CONTENTS · congress one-level-up at the international level. The result – the first Sabah...

The Malaysian Surveyor is a quarterlypublication which covers the development ofthe surveying profession,innovations in the surveying technology andsurveyors’ contribution towards the propertymarket and building industry.

The Institute as a body does not hold itselfresponsible for statements made or opinionsexpressed in the articles and advertisementsprinted in this publication, or for the strictaccuracy of references to law cases, whichare intended only as a gloss on authorisedreports. Rights of translation andreproduction reserved.

PresidentYBhg. Dato’ Sr Abdull Manaf Hj Hashim, FRISM

Hon. Secretary GeneralSr Ang Fuey Lin, MRISM

Editorial Board

EditorProf. Sr Dr. Ting Kien Hwa, FRISM

Sub-editorSr Mohamad Shazali Sulaiman, MRISM

MembersSr Firdaus b Musa, FRISM Assoc. Prof. Sr Dr. Adi Irfan B Che Ani, MRISM Assoc. Prof. Sr Dr. Syahrul Nizam B Kamaruzzaman, MRISMDr. Norngainy Mohd Bt Tawil Prof. Sr. Dr. Hj Wan Muhd Aminuddin B Wan Hussin, FRISMSr Dr. Hj Md Said @ Mohd Zaid B Abdullah, FRISM Sr Dr. Helmi Zulhaidi B Mohd Shafri, MRISMSr Dr. Zulkiflee Abd. Latif, MRISMSr A. Mahadevan, FRISMAssoc. Prof. Sr Dr. Mohd Hisham Ariffin, FRISM

Secretary to the BoardZarinah bt. Danial

Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia3rd Floor, Bangunan JuruukurNo. 64-66, Jalan 52/446200 Petaling JayaSelangor Darul Ehsant: +603 7954 8358 (hunting line) / 7956 9728 / 7955 1773f: +603 7955 0253e: [email protected]: www.rism.org.my

Subscription Rates for Non-Members (Quarterly 4 issues)Local RM48Overseas ASEAN countries US$30

Asia & Australia US$40Europe, Africa & America US$55

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Editorial

RISM ActivitiesYoung Achievers’ Awards (YAA) NationalCompetition 2012-2013RISM Family Day 2013Sabah International Surveyors’ Congress (6thSabah Surveyors’ Congress) EconomicTurbulence Survival or Opportunities?

Peer Review ArticlesPemuliharaan & Pembaikan Masjid KayuTradisionalSuhana Johar, Hafsah Yahaya, Adi Irfan Che-Ani, Norngainy

Mohd. Tawil, Mazlan Mohd. Tahir

Empirical Study of the Impact of Revitalise OldIndustrial Buildings on Property Prices TheCase of Hong KongHei Lam, Poon

The Impact of Information & CommunicationsTechnology (ICT) On Work-Life Balance ofProfessional Women in the ConstructionIndustryLoh Chin Bok, Nurmimi Fardiana bt Mohd Toha, Kam Pei

Cheen et al.

Professional PracticeBuilding Surveyor’s Role In FacilitiesManagement In JKRNorizan Binti Mahmud

Current IssueDIBS: A factor causing high property prices &development land pricesProfessor Sr Dr. Ting Kien Hwa

Managing StressManaging Stress by Developing a PersonalisedStress Prevention PlanW. M. A. Wan Hussin FRISM

ManagementWhether Prior Experience Is Necessary ForInnovationDr. Arshad Husain Ph.D

RegularsMember Updates

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CONTENTS

MAY 2014 PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS (DIRECT FINAL/FINAL, INTERMEDIATE, FIRST AND FOUNDATION EXAMINATIONS)

Applications to sit for the above examinations are now openand application forms can be obtained from the RISMSecretariat. The application form should be submitted to theRISM Secretariat not later than December 31, 2013together with the examination fees.

A penalty fee is payable if you submit your applicationbetween January 1, 2014 and February 28, 2014 after whichno application will be accepted. The rules and syllabuses of

the Professional Examination and past years question papersare available for sale at the RISM Secretariat.

The examination fees are as follows:-

1. Foundation Exam – RM30.00 per subject2. First Exam – RM50.00 per subject3. Intermediate Exam – RM100.00 per subject 4. Final/Direct Final Exam – RM150.00 per subject

ANNOUNCEMENT

EDITORIAL

THE MALAYSIAN SURVEYOR | Vol.48 | No.2 | 2013

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During my term as Editor and Council member of RISM, Iobserved two distinctive groups of surveyors in RISM i.e. theprofessional surveyors and the academic surveyors. Theprofessional surveyors will refer to surveyors as those whopractice surveying whether in the public or private sectors,whilst the academic surveyors will refer to surveyors as thosewho work as academicians in institutions of higher learning.

The increase in academic surveyors can be attributed to anincrease in surveying courses offered in the public andprivate institutions of higher learning. Academic surveyors arecoming to the fore by participating actively in variouscommittees and council positions.

Both groups contribute to the surveying profession in manyways which are similar and yet different.

Looking forward to the next 50 years, I reckon more have tobe done to enhance the future prospects of the surveyingprofession. The challenges to the surveying profession are nomore confined within the national boundary. Externalchallenges arising from globalisation, liberalisation, fundflows, technology advancement, computer science,information technology, financial crises etc. have greatimpacts on the education, training and practice of thesurveying profession.

To take up the challenge on these challenges, my wish listsfor the professional surveyors are:

• More surveying professionals are keen to write fullarticles/papers rather than preparingseminar/conference presentations in powerpoints.

• More surveying professionals are prepared to cross theprofessional-academia divide by embracing research as atool for the advancement of professional practice andbusiness development.

• More surveying professionals pursue postgraduateeducation for the enhancement of knowledge.

• More surveying professionals respond to the media onpublic issues relating to the surveying profession andbuilt environment.

• More surveying professionals provide thought leadershipin their respective fields.

• More surveying professionals voluntarily taking upleadership roles and positions whether in local orinternational organisations.

• More surveying professionals could be innovative in theirservice delivery through the Blue Ocean strategy.

On the other hand, my wish lists for the academic surveyorsare:

• More academic surveyors are keen to write practicepapers and not necessarily academic research papers.

• More academic surveyors are keen to rewrite researchpapers in a manner which is accessible and easilyunderstood by professionals.

• More academic surveyors are able to move out of theacademic ivory tower and reach out to the profession,society and government.

• More academic surveyors take up leadership roles inacademic and professional organisations at local andinternational level.

• More academic surveyors respond to the media onpublic issues relating to the surveying profession andbuilt environment.

• More academic surveyors could bridge the academic-professional practice divide by having better industrylinkages, ties and relationships.

• More academic surveyors could provide researchleadership by carrying out cutting-edge research.

• More academic surveyors provide thought leadershipthat could guide the future of the surveying profession.

Both lists could go on and on. The keywords to the future areleadership, innovation and of relevance to the society.

Professor Sr Dr. Ting Kien Hwa FRISMEditor

Session 2010/2011-2012/2013

Challenging the challenges forthe surveying profession

The Professional Journal of Royal Institution of Surveyors MalaysiaR

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The YAA National Final was successfullyhosted at Hotel Singgahsana, Petaling Jaya onthe 20 April 2013.

For this session due to the overwhelming support fromthe sponsors, YAA was hosted for three days twonights instead of the usual two days one night. Thisallows the students to bond better and the organizingcommittee was able to include more activities, amongothers a technical visit to KeTTHA project in Karak andan eXtraDiction Game. YBhg. Dato’ Sr Abdull Manaf HjHashim was the Guest of Honour for the prize givingduring the Gala Dinner held on 20 April 2013.

Sixteen (16) schools participated and they were:

(a) East Cost Branch

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaaan Ahmad Maher

Maktab Sultan Ismail

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kamil

(b) Northern Branch

Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Chung Ling,Pulau Pinang

Penang Chinese Girls High School

Penang Free School

(c) Johore Branch

Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato’ Ali Ahmad

Sekolah Tun Fatimah

(d) Central Branch

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Aminuddin Baki

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Convent BukitNanas

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Meru

Sekolah Menengah Vokasional Sepang

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Damansara Jaya

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tun Razak

ST John’s Institution

YoungAchievers’Awards (YAA)National Competition 2012-2013

A half day Technical Visit to Projek Penyaluran Air Mentah Pahang-Selangor (Karak) was held on Friday, 19 April 2013 and a welcomeDinner at Restoran Nelayan Gombak.

The eXtraDiction game was conducted on the morning of 20 April2013 just before the YAA Competition. The winner for theeXtraDiction game as follows:

Champion

Maktab Sultan Ismail

1st Runner up

Sekolah Tun Fatimah

2nd Runner up

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Damansara Jaya


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The Winners for the YAA National Final Result Session 2012/2013 are as follows

The Chairperson and the Organizing Committee wish to express their gratitude to the followingsponsors for their continuous support:

1. Association of Authorised Land Surveyors Malaysia2. Board Of Land Surveyors Malaysia3. Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia4. Board of Valuers, Appraisers & Estate Agents Malaysia5. Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia6. C.H. Williams Talhar & Wong Sdn Bhd7. Econcos Consultants Sdn Bhd8. Geometra Surveys Sdn Bhd9. Henry Butcher Malaysia Sdn Bhd

10. HMF QS Consult11. Jurukur Bahan Antara12. Metropolis Property Consultants Sdn Bhd13. MF Associates Sdn Bhd14. Mokhnar & Associates15. Mojigoh Surveying Consultants Sdn Bhd16. Pakatan Ukur Bahan Sdn Bhd17. Perunding PCT Sdn Bhd

Champion

SMK Damansara Jaya, PetalingJaya receiving RM3,000.00 in cash,winning plaques, trophy and YAAChallenge Trophy.

1st runner up

Sekolah Tun Fatimah, Johor receivingRM2,000.00 in cash, winning plaquesand trophy.

2nd runner up

SMJK Chung Ling, Pulau Pinangreceiving RM1,000.00 in cash, winningplaques and trophy.

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RISMFamilyDay2013

The Committee hassuccessfully organised theRISM Family Day 2013 on 13

April 2013 at Tasik Taman Jaya,Petaling Jaya, Selangor.

RISM members and their familiestogether with seven children fromRumah Solehah Orphanage wereentertained by MC YM Sr Dr. TunkuFauzi Dato’ Tunku Abd. Malek, whois an energetic aerobics instructorand Az the Clown while mingling atthe 10 table flea market. The fleamarket sells goodies ranging fromfood to antiques.


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The participants were from allages who took part in the well-organised telematch, quiz atMuseum Petaling Jaya andkaraoke competition beforeenjoying a good buffet lunch. Thebuffet spread included, amongstothers, satay and ice creampotong. l

Sabah International Surveyors’ Congress (6th Sabah Surveyors’ Congress)

Economic Turbulence Survival or Opportunities?


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The Royal Institution of SurveyorsMalaysia (Sabah Branch) has successfullyorganised our 6th Sabah Surveyors’ Congress

with the collaboration of the Royal Institution ofChartered Surveyors Malaysia and the SabahSurveyors Board on 14th and 15th May 2013 at thePacific Sutera Hotel, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

After organising five previous Sabah Surveyors'Congress, RISM Sabah Branch ambitiously decidedto give ourselves a big challenge by organising acongress one-level-up at the international level. Theresult – the first Sabah International Surveyors’Congress was born! The first Sabah InternationalSurveyors’ Congress was attended by 206participants, the highest figure in our record so far!

The Guest of Honour of the Congress was theDirector of the Department of Lands and Surveys,Sabah, Datuk Sr Hj Osman bin Hj Jamal, a fellow ofboth the Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia andthe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. In hisaddress, the Director pointed out that no one isspared from business turbulence and that“preparedness” is the essence in overcomingturbulence successfully.

He said, “The theme for the Congress is “EconomicTurbulence – Survival or Opportunity?” This is


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indeed an appropriate theme in the business world ofchange and uncertainty. None of us can be spared from theeffect of economic turbulence. Perhaps, some of us are moreprepared and, therefore, less severely affected than others bythe turbulences of the economy. However, when we arecaught unprepared, an unexpected economic turbulencemay tip our business off balance and cost us dearly.”

He continued to say in his concluding remark that,“Economic turbulence, whether it is a game of survival or agolden opportunity depends on how you perceive themarket and how well prepared you are in creating asustainable long-term profitable business model. Success isoften found at the end of a long journey and to besuccessful, we must be ready and able to smooth over thechallenges of the bumpy stretch of the journey.”

