholic Church

ignored the criticism from the humanists and reformers. Do you think that they will continue to ignore them or respond in some way? Explain your reasoning.

Date/Copy/Answer

Journal 3/5

Journals due! Get out Current Events!

3/6

The Catholic Reformation (The Counter-Reformation)

At first the RCC did not recognize the threats

made by the protestant reformers and dismissed all the criticism. As the protestants gained more power the Pope

was convinced there was a need for change. 1530’s the RCC started their own reform

movement known as the Counter-Reformation. An attempt to return back to focusing on

spiritual matters, make its doctrines more clear, and stop the spread of Protestantism.

The Counter-Reformation

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

worked to bring back the spirituality in the RCC by appointing devout and educated men as bishops and cardinals.

Also brought the Inquisition to Rome. Extreme punishments for

heretics Did not focus on Protestants;

strategy to keep Catholics within the church.

Counter-Reformation Tactics

Pope Paul III knew the doctrines of the RCC

needed to be made more clear. The only problem was many church authorities

disagreed about them. In 1545 he summoned church leaders to the

Italian city of Trent. Council of Trent met three times during 1545-

1563 It defined the official church position on matters

of doctrine.

The Council of Trent

Acted to end the abuses of Indulgences and tighten the

discipline within the clergy. Supported most of the Catholic beliefs that Protestants were

opposing. Need for ceremonies – God should be worshipped in

magnificence. People must depend on priests because God only granted

forgiveness through the church. Salvation comes from ceremonial church actions and personal

faith Many people found the ceremonies comforting, liked the

beautiful churches, respected the authority of the priests, and wanted to believe in salvation through good deeds.

The Council of Trent

New religious orders formed out of strengthened

support for the Catholic Church. Society of Jesus – Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534 Recognized as an official order by Pope Paul III in

1540 Salvation through good deeds

Followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope.

Organized like a military, with strict discipline Most effective to spread Catholicism.

Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation

Most people hoped this reformation would

bring about tolerance. However, the period from the 1530’s to the

mid 1600’s was full of wars in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

Until the mid 1600’s the results of the Counter-Reformation could not be seen. Spread of Protestantism Growth of Universities Increase in the power of national governments

Results of the Religious Upheaval

Group Project