The keynote speaker of the Congress was Sr Ong See Lian,the immediate global Past President of the Royal Institutionof Chartered Surveyors. In his keynote address, Sr Ong gavean insightful overview of the importance of the surveyingprofessions within the context of a fast growing andchanging world economy. We had local speakers as well asinternational speakers from Singapore, Brunei and China.The participants were kept wide awake throughout theCongress by the learned speakers.

The topics included “Mapping Transformation: Defence andSecurity” by Brigadier General Dato' Ir Zaharin bin Din,“Singapore's Smart Cadastre System” by Mr Soh Kheng Peng,“National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Brunei Darussalam”by Dr Hjh Norzammi, “Building Information Modelling” by DrKherun Nita Ali, “Asset Management for Building and RelatedInfrastructure” by Mr Chin Chi Haw, “Project Management –A Case Study in Shanghai” by Mr Eric Yip, “AffordableHousing Policy in Singapore” by Dr Anthony Yeong, “PropertyManagement from the Surveyors' Perspective - Challenges inthe Current Era” by Sr Prem Kumar, “Value Management: TheEconomic Management of Public Construction Projects”byPuan Rohanis binti Ad Ghani, “Waste Minimisation inConstruction Industry” by Dr Mohd Pauze Bin MohamadTaha and others.

We were also privileged to have the Deputy Speaker of theSabah State Assembly, Datuk Dr Johnson Tee, a greatmotivational speaker, as one of the speakers. After a moresombre topic of “Economic Indicators for Real EstateInvestment in Sabah” presented by Sr Liaw Lam Thye, DatukJohnson enlightened the participants and turned the hallinto sounds of rolling laughter with his humorous andcomical approach throughout his presentation on“Confidence in Managing Turbulence”. In one story, he toldof the 'frog' who beat all others in a racing competition to bethe only one to reach a high tower. The reason for its successhas nothing to do with its physical fitness. The championfrog succeeded because it did not listen to thediscouragement from others, it believed in itself. At the end,we found that the champion frog was deaf!

No doubt, the organising committee had experiencedturbulences in the process of organising the Congress. Butwith a close and self-giving collaboration of the organisers,the speakers and the participants, the first SabahInternational Surveyors’ Congress had turned out to be ajubilant success. The Congress Organising Committee wishesto thank all the speakers, participants and supporters formaking this Congress a great success. l

Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia

Educational LoanAwards for 2012/2013Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia invites application from Malaysia Citizens for Educational Loans to pursue full-time courses at local universities.

UniversitiesUniversity of Malaya

University of Technology MalaysiaUniversity of Technology MARAUniversity of Science Malaysia

International Islamic University of MalaysiaUniversity Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Field of StudyLand Surveying

Quantity SurveyingBuilding Surveying

Property Management / Estate Management

Eligibility• Candidates must have obtained an offer for admission for full time studies to any of

the universities in any of the field specified above.

• Candidates must not have received any scholarship or financial assistancefrom the Government or any other organization.

• Candidates must have obtained at least CGPA of 3.20 to be short listed to call for an interview.

Special Incentive• Degree course candidates who obtained in their studies with CGPA 3.75 and above, the student having to first

apply for the conversion of the loan to scholarship for consideration and approval by General Council.

• Diploma course candidates are not eligible to apply for conversation of their loan to scholarship.

Value of LoanDegree: Up to RM7,000 per annumDiploma: Up to RM5,000 per annum

GuarantorsCandidates shall obtain the consent of two acceptable guarantors who must provide personal guarantee for

repayment of the loan.

Repayment of LoanLoan amount must be repaid with a period of not less than 36 months after the recipient has graduated.

How to applyThe application form, may be obtained from the RISM Secretariat or downloaded from RISM website:

http://www.rism.org.my.

All application must be sent to:The Chairman

Scholarship and Education Fund CommitteeRoyal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia

3rd Floor, Bangunan Juruukur, 64-66, Jalan 52/4, 46200 Petaling Jaya


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Pemuliharaan & Pembaikan

Masjid Kayu Tradisional

Suhana Johar1, Hafsah Yahaya2, Adi Irfan Che-Ani1, Norngainy Mohd. Tawil1, Mazlan Mohd. Tahir1

1 Fakulti Kejuruteraan & Alam Bina,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM),43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor

2 Fakulti Senibina & Alam Bina, TwintechInternational University College of TechnologyMalaysia (TWINTECH), 52200 Kuala Lumpur

Kecacatan dan kerosakan adalah lumrah dalam mana-manabangunan tidak kira pada bangunan baru atau lama. Bangunanyang dibina dari bahan kayu sememangnya tidak dapat lari darifaktor kerosakan dan kecacatan yang dapat mengurangkan nilaikepenggunaan. Dalam melakukan mana-mana kerja pembaikan,penelitian terhadap punca kerosakan adalah penting begitu jugadengan pemilihan teknik pembaikan. Dalam amalan pemuliharaan,beberapa prinsip kerja perlu difahami terlebih dahulu, tentang apayang boleh dan apa yang tidak seharusnya dilakukan bagimemastikan objektif pemuliharaan suatu elemen itu benar-benardicapai. Beberapa teknik digunapakai dalam memulihara elemenkayu seperti teknik penggantian samada penggantian penuh atausebahagian, sistem WER, suntikan resin dan penggunaan sistemsokongan mekanikal bagi memastikan bahan binaan ini dapatterus dikekalkan penggunaannya.

1.0 Pengenalan

Pemuliharaan di Malaysia merupakan satu bidang yang tidakasing lagi. Walaupun ia bermula agak lewat berbanding dengan negara-negara luar yang lain, perkembangan bidang ini semakin mendapat tempat di

hati masyarakat Malaysia kini. Di celah-celah kepesatan pembangunan danperkembangan teknologi, masih terselit kesan-kesan dan tinggalan sejarah yangmasih berdiri seperti Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad, Masjid Jamek di KualaLumpur, Masjid Tengkera di Melaka, tugu-tugu dan sebagainya. Bangunan-bangunan lama ini yang masih berdiri teguh jelas menunjukkan keunikan senibinanya dan peninggalan bangunan bersejarah ini yang tidak ternilai harganya(Ahmad, 1997; Kamal, 2007). Kepentingannya tidak boleh disangkal, justeru itu,pemuliharaan menjadi satu tanggungjawab penting yang harus dipikul oleh setiapindividu dalam masyarakat masa kini khususnya bagi mengekalkan

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kesinambungan sejarah yang pernahberlaku dahulu.

Sebagaimana bangunan dengan rekaanistimewa yang lain, masjid juga turutmenyumbang kepada kesinambungan senibina di negara ini. Masjid-masjid lamadengan rekaan vernakular tradisional iniamat perlu dipulihara kerana bilangannyaamat sukar didapati sekarang. Sungguhpunmasjid-masjid ini telah banyak yangmengalami perubahan dari segipenggunaan bahan binaan asal, namunkebanyakannya masih mengekalkanpenggunaan struktur yang sama. Masjid-masjid lama ini dahulunya menggunakankayu-kayu keras tempatan, dibina dengan

menampilkan kehalusan dan kemahiranseni pertukangan yang sukar didapatisekarang.

Dalam meniti usia yang semakinmeningkat, bangunan masjid ini juga tidakterlepas dari mengalami masalah kecacatandan kerosakan akibat proses ‘wear andtear’. Masalah ini jelas dapat dilihat lebih-lebih lagi pada bangunan lama yang tidakdijaga dan tiada penyelenggaraan khususdilakukan. Lazimnya, masalah yang seringmelanda pada bangunan kayu khususnyabangunan yang berada dalam kawasantropika adalah kebanyakannya berpuncaakibat lembapan dan serangan biologiseperti anai-anai dan kulat pereput.

Pemuliharaanmenekankan konsep

ketulenan dan pengekalanmerupakan pendekatan

yang selalu digunakandalam mana-mana

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Pendedahan yang berterusan pada ejen perosak danpersekitaran tanpa langkah pencegahan yang betul akanmenyebabkan bangunan lebih cepat usang (Glover 2000,Abdullah 1994). Dalam menjalankan kerja-kerja pembaikan,perlunya pemahaman terhadap punca kerosakan bagimemastikan cara pembaikan terbaik dapat dicapai. Malah,pemahaman terhadap punca dan agen kerosakan dapatmengurangkan risiko kerosakan yang lebih besar (Glover,2000). Kecacatan bangunan perlu dilihat secara menyeluruhdan kegagalan dalam mengenal pasti kecacatan bangunanboleh menyebabkan pemilihan kerja pembaikan yang salah(Richardson, 2001 & Ransom 1981). Kerja pembaikan yangdijalankan haruslah tepat dengan kerosakan dan tidakmerosakkan nilai warisan yang wujud dalam suatu strukturtersebut (Fielden, 2000).

Pemuliharaan menekankan konsep ketulenan danpengekalan merupakan pendekatan yang selalu digunakandalam mana-mana program pemuliharaan. Mengekalkanpenggunaan bahan asal, seni bina, ciri-ciri sejarah dansebagainya adalah beberapa aspek yang sering ditekankan.Pemilihan dan penggunaan teknik pembaikan yang betulpada struktur berkayu adalah penting selain bagi memenuhiobjektif pemuliharaan, suatu struktur berkayu dapat terusdigunakan dan mengekalkan nilai-nilai warisan yang adapadanya.

2.0 Apakah Pemuliharaan dan KonsepPemuliharaanUmumnya pemuliharaan dikenali sebagai aktiviti atautindakan untuk memanjangkan hayat sesuatu benda.Pemuliharaan mengandungi dua aktiviti iaitu pulih danpelihara; dan merupakan penjagaan terhadap sesuatudaripada musnah atau diubah tanpa perancangan yang teliti(Harun, 2005). Pemuliharaan juga dilihat sebagai prosesmenguruskan perubahan dan dalam waktu yang samapembangunan merupakan mekanisme yang membawaperubahan (Orbasli, 2008). Maksud pemuliharaan khususnyaapabila digunakan dalam bidang alam bina juga meliputiaktiviti untuk mencegah pereputan, yang mengandungisemua perbuatan untuk memanjangkan hayat suatu budayadan warisan semula jadi (Fielden, 2000).

Berdasarkan pandangan Fielden (2000), aktiviti dan amalanpemuliharaan dilihat sebagai suatu yang teknikal yang manalangkah atau aktiviti untuk mencegah pereputanmemerlukan pengetahuan dan kaedah yang bersifat sains.Definisi pemuliharaan yang diberikan tidak hanya menumpupada aspek teknikal malah ia juga menjurus kepadaperancangan dan pengurusan bangunan bersejarah yanglebih dinamik dalam proses dan pemanjangan hayatbangunan.

Dalam pemuliharaan, penelitian terhadap aspek ‘nilai’merupakan perkara penting dalam menentukan kepentingansuatu harta budaya untuk dipulihara (Fielden, 2000). Konsepkeaslian pula amat ditekankan bagi memastikan suatu hartabudaya itu adalah benar-benar bernilai untuk dipulihara. Iniditegaskan oleh Young (1991) bahawa suatu warisan ituperlu dipulihara dengan keasliannya yang sebenarsebagaimana bukti sejarah yang ada kerana ia merupakansebahagian daripada bahan-bahan dokumentasi yangmembolehkan suatu anggapan berkenaan masa lampau

dapat dilakukan. Menurut Fielden (1979), dalammelaksanakan kerja-kerja pemuliharaan, empat (4) aspekkeaslian yang perlu dipertimbangkan dan dipraktikkanseperti yang digariskan oleh ICCROM (International Centrefor Study on Preservation and Restoration of CulturalProperty) iaitu keaslian bahan, keaslian reka bentuk, keaslianmutu kerja dan teknik pembuatan dan keaslian susun aturdan pembinaan. Penelitian terhadap aspek keaslian bahanpenting kerana ia membolehkan kita mengetahui tentangteknologi yang lepas. Ini turut dinyatakan oleh Rahman(2006) bahawa kerja-kerja pemuliharaan yang berteraskankeaslian hendaklah dipraktikkan di mana pengekalanharuslah dibuat terhadap bahan binaan berdasarkan kepadajenis bahan, warna dan tekstur. Menurut Fielden (2000),kepelbagaian transformasi yang telah dialami bagi sesebuahbangunan telah melahirkan konsep keaslian reka bentukiaitu kajian bagi mengenal pasti struktur asal bangunan, gayaseni bina dan hubungan bangunan dengan persekitaran.Keaslian pada susun atur bangunan perlu bagi dapatmemberi gambaran sebenar berkenaan bentuk bangunandan mengaitkannya dengan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah yangpernah dialami. Biasanya keaslian ini dapat ditentukandengan melakukan penyelidikan arkeologi (Harun, 2005).Manakala, keaslian mutu kerja adalah bagi mengekalkanketulenan seni pertukangan dan teknik pembuatan yangamat sukar didapati sekarang.

3.0 Prinsip dan Pendekatan PemuliharaanMasjidBeberapa prinsip asas dalam melaksanakan kerjapemuliharaan perlu difahami terlebih dahulu. Prinsipmerupakan aspek penting yang menjadi panduan dalammana-mana aktiviti pemuliharaan bangunan dan monumenbersejarah. Ini terkandung dalam pelbagai piagamantarabangsa.

Pemuliharaan telah dikenal pasti sebagai satu tindakan atauaktiviti yang berkaitan dengan kerja-kerja membaikikerosakan dan penjagaan bangunan bersejarah. Setiapaktiviti pemuliharaan itu akan melibatkan gangguan iaituperkara yang menyentuh kepada ‘nilai’ suatu bangunanbersejarah. Gangguan tersebut adalah sebaiknya yang palingminima kerana ia akan melibatkan kehilangan nilai danseharusnya ia boleh dikawal atau disesuaikan mengikutkeadaan. Ini dinyatakan dalam mana-mana piagamantarabangsa yang berfungsi bagi memandu kerja-kerjapemuliharaan warisan seperti dalam Piagam Burra danVenice. Menurut Ahmad (2006), kejayaan dalam setiap kerja-kerja pemuliharaan warisan adalah berdasarkan kepadaprinsip-prinsip asas pemuliharaan warisan itu sendiri jikaianya dipatuhi. Sehubungan dengan itu, kerja-kerjapemuliharaan warisan perlu dijalankan dengan teknik dan

Penelitian terhadap aspekkeaslian bahan penting kerana ia

membolehkan kita mengetahuitentang teknologi yang lepas


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kaedah pemuliharaan yang betul. Ahmad (2006) jugamencadangkan empat prinsip utama yang perlu sentiasadiamalkan dalam kerja-kerja pemuliharaan di Malaysia iaitu:

1. Meminimakan Gangguan. Seperti yang terkandungdalam (Piagam Burra Artikel 3, 1979) menggariskanbahawa “....pemuliharaan merupakan kerja-kerja yangmengganggu bangunan dari segi kedudukan dan fabrikbangunan. Oleh itu sebarang gangguan untukpenyelidikan dan kerja awalan mestilah palingminima....”.

2. Menjalankan kajian saintifik dan ujian makmal. Sepertiyang terkandung dalam ICOMOS, Artikel 13, 1998 yangmenggariskan “..pemuliharaan seharusnya berdasarkanpenyelidikan dan penyiasatan fizikal dan sebaiknya iabersifat tidak memusnahkan” dan Artikel 10 (e)..“..gangguan awalan seharusnya mendahulukan kerja-kerja adalah penyelidikan, penyiasatan dan merekodyang bersesuaian”.

3. Mendokumentasikan kerja-kerja pemuliharaan. Initerkandung dalam Artikel 10 (f), ICOMOS 1998 yangmenggariskan .. “..rekod dan dokumentasi pemuliharaanseharusnya dijaga dan diselenggara termasuklah rekodbangunan atau tapak dalam arkib yang bersesuaian..”

4. Mengaplikasikan kaedah dan teknik yang terbuktiberkesan. Dalam Fasal 4, Artikel 4.1 dan 4.2, PiagamBurra menggariskan bahawa “..pemuliharaan harusmemanfaatkan seluruh ilmu pengetahuan, kemahirandan disiplin yang dapat memberi sumbangan padakajian dan pemuliharaan suatu tempat..” dan “.. bahandan teknik tradisional lebih diutamakan bagipemuliharaan bahan yang signifikan. Bagi keadaantertentu, penggunaan teknik moden dan bahan yanghampir sama boleh disesuaikan…”.

Umumnya terdapat tujuh (7) pendekatan yang digunakanbagi suatu program pemuliharaan, dan ianya bolehdigabungkan bergantung kepada situasi dan keperluandalam memenuhi objektif pemuliharaan tersebut iaitupemeliharaan, pengekalan, pengembalian semula,penjagaan, pembangunan semula, pemulihan danpengukuhan (Kamal & Ahmad 2007, Idid, 1996, Fielden1982).

Dalam memulihara bangunan keagamaan khususnya sepertimasjid, beberapa pendekatan diguna pakai bagimemanjangkan penggunaan bangunan ini kepadamasyarakat Islam. Antaranya seperti pemeliharaan,pengekalan, penjagaan dan pengembalian semula. Projekpemuliharaan Masjid Tinggi Lama di Bagan Serai (gambarfoto 1), Perak misalnya telah menjalani kerja-kerjapemulihan dan pemuliharaan dengan mengekalkanbeberapa ciri-ciri penting seperti bahan binaan, reka bentukbangunan dan lokasi. Manakala pemuliharaan MasjidKampung Laut di Nilam Puri, Kelantan pula telah melaluikerja-kerja pengembalian semula setelah dipindahkan darilokasi asalnya akibat ancaman bencana alam.

Dalam memulihara bangunan masjid ini, tidak semuapendekatan boleh diguna pakai dan ia bergantung padajustifikasi keadaan. Konsep pengembalian semula yang

dirujuk dalam Artikel 1.7, Piagam Burra (1999) misalnya, iabermaksud mengembalikan semula struktur yang sedia adakepada keadaan asal seperti yang diketahui denganmembuang tambahan-tambahan atau memasangkomponen atau elemen bangunan yang pernah terdapattanpa menggunakan atau memperkenalkan sebarang bahanbaru ke atasnya. Burden (2004), mendefinisikanpengembalian semula sebagai usaha untuk mendapatkanbentuk dan butiran secara tepat sesuatu benda sewaktu iawujud melalui penanggalan atau penggantian bahan yangtelah hilang dengan yang baru. Berbeza dengan keadaanmasjid lama khususnya yang masih digunakan di manapenambahan-penambahan ruang dapat dilihat dengan jelaskerana konsep masjid adalah untuk menggalakkankehadiran jemaah (lihat gambar foto 2). Struktur-strukturyang kebanyakannya adalah dalam bentuk kekal ini tidakdigalakkan untuk diroboh mengikut konsep pengembaliansemula kerana ia akan menjejaskan konsep sebuah masjid.

Gambar foto (1): Masjid Tinggi Lama Bagan Serai dibina pada 1897, dantelah menjalani kerja pemuliharaan bangunan.

Gambar foto (2): Masjid Lama Kg. Mendun, Negeri Sembilan yang berusiahampir 100 tahun masih berdiri dengan binaan tambahan struktur yangboleh dibezakan dengan yang asal. Masjid ini dikatakan dibina padatahun 1928 yang diasaskan oleh Tuan Hj Mohd Said B.Patun, salahseorang penduduk tetap dan ulama di kampung tersebut.


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Namun, ia boleh digunakan jika terdapat justifikasi lainseperti adanya masjid baru yang dibina berdekatan atau iatidak lagi digunakan.

Sebagaimana memulihara bangunan-bangunan lama yanglain, kaedah pembaikan dan penggantian terhadap elemen-elemen yang rosak dan hilang pada sebuah masjid perlulahmenggunakan pendekatan yang bersesuaian. Misalnyapenggunaan jenis kayu bagi menggantikan elemen yangtelah rosak akibat pereputan yang serius, ia perlulahmengikut jenis kayu yang sama. Jika sukar didapati,penggunaan kayu yang mempunyai ciri dan kekuatan yanghampir sama boleh digunakan. Untuk elemen yang telahhilang pula, konsep pengembalian semula digunakan iaitudengan menghasilkan semula dengan melakukan peniruandari segi rekaan dan penggunaan bahan binaan. Inibersesuaian dengan konsep pembinaan semula menurutArtikel 1.8, Piagam Burra (1999) iaitu denganmengembalikan sesuatu itu sedekat yang mungkin kepadakeadaan asalnya dan boleh dibezakan denganmenggunakan bahan-bahanlama dan baru. MenurutBurden (2004), pembinaansemula didefinisikan sebagaipembinaan baru terhadap apayang telah hilang ataumusnah, dalam bentukkeadaan yang asal dari segibahan binaan dan perincianyang asli. Apa-apa penggantianterhadap elemen yang hilangatau mengalami keusanganyang teruk mestilah mampukelihatan bersatu dan harmonidengan keadaan keseluruhandan boleh dibezakan antarabahan atau elemen yang asaldengan yang baru melalui satupemeriksaan yang teliti.

4.0 TeknikPembaikan Bangunan Kayu Dalam mana-mana kerja bangunan, penggunaan teknik yangbetul dapat memastikan suatu kerja itu dilakukan dengantepat. Pemilihan teknik yang bersesuaian dalampemuliharaan bangunan, berserta mengaplikasikan prinsipasas pemuliharaan adalah penting bagi menjayakan suatukerja pemuliharaan. Kerja-kerja pemuliharaan amat menitikberatkan pengekalan keaslian suatu harta budaya tersebut.Dalam memenuhi kriteria ini, beberapa prinsip asas telahdiwujudkan bagi memastikan gangguan atau kerja-kerjayang dijalankan dilakukan sebaik mungkin dan ini tidaksemestinya tetap kerana ia bergantung pada keadaan-keadaan tertentu. Menurut Weaver (1999), antara prinsipkerja pembaikan kayu yang lazimnya digunakan adalah:

1. Cari dan buang/ hapuskan punca kerosakan. MenurutRidout (2000), punca utama yang menyebabkankerosakan pada kayu adalah kelembapan. Mana-manabahagian yang terjejas teruk akibat kerosakan yangdisebabkan oleh kehadiran kelembapan yang tinggi

perlulah di cari puncanya. Bahagian-bahagian sepertikebocoran atap atau bumbung, talang air (gutter) danruang pengudaraan perlu dibaiki sama ada ditampalatau ditukar bergantung pada tahap kerosakan.

2. Kekalkan seberapa banyak kerja-kerja asli yangterdahulu.

3. Apabila membaiki atap bumbung dan lantai kayu ditingkat atas, perhatian diperlukan terutamanya padabahagian bawah siling khususnya apabila terdapatnyakerja-kerja dekorasi seperti lepaan (plastering) padatingkat bawah bangunan.

4. Kaedah meluruskan bahagian struktur yang bertukarbentuk (deformed) perlulah dilakukan dengan berhati-hati. Pada keadaan tertentu, struktur ini amat senanguntuk patah, meregang dan akhirnya tidak bolehdigunakan.

5. Pastikan kayu yangdidedahkan adalah memangdireka bentuk untukdidedahkan. Banyakkerosakan kemudiannyadikesan apabila cat pelindung,‘stucco’ misalnya dibuangkerana tersilap tafsiranbahawa permukaan sebenarkayu adalah tanpa sebarangcat.

Selain sebagai panduan asas,pengamatan dan penggunaanprinsip ini dalam kerjapembaikan juga dapatmemastikan bahawa suatukerja pemuliharaan itu tidaktersasar dari matlamatsebenarnya. Dalam mana-mana kerja pemuliharaan danpembaikan, gangguan yang

minimum adalah penting, justeru itu tidak semua keadaanmemerlukan penggantian bahan yang baru. Untukpemuliharaan struktur kayu, empat jenis teknik yanglazimnya digunakan dan dalam suatu projek tidaksemestinya menggunakan satu teknik malah bolehdigabungkan mengikut kesesuaian yang dikehendaki.

Kaedah atau teknik bagi kerja-kerja restorasi danpemuliharaan kayu ini boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapajenis dan ianya sama ada penggunaan teknik penggantian,penggunaan teknik reinforcement mekanikal, pengukuhandengan pengisitepuan (consolidation by impregnation) dangabungan pengukuhan dengan reinforcement (consolidationand reinforcement) (Weaver, 1999; Ridout 2000 & Ashurt,1989).

4.1 Penggantian Penuh dan SeparaSalah satu jenis teknik pembaikan bagi bangunan kayuadalah menggunakan konsep guna semula. Penggunaansemula struktur kayu dilakukan sama ada secara penuh atau

Pemilihan teknik yangbersesuaian dalam pemuliharaan

bangunan, bersertamengaplikasikan prinsip asas

pemuliharaan adalah penting bagimenjayakan suatu kerja

pemuliharaan. Kerja-kerjapemuliharaan amat menitik

beratkan pengekalan keasliansuatu harta budaya tersebut.


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sebahagiannya. Jika kayu-kayu lamayang terdapat pada suatu bangunanitu berada dalam keadaan usang danteruk kerosakannya, kerja-kerja baikpulih boleh dilakukan sama adasecara separa iaitu mengeluarkanbahagian yang rosak dan digantikandengan yang baru atau penggantiankeseluruhan anggota struktur denganyang baru. Penggantian separadigunakan jika suatu struktur itumasih berada dalam keadaan yangbaik dan hanya memerlukanpembaikan pada kawasan-kawasanyang tertentu sahaja. Bahagian yangrosak teruk akan dipotong dandigantikan dengan kayu baru.Manakala penggantian keseluruhandiaplikasikan apabila suatu struktur itumengalami kegagalan yang agakserius. Penggantian separa ini akanmemerlukan beberapa kaedahpemasangan dan sokongan yang betulbagi memastikan suatu struktur itukembali berfungsi seperti yangdikehendaki. Kedua-dua penggantianini perlulah melihat kepada beberapaaspek yang ditekankan dalampemuliharaan bangunan. Kayu baruyang menggantikan kayu lama iniperlu sesuai sama ada dari segi jenisdan spesies kayu, kualitinya, warnadan arah ira bagi memastikanpenggantian bahan baru ini harmonidengan keadaan yang asalnya.

4.2 Sistem MekanikalReinforcement Teknik ini adalah denganmengembalikan penggunaan kayumelalui sistem penyambunganmekanikal. Bahagian kayu yang rosakakan digantikan dengan kayu barudan dicantum pada bahagian kayuyang masih elok. Untukmemperkukuhkan cantuman ini,kaedah ‘mekanikal reinforcement’digunakan. Umumnya ia dikenalidengan penggunaan sistempenyambungan ‘bolt and nut’, dowel(penetap), pegs (pacang) yangdiperbuat daripada sama ada darikayu, besi atau ‘fibre glass reinforcedplastik’ untuk menguatkan bahagianstruktur kayu tersebut. Sistempenyambungan kayu yang telahlemah boleh dibaiki atau digantidengan penggunaan ‘bracket angleiron’, fishplates’, ‘stirrups’ (rakap) dan‘hangers’.

4.3 Pengukuhan denganPengisitepuan Penggunaan teknik ini adalah denganmenggunakan suntikan ‘syntheticresin’ bagi mengisi ruang-ruang yangrepui untuk meneguhkan strukturyang rosak. Apabila kayu-kayu lamamenjadi agak berserbuk atau repuiakibat tindakan serangga, fungus dankerosakan termal (terbakar), bahagianyang tinggal atau berlohong dicantumsemula dengan kaedah ‘impregnation’kayu dengan ‘synthetic resin’ dengankelikatan rendah atau penggunaan‘molten wax’. Penggunaan ‘syntheticresin’ ini juga boleh digunakandengan ‘filler’ bagi menyatukan kayuketika terdapatnya ruang-ruangpemisah (gap). Cara penggunaanresin ini adalah dengan menggerudikayu untuk dibuat lubang dandimasukkan menggunakan picagari‘hypodermic’ atau ‘bulk loading guns’.

4.4 Pengukuhan danReinforcement Lazimnya kaedah ini dikenali sebagaiSistem WER (Wood EpoxyReinforcement) yang dihasilkan dariCanada (lihat gambar rajah 1).Menurut Weaver (1999) terdapat satulagi sistem yang menggunakankonsep serupa yang dihasilkan dandigunakan di Belanda iaitu SistemBETA. Dua kaedah ini menggunakangabungan ‘synthetic resin’ dan kelulireinforcement untuk mengembalikanstruktur kayu lama danmembolehkannya untuk menanggungbeban semula. Penggunaan kaedahini adalah dengan membuangbahagian yang mengalami kerosakandan pereputan teruk. Untukmenggantikan bahagian ini,penggunaan epoxy mortar yangdiperkukuhkan dengan penggunaanreinforcement dipasang dan

Gambar rajah 1: Kaedah WER (Wood Epoxy Reinforcement) dalam pembaikan rasuk kayu(Diubahsuai dari Weaver, 1999; Ashurt, 1989; Young & Philips, 2008; Johar & Ahmad, 2011)

kayu kukuh

Zon reput: diganti dengan resin

Rod keluli ditanam bersama resin

Pandangan keratan pada pembaikan rasuk kayu

Bahagian yang reput diganti dengan epoxy resin

Bahagian yang lemah dikukuhkan dengan likatan rendah epoxy resin (low viscosity epoxy resin)

Rod keluli ditanam bersama resin


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disambungkan kepada bahagian kayu lama yang masih elok.Penggunaan sistem ini diaplikasikan apabila kayu beradadalam tahap keusangan yang serius dan menggantikannyadengan kaedah lain akan menjejaskan konseppemeliharaannya.

4.5 Pembuangan Lapisan Cat Bangunan-bangunan kayu lama akan turut mengalamiperubahan sebagaimana bangunan lama yang lain.Penggunaan bahan cat sebagai kemasan akhir banyakdikesan pada rumah-rumah, dan bangunan kayu di Malaysia.Penyingkiran bahan ini lazimnya dilakukan bagimengembalikan semula warna asal kayu yang dikehendakidalam suatu kerja pemuliharaan. Proses pembuangan catdapat dilakukan dengan pelbagai cara dan setiap satunyamempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangannya tersendiri.Terdapat tiga cara yang lazimnya digunakan bagi membuanglapisan cat iaitu dengan penggunaan cecair penghilang cat(paint remover), teknik haba dan penggunaan alat penghalus(sander).

4.6 Pengawetan kayu dan Pengawalan SeranganSeranggaPengawetan kayu selalunya digunakan bagi melindungikayu-kayu yang senang diserang oleh agen biologi dengankekuatan menahan serangan tersebut. Terdapat tiga jenisiaitu berasaskan minyak tar (coal-tar creosote); pelarutorganik (Pentachlorophenol, Naphthenate, Tributyl tin oxide,Organo boron compounds, synthetic pyrethroids, gamma-hexachloro-cyclohexane); dan bahan yang larut dalam air(cooper, zink, chromium and arsenic, CCA). Umumnya yangpaling lazim digunakan adalah copper, chromium arsenicsalts (CCA) namun penggunaannya terhad pada struktur-struktur awam seperti jambatan dan tiang-tiang kayu(Hoadley (2000). Pada bangunan pula, bahan pengawetseperti cooper azole banyak digunakan bagi menggantikanpenggunaan CCA.

Perkara yang ditekankan dalam pengawetan adalahpenyerapan bahan pengawet ke dalam kayu. Bahagian yangmenyerap bahan awetan ini adalah bahagian yang selalunyadilindungi. Justeru itu, pemilihan jenis kayu perludipertimbangkan sama ada mudah menyerap atausebaliknya. Proses pengawetan dilakukan dalam dua caraiaitu menggunakan kaedah tekanan (pressure) ataupuntanpa tekanan (kaedah rendaman, celupan/ dipping, sapuanberus). Kaedah berusan atau celupan biasanya digunakanbagi melindungi dan mengawet permukaan kayu sahaja.Kaedah ini lazimnya tidak menghasilkan serapan bahanpengawetan yang dalam, tetapi tujuannya melindungibahagian-bahagian yang terdedah dari serangan biologi.Kesalahan yang lazimnya dilakukan apabila menggunakankaedah sapuan ini adalah mengaplikasikannya apabilastruktur binaan itu telah dibina. Ia seharusnya diaplikasikansebelum dibina terutamanya pada bahagian sambungan danpada bahagian yang terdedah kepada risiko kelembapan.Bahagian-bahagian yang terdedah dengan hujan dankeadaan persekitaran luar, walaupun secara asasnyaterdedah pada kelembapan, namun ia lebih cepat mengeringkerana dengan adanya bantuan cahaya matahari danpengudaraan. Ini berbeza dengan bahagian-bahagian yangterlindung seperti bahagian sambungan yang mana jikaterdapatnya kelembapan, ia lambat untuk mengering. Justeruitu, mengaplikasikan bahan pengawetan ini perlulahdilakukan sebelum kayu ini digunakan dalam sambunganstruktur kerana jika sapuan dilakukan selepas itu, amat sukarbagi memastikan sapuan yang rata dapat dicapai. Tekniksapuan tidak dapat bertahan lama terutamanya jika terdedahsecara terus dan terhakis pada cuaca persekitaran. Justeruitu, kaedah pengawetan yang menjanjikan resapanmendalam bersama kaedah sapuan dapat membantumemanjangkan hayat penggunaan kayu dari seranganbiologi ini.

Kerja-kerja pengawalan serangan serangga dan kulat tidakhanya tertumpu pada pengawetan kayu, malah ia perlu juga

b

a

c

Gambar rajah 2: Kaedah pembuangan cat, (a) menggunakan sapuan ‘paint remover sebelum dikikis; (b) menggunakan kaedah haba; (c) menggunakan alat‘sander’ (Diubahsuai dari DoItYourself, 1995; Johar & Ahmad, 2011; Mustafa et al, 2011)


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dilakukan pada persekitaran bangunankhususnya bagi menggalakkanserangan anai-anai. Penggunaan racunserangga yang digunakan sama adadiinjek dalam tanah, pada kayu ataublok umpan (repellant). Bagi seranggalain seperti kumbang, penggunaanracun serangga sama ada melaluiteknik semburan, injek, kabus(fogging) adalah untuk mengurang

dan membunuh kumbang danlarvanya yang berada di dalam kayu.Kayu yang telah disembur denganbahan pengawet atau racun ini akanmenyebabkan larva kumbang kurangberminat untuk menjadikan sap kayusebagai makanan lalu akhirnya mati.Pemilihan teknik bagi kawalanserangga adalah bergantung padakeadaan kawasan tersebut misalnya

teknik fogging sesuai bagi kawasanyang sukar dimasuki (Ridout, 2000).

5.0 Pembaikan MasjidKayu LamaUmumnya, tiada teknik khusus telahdidokumenkan bagi pembaikanmasjid-masjid lama. Ini adalah kerana,tidak semua kes-kes pemuliharaan itusama malah pemilihan teknikbergantung pada beberapa perkaraseperti kos, jenis pemuliharaan,keadaan dan tahap kerosakan sertasumber yang ada. Umumnya, teknikbagi membaiki masjid-masjid lamakhususnya kayu telah menggunakancara pembaikan bagi bangunan kayulama yang lain.

Dalam membaiki dan mengembalikanfungsi suatu bangunan kayukhususnya masjid kayu lama, kaedahyang lazimnya dikesan adalah denganmenggunakan teknik penggantiansama ada penuh atau separa. Inidapat dilihat pada kerja-kerjapembaikan terdahulu seperti padaMasjid Tinggi Lama, di Perak, masjidKg Laut di Kelantan, Masjid Kg.Mendun di Negeri Sembilan, MasjidKg. Tuan di Terengganu dan yang

a

b

c

Gambar foto 3: Kerja-kerja pembaikan dan pemuliharaan masjid kayu, (a) Kerja-kerja kemasan dalam pembaikan MasjidLama Mulong, Kelantan (b) Proses kerja mengenal pasti warna cat asal, (c) Pembaikan Masjid Lama Kg. Jerang yang hampirsiap (Johar, 2012)

Jadual 1: Penggunaan teknik pembaikan yang diaplikasikan dalam kerja pembaikan danpemuliharaan masjid kayu lama di Malaysia

Nama MasjidKayu Lama

Sistem Penggantian

Penuh/ Sebahagian

Sistem Pengukuhan Mekanikal

Pengukuhan dengan

Pengisitepuan

Pengukuhan dengan

Reinforcement

Masjid Lama Mulong, KelantanMasjid Lama Kg Kuala Dal, Kuala KangsarMasjid Lama Kg Jerang, Negeri SembilanMasjid Lama Kg. Sungai Relai, Negeri SembilanMasjid Tinggi Lama, Bagan SeraiMasjid Kg. Laut, Kelantan

� �

�

� �

�

� �

� �


20

Gambar rajah 3: Rangka kerja pembaikan kayu dalam amalan pemuliharaan bangunan (Diubahsuai dari Johar, 2012)

Pembaikan dan Pemuliharaan Masjid Kayu Lama

Kerja-kerja Pemuliharaan Bangunan

Kajian Lanjutan

Kajian Tapak Ujian Makmal

Kerja-kerja Sementara

Kerja-kerja Menanggal/ buka dan pengasingan

Kerja-kerja Baik Pulih

Penggantian Peneguhan Mekanikal

Pengisitepuan Pengisitepuan reinforcemen

Kerja-kerja lapisan Perlindungan

Kerja-kerja Pemasangan

Kerja-kerja kemasan dan perlindungan

Laporan Kerja Pembaikan

Khidmat kepakaran teknikal

- Kajian skema cat dan komposisi bahan

- Kerangka keselamatan- Bumbung sementara

- Kerja-kerja melabel/ tagging

- Pengasingan mengikut keadaan dan kerosakan bahan; rosak > 80% dilupuskan dan yang masih elok dikekalkan untuk digunakan semula.

- Proses menaggal mengikut ruang dan urutan

Teknik pembaikan*aplikasi teknik boleh digabungkan antara satu sama lain, mengikut keperluan

Membuang lapisan cat lama

- Alat ‘sander’- Alat pemanas- Cecair Pelarut

cat

- 1 lapisan asas - 2 lapisan cat

kemasan

Rekod dan rujukan

Kerja-kerja baik pulih kerosakan bangunan

- Decay Detecting Drill (Non destructive survey)

- Kenal pasti spesis kayu

Pelupusan punca kerosakan

Proses membersih dan membuang bahagian yang rosak

Sapuan berus

Bahan yang mengandungi pengawet kayu/ cooper azole

Bahan yang mengandungi pengawet kayu/ cooper azole

- Sapuan berus atau semburan

- Perlindungan persekitaran

2.Lapisan Kemasan1.Perlindungan

Dok

umen

tasi

terbaru Masjid Lama Mulong di Kelantan (gambar foto 3).Selain itu terdapat juga teknik khusus yang mula digunapakai iaitu mengaplikasikan penggunaan teknik pengukuhansecara mekanikal bagi mengukuhkan struktur kayuterutamanya pada bahagian sambungan.

Penggunaan teknik yang lebih bersifat kejuruteraan(engineered) seperti pengukuhan pengisitepuan danpengukuhan reinforcement kebanyakannya tidakdiaplikasikan dalam aktiviti pemuliharaan bangunan kayu diMalaysia. Penggunaan teknik ini memerlukan kepakaran danpenggunaan bahan tertentu serta boleh melibatkan kos yangtinggi. Suatu struktur kayu yang menjalani proses ini perlulahsangat bernilai dimana kehilangan atau penggantiannyadengan bahan yang lain boleh menjejaskan ciri dan nilaisignifikan pada bangunan tersebut. Pemilihan teknikkonvensional lebih mudah digunakan disamping murahkerana tidak memerlukan kepakaran tertentu, namunpenggunaan teknik ini tidak banyak dapat mengekalkankeaslian binaan tersebut. Dalam setiap bangunan kayu,termasuk juga pada bangunan masjid, penggunaan bahanpengawet kayu amat penting bagi memanjangkanpenggunaan bahan binaan ini dalam alam binaan. Pemilihankayu dalam kerja-kerja pembaikan haruslah

mempertimbangkan penggunaan kayu yang telah diawetuntuk mengelakkan kecacatan bangunan pada jangka waktuyang singkat terutama pada bahagian yang mudah terdedahpada agen pereputan. Penggunaan sapuan lapisan pelindungbukan hanya memelihara bangunan kayu dari cepat mereputmalah dapat mengekalkan ciri-ciri estetik kayu sebagai bahanbinaan semula jadi. Tata cara pembaikan kayu ini dapatdirujuk melalui gambar rajah 3 yang telah diringkaskan (tatacara ini boleh berubah mengikut keperluan pembaikanbahan binaan kayu tersebut).

6.0 KesimpulanDalam memastikan suatu kerja pemuliharaan itu dijalankansebaiknya, pemilihan teknik yang sesuai perludipertimbangkan. Pemahaman terhadap kerosakan danfaktor kecacatan bangunan adalah penting diketahui dalammana-mana kerja pemuliharaan. Berdasarkan itu, beberapateknik pembaikan bagi bangunan berunsurkan kayu telahdihasilkan selain untuk memastikan penggunaan kayu dapatterus dilanjutkan. Pemahaman dalam penggunaan teknikbagi kerja pembaikan adalah penting bagi memastikan suatukerja pembaikan itu dijalankan dengan sempurna, dapatmengurangkan risiko kerosakan lanjutan dan dapatmemenuhi tuntutan suatu kerja pemuliharaan. l


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RujukanAbdullah, Hasnan (1994), Teknologi PengurusanPenyelenggaraan, Penerbit Universiti teknologiMalaysia, UTM Skudai, Malaysia.

Ahmad, A.Ghafar. (1997). British ColonialArchitecture in Malaysia 1800-1930. MuseumsAssociation of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Ahmad, A.Ghafar. (2006). Rangka KerjaPemuliharaan Bangunan Warisan di Malaysia,Bengkel Konservasi Monumen dan Tapak TanahBersejarah, 27-29 November 2006, Hotel Mahkota,Melaka. Ms.1-12.

Ashurts, J. & Ashurt, Nicole (1989), PracticalBuilding Conservation Series; Volume 5: Wood,Glass and Resins, Gower Technical Press, England.

Burden, E. (2004). Illustrated Dictionary ofArchitectural Preservation. McGraw-Hill, New York.

DoItYourself. (1995). How to Remove Paint.Retrieved August 2009, from DoItYourself:http://www.doityourself.com/stry/h2removepaint

Fielden, M. Bernard (1979)., The Principle ofConservation, Conservation of Cultural Property(ICCROM), 1979.

Fielden, M. Bernard. (2000). Conservation ofHistoric Buildings. Architectural Press, Oxford.

Fielden, M. Bernard.( 1982), Conservation ofHistoric Buildings, London: Butterworth Scientific,1982.

Glover, Peter (2003), Building Surveys, 5th Edition,Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain.

Harun, S. Norlizaiha (2005), Amalan KerjaPemuliharaan Bangunan Bersejarah Di Malaysia,Phd Thesis USM, 2005.

Hoadley, R.B. (2000). Understanding Wood: ACraftsman’s Guide to Wood Technology. TauntonPress.

ICOMOS (1998). International Charters forConservtion and Restoration.http://www.international,icomos.org/, September2006.

ICOMOS, A. (1979). Charter For The Conservation ofPlaces of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter).Australia: ICOMOS.

ICOMOS. (1999). Principle for the Preservation ofHistoric Timber Structure, 1999. ICOMOS. Availableonline: http://www.international,icomos.org/,Accessed on March 2009.

Idid. S.Z.A (1996), Pemeliharaan Warisan RupaBandar: Panduan mengenali Warisan Rupa Bandar

berasaskan Inventori Bangunan Warisan Malaysia.Kuala Lumpur: Badan Warisan Malaysia.

Johar, S, Ahmad A.G. (2011).Pemuliharaan danPembaikan Masjid Kayu Tradisional: TinjauanTeknik Pembaikan, Pemuliharaan dan PromosiWarisan: Memperkasa Khazanah Negara,Simposium Warisan Kebangsaan- KelestarianWarisan Negara, 29 September 2011, PusatPengajian Sains Kemasyarakatan, Universiti SainsMalaysia, Pulau Pinang.

Johar, S. (2012). Pembaikan dan PemuliharaanMasjid Kayu Lama Di Malaysia, Phd Thesis, USM,2012.

Kamal, K.Syahril & Ahmad, A.Ghafar, (2007);Pendekatan dalam Kerja Pemuliharaan BangunanBersejarah di Malaysia: Satu Tinjauan Umum, PostGraduate Research Colloquium 2007, 30-31 January2007, Penang, Malaysia.

Kamal, K.Syahril (2007), Kecacatan Dan KerosakanUmum Pada Rumah Melayu Tradisional: Kajian KesRumah Kutai, Proceedings 2nd Asean PostGraduate Seminar in Built Environment, 4-6December 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Pg. 189-198.

Mustafa, N.K.F. et al. (2011). “Conservation andRepair Works for Traditional Timber Mosque inMalaysia: A Review on Techniques”. Proceedings ofWorld Academy of Science, Engineering andTechnology. 77(May2011):862-867.

Orbasli, Aylin (2008), Architectural ConservationPrinciple and Practice, Blackwell Publishing,Blackwell Science, USA.

Rahman, N.H. (2006). Kepentingan Arkeologidalam Kerja-kerja Konservasi Monumen dan TapakTanah Bersejarah, 27-29 November 2006, HotelMahkota, Melaka. Ms.1-40.

Richardson, B.A (2001), Defects and Deteriorationin Buildings, 2nd Edition, Spon Press, New York.

Ridout, Brian (2000) Timber Decay in Buildings,The conservation Aproach to Treatment, E & FNSpoon, London & New York.

Weaver, Martin. E (1997), Conserving Buildings, AManual Techniques and Materials, John Wiley andSons, Inc, New York.

Young, David & Philips, Peter (2008), Timber Repair,Technical Leaflet, NSW Department of Planning,Victorian Goverment Department Of Planning andCommunity Development, Melbourne, Australia,March 2008. Available Online atwww.heritage.vic.gov.au, Accessed on 8 July 2009.

Young, G. (1991). Authenticity in CulturalConservation, Australia Planner, Vol 29, 3-5.


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Empirical Study of theImpact of Revitalise Old Industrial Buildings on Property PricesThe Case of Hong Kong

Hei Lam, PoonUndergraduate student, Department of Building and Real Estate,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong;Email: [email protected]


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Hong Kong’s economy has undergone a remarkable transformation in the past threedecades. The most visible phenomenon in this transformation is the relocation of

traditional manufacturing activities to China since the 90’s. This has led many of the oldindustrial buildings under-utilised and dilapidated. The HKSAR Government launched the

“Revitalising Industrial Buildings Policy” in order to revitalise these under-utilisedproperties with the aim to provide suitable land and premises to meet the local economic

and social needs. Yet, as suggested in the literature, there is no evidence of positivedevelopment externalities reflected in improved real estate values for surrounding

properties. However, there are only a few empirical studies that have been carried out inHong Kong to investigate how revitalisation affects residential property prices in a

neighbourhood. In this light, this study explores the relationships between therevitalisation of old industrial buildings and the market value of the neighbourhood

residential properties, with a case study in Kwun Tong. A set of panel data is employedand price differentiation at different revitalisation stages is explored. The findings suggest

that revitalisation did not originate a net positive price effect on neighbourhoods’residential properties which is in line with findings of the previous studies. The study also

finds that negative externalities generated by the revitalisation during and post-revitalisation stages are almost similar in magnitudes. However, the wholesale conversion

mode and small scale revitalisation have less negative impacts on the prices.

1. INTRODUCTION

The change of economic structurein Hong Kong has significant impacts to thelocal industrial buildings. In the past decades,

Hong Kong economic structure has graduallychanged from manufacturing base to services base.In 2010, the manufacturing sector only contributes1.7% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), whereasthe services sector contributes 93% to the GDP(Census and Statistics Department, 2012). As aresult of Hong Kong’s economic reconstructing andrelocation of traditional manufacturing activities tothe Mainland, many of the industrial buildings arevacant or under-utilised (Development Bureau,2010). According to the report from the Rating andValuation Department (2012), there is 6% vacancyrate for private flatted factories at the end of 2011.This data suggested that there are about 1 millionsquare metre of floor area that is under-utilised.Also, the old industrial buildings are usuallyconsidered in undesirable conditions and hamperthe pace of urban renewal.

In view of this, the Government tried to widenpermissible uses in industrial buildings by rezoningsuitable existing industrial land from “Industrial” (“I”)to “Other Specified Uses (Business)” (“OU(B)”)zones as early as 2001 in order to encourage therevitalisation of old industrial buildings.

Recently, the Government launched the “RevitalisingIndustrial Buildings Policy” (the Policy) to furtherpromote the revitalisation of factory buildings (TheGovernment of the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region, 2009). The policy providesmeasures to encourage redevelopment in non-industrial zones and wholesale conversion in“industrial”, “other specified uses (business)”(“OU(B)”) and “commercial” zones (DevelopmentBureau, 2010). Refinements are introduced after themid-term review.

As a result, the revitalisation potential is very highand it is foreseeable that the districts with plenty ofold industrial buildings, such as Kwun Tong wouldbe changed dramatically in the future if theGovernment can increase the owners’ or developers’incentive to carry out the revitalisation of industrialbuildings.

The objective of the policy is to provide suitable landand premises to meet Hong Kong’s economic andsocial needs. In other words, the aim of this policy isto create positive externalities to the society bytransforming the old dilapidated industrial buildinginto a modern sustainable building. However,building revitalisation may also bring severalproblems to the society, such as wall effect,reduction of openness and increase the burden ofnearby mass transport system. These problemswould cause negative externalities to the society.Since the market value of the neighbourhoodresidential properties can reflect the impact of theexternalities produced by the revitalisations, thisstudy aims to analyse the relationships between therevitalisation of old industrial buildings and themarket value of the neighbourhood residentialproperties.


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2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Components affecting residential propertypricesThere are a number of researches studying the differentcombinations of property attributes on variation in residentialproperty prices. The determinants of dwelling prices aregrouped into the three categories, namely location, structuraland neighbourhood variables (Can, 1990). By urbaneconomic theory, location variables enter the pricedetermination equation of dwelling values because residentsliving far away from Central Business District incur highertransportation costs and should be compensated by lowerland and housing prices in order to maintain spatialequilibrium. Neighbourhood variables are also capitalisedinto property values through the amenity effect. Can (1990)shows that the effects of structural housing attributes areequally important within the broad housing market isincorrect, and that the influence of structural attributes onprices is characterised by spatial variability. Since the effect ofstructural attributes on price may vary depending on location,neighbourhood attributes may also depend largely uponother neighbourhood factors. More generally, potentialendogeneity of these effects at the neighbourhood level canaffect the pricing behaviour of owners of existing units, aswell as builders of new ones, and thereby are the result of,and lead to further, the process of neighbourhood change(Rothenberg et al., 1991).

2.2 Impact of buildingrevitalisation to thevalue ofneighbourhoodpropertiesThe definition of buildingrevitalisation may vary fromplace to place. According tothe 2009-10 PolicyAddress, the revitalisationof older industrial buildingsis promoted byredevelopment andwholesale conversion of vacant or under-utilised industrialbuildings (The Government of the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region, 2009).

Locally, there has been little empirical evidence on theimpact of building revitalisation to the value ofneighbourhood properties. Chau et al. (2004) and Lai et al.(2007) investigated how two comprehensive redevelopmentprojects altered the spatial-price gradients of the residentialproperties in their neighbourhood, but the findings did notsuggest that comprehensive redevelopment projects create anet positive price effect on the residential properties in theirvicinity. Recently, Yau (2011) discovered that the proximity tothe project site had a significant positive impact on housingprices before the comprehensive redevelopment, but nochange was identified in the spatial-price gradient aftercompletion of the development. The results confirm Chau etal. (2004) and Lai et al. (2007) studies that housing pricesdo not respond to the change in the environmental qualityresulting from comprehensive redevelopment.

In the overseas perspective, empirical studies suggest thatthe effect of the concentration of a large number of newdwellings on the value of neighbourhood properties ispresent and restricted geographically (Segal, 1977; Varady,1986). This implies that the geographic impact of most newdevelopment is expected to be limited (DeSalvo, 1974;Quigley, 1982; and Varady 1986). In the late 90’s, Simons etal. (1998) demonstrate that new housing development has asignificant positive effect on the neighbourhood propertiesvalues. The study found that there is a substantial positiveeffect of US$670 on the sales price of exiting units for eachnew housing construction within one to two blocks.However, rehabilitation was discovered to have a negativeeffect on the sales price of exiting units. Ding et al. (2000)extends Simons et al. (1998) works by analysing the effect ofboth new and rehabilitation residential investment onneighbourhood properties values in Cleveland. Theyconcluded with four findings. First, the effect of investmenton property values is geographically limited. Second, newinvestment has a greater impact on neighbourhood propertyvalues than rehabilitation. Third, the evidence shows thatnew construction and rehabilitation has a substantial positiveimpact in low-income areas and predominantly non-minorityneighbourhoods. Last but not least, it suggests thatneighbourhood property values has not affected by small-scale investment. Weber et al. (2007) studies the spillovereffects caused by the creation of Tax Increment Financing

(TIF) districts in the Chicago.Mixed-Use developmentsgenerate price enhancement,proximity to industrial TIF districtsreduces home priceenhancement, and proximity tocommercial districts had little orno measurable effect on priceenhancement (Weber et al.,2007). Rossi-Hansberg et al.,(2010), used data compiled fromconcentrated residential urbanrevitalisation programmesimplemented in Richmond tostudy residential externalities.Within the targeted

neighbourhoods, increases in land value are consistent withexternalities that fall exponentially with distance. Newell(2010) recently established that there is no evidence ofpositive development externalities reflected in improved realestate values for surrounding properties, which challengesmany of the arguments used to champion urbanrevitalisation initiatives.

3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA DESCRIPTION3.1 Case study in Kwun TongIn 1950s, the Hong Kong Government decided to developKwun Tong into a major industrial area. Residential buildingswere developed together with the industrial area, due to thehigh demand for housing. As mentioned before, theproduction lines of varies industries were migrated toMainland China from time-to-time. Nowadays, the industrialbuildings in Kwun Tong were fading out and left vacant,many of these buildings were undergoing revitalisation.

In 1950s, the Hong KongGovernment decided to develop

Kwun Tong into a major industrialarea. Residential buildings were

developed together with theindustrial area, due to the high

demand for housing


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At the end of 2012, there were 28 special waiver (wholesaleconversion) cases and two lease modification(redevelopment) cases executed, while more than half of thespecial waiver cases were located in Kwun Tong Inland Lotsince the implementation of the Policy in April 2010(Development Bureau, 2010). The residential property pricesin this district rose over 100% from April 2009 to January2013, which was 20% ahead of the average growth rate inHong Kong (Midland Realty, 2013). Therefore, it createdsuspicions of whether such a strong growth rate from thefirst quarter of 2011 in Kwun Tong was attributable to thesuccessful applications of revitalising old industrial buildingwithin the neighbourhood. As a result, the uniquecharacteristic and development history in Kwun Tongprovided a platform for this study to be carried out.

3.2 Background of the targeted projectsThree different revitalisation projects in Kwun Tong arechosen for this study namely, United Overseas Plaza (UOP),Rykadan Capital Tower (RCT) and Crocodile Center (CC).There are several reasons of adopting these projects. Firstly,UOP is the first wholesale conversion case under the Policy.Secondly, RCT is the only redevelopment case under thePolicy in Kwun Tong. Thirdly, CC is one of the recentredevelopment projects not developed under the Policy.Lastly, the locations of these buildings are not far away fromthe nearby residential properties. The particulars of theseprojects are summarised in Table 1.

3.3 Hedonic Price ModelThis study selects Kwun Tong as a case study due to itscharacteristics and it is facing a huge transformation in termsof the building use nowadays. So, the Hedonic Price Model(HPM) will be applied in this district to explore therelationships between the market value of the residentialproperties and the residential properties’ attributes includingthe impacts of revitalisation of old industrial buildings indifferent stages of time and other attributes.

The combination of double-log and log-linear functional formwill be adopted in this study because a constant elasticitycan be met by the double-log functional form, while the log-linear functional form can encounter the problem of thedummy variable. Since, it is not able to be logged if thedummy variable has the value of zero. Real transaction priceis used instead of nominal price to control for the possibleeffects of time. So, the nominal prices are deflated by thedomestic property price index compiled by the Rating and

Valuation Department in Hong Kong. The common variablesincluding, AGEit, FLOORi, AREAi, PMi, MTRi and BSi areincorporated into the model to control price variation due tothese structural and locational attributes.

The following is the hypothetical equation of the HedonicPrice Model adopted in this study:

lnRPit = α0 + α1 lnAGEit + α2 lnFLOORi + α3 lnAREAi + α4PMi

+ α5lnMTRi + α6BSi + α7lnUOPi + α8lnRCTi + α9lnCCi +α10lnUOPi×DURING_UOPi + α11lnRCTi×DURING_RCTi +α12lnCCi×DURING_CCi + α13lnUOPi×AFTER_UOPi +α14lnCCi×AFTER_CCi + εi

Where RPit is the real transaction price of property i at time t(measured in million HKD); AGEit is the age of property i,which equals the difference between the date of the issue ofthe occupation permit and the date of the transaction t(measured in months); FLOORi is the floor level of property i;AREAi is the saleable floor area of property i (measured insq. ft.); PMi is a dummy variable which equals 1 if there is aproperty management company serving the building inwhich the property i is located and 0 if otherwise; MTRi isthe minimum walking time (measured in minutes) betweenproperty i and the nearest Mass Transit Railway (MTR)stations; BSi is a dummy variable which equal to 1 if there isone or more Bus stop(s) located within one minute walkingtime from the property i and 0 if otherwise; UOPi is thedisplacement between property i and the centre of UnitedOverseas Plaza (UOP) (measured in metres); RCTi is thedisplacement between property i and the centre of RykadanCapital Tower (RCT) (measured in metres); CCi is thedisplacement between property i and the centre of CrocodileCenter (CC) (measured in metres); UOPi×DURING_UOPi isan interaction variable which measure the displacementbetween property i and the centre of UOP (measured inmetres) and the transaction time of property i (duringrevitalisation stage of UOP); and it amounts to 0 for anyother stages; RCTi×DURING_RCTi is an interaction variablewhich measure the displacement between property i and thecentre of RCT (measured in metres) and the transaction timeof property i (during revitalisation stage of RCT); and itamounts to 0 for any other stages; CCi×DURING_CCi is aninteraction variable which measure the displacementbetween property i and the centre of CC (measured inmetres) and the transaction time of property i (duringrevitalisation stage of CC); and it amounts to 0 for any otherstages; UOPi×AFTER_UOPi is an interaction variable whichmeasure the displacement between property i and the

Table 1: Summary of the revitalisation projects

Under the Policy NOT under the PolicyUnited Overseas Plaza Rykadan Capital Tower Crocodile Center

Location No. 11 Lai Yip Street No. 135 Hoi Bun Road No.79 Hoi Yuen RoadExecution Date 18th February 2010 26th September 2011 16th January 2006Completion Date December 2010 Under construction November 2009Total GFA 96,126ft2 207,000ft2 230,000ft2

No. of Storey 11 25 25User Office Non-Residential Shop and Services & OfficeDevelopment Model Wholesale conversion Redevelopment RedevelopmentFormer Building United Overseas Industrial Building Elite Industrial Centre Crocodile Garment FactoryFormer User Industrial Industrial Industrial


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centre of UOP (measured in metres) and the transactiontime of property i (post-revitalisation stage of UOP); and itamounts to 0 for any other stages; CCi×AFTER_CCi is aninteraction variable which measure the displacementbetween property i and the centre of CC (measured inmetres) and the transaction time of property i (post-revitalisation stage of CC); and it amounts to 0 for any otherstages; αi is the coefficients to be estimated and ; εi is thestochastic term.

The transaction data for the residential properties within 750metre from the centre of the revitalisation projects is asshown in Figure 1 were obtained. Two years before “duringrevitalisation” stage will be considered as the pre-revitalisation stage. While, “during revitalisation” stage isdefined as the construction or renovation period of the targetprojects. Regarding the post-revitalisation stage, it is

considered as two years after the “during revitalisation”stage. Therefore, all the transaction records within the periodof 16th January 2004 to 31st December 2012 were obtainedfrom the Economic Property Research Centre. The summarystatistics of the data are presented in Table 2.

4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS4.1 ResultsThe results of the HPM are shown in the Table 3. Theadjusted R-squared of this model is 0.6711 which is anacceptable value and the F-Test result is highly significance.Also, there are only one coefficient is found to be statisticallyinsignificant.

In general, the findings suggest that most of the commonvariables are shown to be significant at 1% level except for

Figure 1: Study area (750m) from the centre of the revitalisation projects (Lands Department, 2012)

Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the property transaction data

Variable Mean σ Min. Max.Real transaction price (million HKD) 1.4878 1.1780 0.0849 57.7997Age (months) 443.2772 106.8933 97.0000 594.0000Floor level 7.6294 5.5447 1.0000 29.0000Saleable floor area (sq. ft.) 427.6618 145.7315 185.0000 3215.0000Present of property management company 0.9362 0.2444 0.0000 1.0000Minimum walking time to the nearest MTR stations (minutes) 5.4506 2.3951 1.0000 11.0000Accessibility to bus stop 0.6635 0.4726 0.0000 1.0000Displacement to the centre of UOP 742.0262 230.5711 310.0000 1126.0000Displacement to the centre of RCT 815.4042 197.5075 493.0000 1133.0000Displacement to the centre of CC 455.5572 146.5621 180.0000 983.0000Interaction of displacement and transaction time of UOP (during revitalisation stage) 70.9387 226.8341 0.0000 1126.0000Interaction of displacement and transaction time of RCT (during revitalisation stage) 75.1656 243.5757 0.0000 1133.0000Interaction of displacement and transaction time of CC (during revitalisation stage) 218.6012 244.1508 0.0000 983.0000Interaction of displacement and transaction time of UOP (post-revitalisation stage) 117.9758 285.4903 0.0000 1126.0000Interaction of displacement and transaction time of CC (post-revitalisation stage) 99.0458 204.5226 0.0000 983.0000


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the accessibility to the bus stop which is significant at 5%level. Also, all common variables are matched with theexpected sign. The results reveal that residential propertyprices are negatively linked to building age and theminimum walking time to the nearest MTR station, whilepositively related to the floor level, saleable floor area, thepresence of property management in serving the buildingand the presence of bus stop(s) within one minuteworking time to the building.

For the variables regarding the impacts of revitalisation, thefindings indicated that most of them are shown to besignificant at 1% level except for the interaction termLN_UOP*AFTER_UOP which is significant at 10% level.Thus, there is a significant relationship between thesevariables and the residential property prices except for thatinteraction term.

Regarding the signs and degree of the coefficients, theresults indicated that in pre-revitalisation stage, there is 1%increase in displacement between the property and UnitedOverseas Industrial Building (former development ofUnited Overseas Plaza) or Crocodile Garment Factory(former development of Crocodile Center) could cause0.3835% or 0.2042% decrease in property pricesrespectively, while 1% increase in displacement betweenthe property and the displacement of the Elite IndustrialCentre (former development of Rykadan Capital Tower)could induce 0.5741% increase in property prices. For the“during revitalisation” stage, the results returned that 1%increase in displacement between the property and UnitedOverseas Plaza, Rykadan Capital Tower or the CrocodileCenter could induce 0.0167%, 0.0276% or 0.0473%increase in property prices respectively. Concerning thepost-revitalisation stage, the results suggested that 1%increase in displacement between the property and theCrocodile Center could induce 0.0530% increase inproperty prices.

For the overall price changes caused by the revitalisationprojects, the price gradient of United Overseas Plaza andCrocodile Center followed the same trend. Both of themare negative value on the pre-revitalisation stage and then

remain in slightly positive value in during and post-revitalisation stages. Although, both of the projects have thesame trend, the United Overseas Plaza always has the smallervalue compare with the Crocodile Center. Regarding theRykadan Capital Tower, it has a relatively high positive value atthe beginning stage and then falls down to slightly positivevalue on “during revitalisation” stage.

Independent Variable Unstandardised Coefficient Std. Error t-statistic p-value VIF

CONSTANT -3.9102 0.3353 -11.6630 0.0000 -LN_AGE -0.4709*** 0.0226 -20.7919 0.0000 2.3832LN_FLOOR 0.0538*** 0.0062 8.6244 0.0000 1.2178LN_AREA 1.0889*** 0.0181 60.0605 0.0000 1.4049PM 0.1491*** 0.0197 7.5698 0.0000 1.1288LN_MTR -0.0629*** 0.0217 -2.8965 0.0038 5.6700BS 0.0396** 0.0162 2.4417 0.0147 2.8623LN_UOP -0.3835*** 0.1070 -3.5827 0.0003 62.4671LN_RCT 0.5741*** 0.1323 4.3410 0.0000 53.7308LN_CC -0.2042*** 0.0446 -4.5779 0.0000 10.4389LN_UOP*DURING_UOP 0.0167*** 0.0041 4.0985 0.0000 3.0586LN_RCT*DURING _RCT 0.0276*** 0.0045 6.0822 0.0000 3.7512LN_CC*DURING_CC 0.0473*** 0.0020 24.0558 0.0000 1.7299LN_UOP*AFTER_UOP 0.0072* 0.0041 1.7474 0.0806 4.8351LN_CC*AFTER_ CC 0.0530*** 0.0040 13.3948 0.0000 4.7317Adjusted R-squared 0.6711 Durbin-Watson 1.3938F-statistic 585.9381 Number of observations 4015Prob (F-statistic) 0.0000

Table 3: Regression results for the hedonic price model

Note: (***), (**) and (*) denote that the estimated coefficients of the variables are significant at the 1%, 5%and 10% level respectively.

Chartered Quantity Surveyors : Juru Ukur Bahan BertauliahConstruction Cost : Penasihat Ekonomi PembinaanConsultantProject Managers : Pengurus Projek

PENANG OFFICE56D, 2nd & 3rd Floor, Perak PlazaJalan Perak, 10150 Penang, MalaysiaTel: 04-2285441 Fax: 04-226 6528Email: [email protected]


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4.2 Analysis4.2.1. Pre-revitalisation stage

The negative coefficients of LN_UOP and LN_CC appear tocontradict the perception that proximity to an old industrialbuilding should result in a discount in property prices due tothe negative externalities. On the other hand, the positivecoefficient of LN_RCT proves that this intuition is correct. Thepossible explanation for this situation is that the negativeexternalities were outweighed by the higher levels ofconvenience and accessibility of the sites. Since, the projectsites for the United Overseas Industrial Building andCrocodile Garment Factory were located near the MTRstations namely, the Ngau Tau Kok station and Kwun Tongstation, while the Elite Industrial Centre is not. A similarresult was generated in the previous study about thedevelopment of Langham Place complex in Mong Kok (Yau,2011). Therefore, the positive value returned only in thecoefficient of LN_RCT and it indicated that the residents inKwun Tong District tend to purchase a residential propertyaway from the industrial buildings. This is likely because ofthe unpleasant views and air pollution problem of the oldindustrial buildings.

The findings also suggest that among the degree of negativecoefficients, the negative externalities of the CrocodileGarment Factory are higher than the United OverseasIndustrial Building. One of the possible causes is that thedevelopment scale of the Crocodile Garment Factory (twoblocks) is much higher than the United Overseas Industrial

Building (single building). With the greater developmentscale, the opportunities to create unpleasant views and airpollution are higher.

4.2.2. During revitalisation stage

The positive coefficients are consisting (consistent?) with thenotion that proximity to a conversion or redevelopment siteshould result in a discount in property prices because ofnegative externalities. These negative environmental impactsinclude air pollution created by the construction orrenovation, noise pollution generated during the process aswell as traffic jams induced by the trucks which affect theaccessibility. Thus, the residents in Kwun Tong District wish tobuy a residential property away from the conversion orredevelopment sites.

In addition, the LN_CC*DURING_CC has the greatestnegative externalities to the neighbourhood, while theLN_UOP*DURING_UOP has the lowest. The possibleexplanations are related to the mode and the scale ofrevitalisation. When considering the mode of revitalisation,only the United Overseas Plaza has undergone the wholesaleconversion process, but the rest of the targeted projects wereredevelopment. It shows that the wholesale conversionmode creates less negative externalities compared with theredevelopment mode, since conversion of a building doesnot involve the demolition process, the negative impact fromthis process can be eliminated. In other words, the nuisancesto the residents in Kwun Tong District are less compared inthe conversion mode with the redevelopment mode.

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Regarding the scale of revitalisation, the CrocodileCenter has about 230,000 ft2 in Gross Floor Area,while the Rykadan Capital Tower and the UnitedOverseas Plaza only have about 207,000 ft2 and96,126 ft2 in Gross Floor Area, respectively. Itshows that the greater the scale of revitalisation,the greater is the negative externalities generated.Usually, in large scales of revitalisation, thenumber of the construction activities wouldincrease and consequently, aggravate thenegative environmental impacts that werementioned.

4.2.3. Post-revitalisation stage

The coefficient of LN_CC*AFTER_CC has thepositive sign which suggest that the proximity to apost-revitalisation site result in a discount inproperty prices because of negative externalities.In theory, the transformation of an old dilapidatedindustrial building into a modern sustainablebuilding should create some positive externalitiesto the neighbourhood. Nevertheless, this studyindicates that the insignificant positiveexternalities created by the Crocodile Centercounter balance the negative externalities.Although the Crocodile Center has a distinctivearchitectural style as well as a comprehensiveshopping mall, the captivating outlook andfacilities still cannot provide a great enhancementin positive externalities to the neighbourhood andthis is likely owing to the negative environmentalimpacts generated by this modern building.Originally, the highest block in Crocodile GarmentFactory was 10-storey only, but now, theCrocodile Center has 25-storey. This giganticchange in building height seriously affects theopenness of view and ventilation issues in theneighbourhood residential buildings. In fact,some of the old industrial buildings are stillundergoing industrial business, the air pollutantsfrom these buildings and vehicles might not bedispersed easily because of the wall-effect of thisbuilding. Also, there are not enough greenfeatures or open spaces provided by this building.Therefore, the residents might suffer from seriousair pollution problem due to the blockage ofbreezeways by the Crocodile Center. As a result,this is reflected in the neighbourhood propertymarket and it counters the positive benefitsgenerated by this revitalisation project.

4.2.4. The overall impact of revitalisation projectson residential property prices

The results of this study confirm previous findings(Chau et al., 2004; Lai et al., 2007 and Yau, 2011)that Hong Kong revitalisation projects did notoriginate a net positive price effect onneighbourhoods residential properties, assumingthat all other factors are constant. The findings inthis study suggest that there are negativeexternalities generated by the revitalisationprojects throughout the stages of revitalisationand the magnitudes are almost similar in theperiod during and of post-revitalisation stage.

In addition, a noteworthy point is that the modeand scale of the revitalisation projects in differentstages of revitalisation have a certain impacts onthe neighbourhood residential property prices. Itseems that the wholesale conversion have lessnegative impacts on property prices compare withredevelopment, while the higher the scale ofrevitalisation, the greater is the negative impactson the property prices.

Furthermore, this study suggested that therevitalisation projects which are conducted underthe Policy and those are not share the similarimpacts on the neighbourhood residentialproperties prices in the during revitalisation stage.When considering the construction method, theRykadan Capital Tower is not likely to beconstructed in a sustainable way and the Policydoes not require Crocodile Center to have asustainable construction. Consequently, thesimilar value in during revitalisation stage is likelydue the scale of development as mentionedbefore but not the effect of the Policy.

5. CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATIONRevitalise old industrial buildings is an approachto provide readily available and suitable land andpremises by regenerate and maximise thedevelopment potential of the old dilapidatedindustrial buildings through wholesale conversionand redevelopment in order to improve the builtenvironment, catch the Hong Kong's economicneeds and enhance social benefits. To test thishypothesis, a Hedonic Price Model wasconstructed with a set of transaction data forresidential properties in the Kwun Tong District.

The effect of the common property attributes areconfirmed in the study. Also, it examined thatrevitalisation projects did not originate a netpositive price effect on neighbourhoods'residential properties, provided that all otherfactors being constant. The projects which areconducted under the "Revitalising IndustrialBuildings Policy" have the similar impact on theneighbourhood residential properties prices withthe project which is not under the Policy in theduring revitalisation stage. The mode and scale of

Usually, in large scales of revitalisation,the number of the construction activities

would increase and consequently,aggravate the negative environmental

impacts that were mentioned


30

the revitalisation projects in different stages ofrevitalisation have a certain impacts on theneighbourhood residential property prices. Itseems that the wholesale conversion have lessnegative impacts on property prices compare withredevelopment, while the higher the scale ofrevitalisation, the greater is the negative impactson the property prices. Furthermore, there arenegative externalities generated by therevitalisation projects throughout the stages ofrevitalisation and the degree of negativeexternalities is similar in the period of during andpost-revitalisation stage.

The reason of the revitalisation projects did notoriginate a net positive price effect onneighbourhoods' residential properties is likelycontributed to the negative environmental impactof the new development. Therefore, this studyprovides some evident or suggestions to thepolicy maker that the Government should have abetter control in the urban planning in order toreduce the negative environmental impactgenerated by the revitalisation projects, whichcontradicted with the propose of the Policy. Inaddition, this study provides the evident thatwholesale conversion mode of revitalisationinduce less negative impact to theneighbourhood compare with the redevelopmentmode. Therefore, the policy maker shouldencourage more wholesale conversionrevitalisations within the society and also givesome incentives in providing green features in therevitalisation, so the negative externalities couldbe reduced or even disappear.

Since the Rykadan Capital Tower is still underconstruction during this study, further studies aresuggested to confirm the results. Also, accordingto the Outline Zoning Plan of Kwun Tong (South)approved by Town Planning Board (2012), asthere are number of permitted usages stated in

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...the policy maker should encouragemore wholesale conversion

revitalisations within the society andalso give some incentives in providing

green features in the revitalisation,so the negative externalities could be

reduced or even disappear


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the Schedule of Uses, such as hotel, the impacts of type ofrevitalised buildings on the neighbourhood residentialproperty market would be worth studied in the futurewhen these revitalisations are completed. In addition,further study could address the influence of revitalisationon the neighbourhood residential property market in termsof distance. Last but not least, the usefulness of theRevitalising Industrial Buildings Policy in assisting KwunTong District to become a Central Business District 2 and itsimpacts on the neighbourhood residential property marketcould be investigate in the future. All of these proposedstudies can offer public administrators and urban managersvaluable insights into how revitalisation should proceed,

with a view to more justifiable economic, social andenvironmental sustainability.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to use this opportunity to give my sincerethanks to my family, friends and the other people whoencouraged, inspired, supported and helped me incompleting this work. Especially, Dr. Wadu MesthrigeJayantha, for his patient guidance, valuable advice andsupport throughout my working progress.

This article was winner of Best Paper Award at the 5th RICS-RISM-AALSMInternational Surveying Conference for Undergraduates held on 19th – 20thApril 2013 at Taylor ’s University, Bandar Sunway , West Malaysia

ReferencesCan, A. (1990). The measurement of neighborhooddynamics in urban house prices. Economic Geography,66(3), 254-272.

Census and Statistics Department. (2012). Grossdomestic product (GDP) by economic activity -percentage contribution to GDP at basic prices.Retrieved November 2, 2012, fromhttp://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/sp250.jsp?subjectID=25&tableID=036&ID=0&productType=8

Chau, K. W., Lai, L. W. C., Wong, W. S., Yiu, C. Y., & Wong,S. K. (2004). The economic and social impact ofredevelopment – A Hong Kong case study. BuildingDilapidation and Rejuvenation in Hong Kong.

DeSalvo, J. S. (1974). Neighborhood upgrading effects ofmiddle-income housing projects in New York City.Journal of Urban Economics, 1(3), 269-277.

Development Bureau. (2010). Revitalising industrialbuildings. Retrieved November 2, 2012,fromhttp://www.devb.gov.hk/industrialbuildings/eng/home/index.html

Ding, C., Simons, R., & Baku, E. (2000). The effect ofresidential investment on nearby property values:Evidence from Cleveland, Ohio. Journal of Real EstateResearch, 19(1), 23-48.

Lai, L. W. C., Chau, K. W., Yiu, E. C. Y., Wong, K. S. K.,Wong, W. S., & Chan, P. Y. L. (2007). Measuring andinterpreting the effects of a public-sector-led urbanrenewal project on housing prices — an empirical studyof a comprehensive development area zone developedupon 'taking' in Hong Kong. Environment and PlanningB: Planning and Design, 34, 524-538.

Lands Department. (2012). Geospatial information hub.Retrieved January, 15, 2013, fromhttp://www1.map.gov.hk/gih3/view/index.jsp

Midland Realty. (2013). Midland property price chart(Kwun Tong). Retrieved January 25, 2013, fromhttp://proptx.midland.com.hk/mpp/default.jsp?districtId=18

Newell, T. A. (2010). Development and neighborhoodrevitalization: The effects of residential investment onproperty values in durham, NC. The Michigan Journal ofBusiness, 3(2), 97-120.

Quigley, J. M. (1982). Nonlinear budget constraints andconsumer demand: An application to public programsfor residential housing. Journal of Urban Economics,12(2), 177-201.

Rating and Valuation Department. (2012). Hong Kongproperty review 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012,

fromhttp://www.rvd.gov.hk/en/doc/hkpr12/PR2012_full.pdf

Rossi-Hansberg, E., Sarte, P. D., & Owens III, R. (2010).Housing externalities. Journal of Political Economy,118(31).

Rothenberg, J., Galster, G. C., Butler, R. V., & Pitkin, J. R.(1991). The maze of urban housing markets: Theory,evidence, and policy University of Chicago Press.

Segal, D. (1977). Urban economics RD Irwin.

Simons, R. A., Quercia, R. G., & Levin, I. M. (1998). Thevalue impact of new residential construction andneighborhood disinvestment on residential sales price.Journal of Real Estate Research, 15(2), 147-161.

The Government of the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region. (2009). 2009-10 policy address.

Town Planning Board. (2012). The approved Kwun Tong(south) outline zoning plan no. S/K14S/16.

Varady, D. P. (1986). Neighborhood upgrading: Arealistic assessment SUNY Press.

Weber, R., Bhatta, S. D., & Merriman, D. (2007). Spilloversfrom tax increment financing districts: Implications forhousing price appreciation. Regional Science and UrbanEconomics, 37(2), 259-281.

Yau, Y. (2011). Does comprehensive redevelopmentchange the housing price gradient? A case study inMongkok, Hong Kong. Urbani Izziv, 22(2), 98.

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The Impact of Information &Communications Technology (ICT) OnWork-Life Balance ofProfessional Women inthe Construction Industry

Loh Chin Bok, Nurmimi Fardiana bt Mohd Toha, KamPei Cheen et al.Undergraduate student, Quantity Surveying Programmeof School of Housing, Building and Planning,Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; [email protected]

In the transition to an information-based global economy, the linesbetween work and home are vague as technology reshapes theworkplace and the nature of home-life evolves. Work-life balancereflects an individual's orientation across career roles and non-careerlife roles as an incompatible inter-role phenomenon. Although work-life balance has been heavily investigated for many years, the role ofinformation and communications technology (ICT) has not beendiscussed exhaustively. The notion that ICT technology allowsprofessional women to establish a work-life balance easier ischallenged. The latest incarnations of work in relation to ICT haveshifted work accomplishment of the professional women in theconstruction industry. The advancement of ICT such as portablegadgets, mobile computing as well as electronic mail facilitatesworking capabilities outside the confines of the office and at almostany time of the day. However, obstacles such as uneven adoption ofpolicies, lack of formalisation, long working hours and temporaladjustment to working time are encountered by the professionalwomen in achieving work-life balance. In an attempt to explore therelationship between work-life balance and ICT, a qualitativeresearch on professional women in the construction industry wasundertaken. It was found that ICT plays a significant role in achievingwork-life balance and those professional women are greatly satisfiedwith its impact. Consequently, time is effectively well managedbetween work and a plethora of life-related pursuits such as qualitytime with family, sports, volunteer work and further studies.


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1. INTRODUCTION

In Malaysia, women account for only46% participation rate in the workforce whichis much lower than that of other Asean

countries, as reported previously by the WorldBank’s research (Lisa Goh, 2013). Besides, in theTalentCorp and Association of Chartered CertifiedAccountants (ACCA) survey shows that there is atotal of 65% of the women leave the workplacewith the reason of raising a family, followed bycomplaints about lack of work-life balance (43%),while some wanted to care for a family member(38%). Other reasons include expensive childcare(35%), lack of support facilities for women fromemployer (34%) and inflexible work arrangements(32%).

Since the 1940’s, women have entered the labourforce in growing numbers at a rate of over 200percent (Riley and McCloskey, 1996). Thesetransformations are placing greater demands onwomen to balance work and family life. Accordingto human context, a family is a group of peopleaffiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence(Ivanovic, 2012).

Work-life balance is about effectively creating,managing and maintaining supportive the jugglingact between paid work and other activities thatare vital to us which include spending time withfamily, taking part in sport and recreation,volunteering or undertaking further study (Ministryof Business, Innovation & Employment).

ICT are of special interest to researchers seekingto understand the balance between work andpersonal life as they have been linked to afundamental shift in how the boundaries betweenwork and home are constructed (Golden andGeisler, 2007). Technology has changed thebusiness practices of millions of professionalworkers worldwide. Today, the latest incarnationsof work related information and communicationsof technology (ICT) have shift the way in whichwork is accomplish for professional employees.The ICT tools such as mobile computing, mobilecommunication devices and portable gadgets,have support the work to be done outside theconfines of the office and at almost any time ofthe day (Tower et al., 2006). It is widely acceptedthat ICT play a crucial role in work-life balance byfacilitating working at home and after formalhours (Boswell & Olson-Buchanan, 2007).

Based on the above discussion, this paper carriesthese objectives:

1. To explore ICT in relation to ProfessionalWomen in achieving work-life balance.

2. To examine the impact of ICT on work-lifebalance.


34

2. INFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY (ICT)2.1 Definition of ICTAccording to Gholami (2006), ICT isthe result of the convergence of IT andCT technologies due to the acronymof ICT is used to represent a conceptof a combination of two unrelatedconcepts, (1) information technologyand (2) communication technology.Information technology (IT) is theterm used to describe the equipmentand software elements that allow usto access, retrieve, store, organise,manipulate and present informationby electronic means. Communicationtechnology (CT) is the term used todescribe equipment, infrastructure,and software through whichinformation can be received andaccessed. For instance, phones,facsimile, modems, digital networksand DSL lines (Gholami, 2006). ICTcan also be defined as technologies ordevices that have the capacity toacquire, store, process, or transmitinformation (Steinmueller, 2000) andit includes personal computers, theInternet access, mobilecommunication devices and email.

2.2 Types of ICT2.2.1 Portable Gadgets

Portable gadgets such as smartphonesand personal digital assistants (PDAs)are the most significant drivers forimproving work-life balance whichhave made working ‘out of the office’or ‘work at home’ (Orange, 2006). Asmartphone is used to characterise awireless telephone set with a specialcomputer-enabled features notpreviously associated with telephonessuch as wireless email and webbrowsing while PDA is a PersonalDigital Assistant which refer to anyhandheld small device that offerscomputing and information storage aswell as retrieval capabilities forpersonal or business use (Gill, 2008).It usually keeps the schedulecalendars and addresses bookinformation handy and easily access.Smartphones or any other electronicgadgets, allow us to talk, text, accesslocation-specific information as wellas accessing the office facilities, suchas diary appointments and thecorporate network, all whilst on the

move and at a time and placeconvenient to the user.

2.2.2 3G and 4G Mobile

Gill (2008) defined the term 3G as the3rd Generation of developments inwireless technology, especially mobilecommunications. It includescapabilities and features such asenhanced multimedia (voice, data,video and remote control), usability onall popular modes (cellular telephone,e-mail, paging, fax, video conferencingand web browsing) and broadbandwidth and high speed. Interfacingthe phone with the laptop is no longernecessary, as long as the country is 3Genabled. By using the 3G data cardsslotted into the electronic devicesenable the users to access Internetwhen on the move. In public placeslike airport or on a train, 3Gconnection enables people to work aseffectively ‘out of office’ as behind adesk.

4G or the 4th Generation Mobilestandards are a series of measuresthat defines the demands of a 4Gnetwork and also the standards thatmust be met as described by What's AG (2013). 4G networks offer 100Mb/sfor individuals on the move as well assupplies 1GB/s to an immobilelocation or one shifting at a slow-moving speed, or standing still in thatperfect spot for instance. Although 4Gis faster than 3G, yet it is not widelybeing recognised. Therefore, peoplecan now access their email or

corporate network when off-site,travelling between meetings orworking from home. It gives them theflexibility to work their own way, bemore productive and have more timeto dedicate to their private lives.

2.2.3 Electronic Mail

Email has been and still is the killerapplication according to Gill (2008). Itis the most used application globallyas it is easy to use and almost instant,and thus a very great tool to usewithin and without the office.According to New EncyclopediaBritannica (NEB, 2012), Email, in fullelectronic mail, is the messagetransmitted and received by digitalcomputers through a network. Anemail system allows computer userson a network to send text, graphics,and sometimes sounds animatedimages to other users. For instance,there are Google mail, Yahoo mail,Hotmail, and many more. On mostnetworks, data can be simultaneouslysent to a universe of users or to aselect group or individual. Recipientscan elect to view, print, save, edit,answer, forward or otherwise react tocommunications. Large corporationsand institutions use email systems asan important communication linkbetween employees and other peopleallowed on their networks. Email isalso available on major public onlineand bulletin board systems, many ofwhich maintain free or low-cost globalcommunication networks.

To raise a family

Lack of work-life balance

To care for a family member

Childcare is too expansive

Lack of support facilitiesfor women from employer

Inflexible work arrangements

(%) 0 10

Source: TalentCorp & ACCA ©The Star Graphics by LAZAR

20 30 40 50 60 70

65%

43%

38%

35%

34%

32%

Figure 1: Reasons women leave the workforce


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2.2.4 Mobile Computing

With the introduction of mobile computing such aslaptop and tablets into the work environment as asubstitute for personal computers, the workersbecome mobile (Faigen and Fridman, 2002). Theterm “mobile computing” is used to describe theutilisation of computing devices which frequentlyinteract in some fashion with a central informationsystem, while away from the normal, fixed place(Zimmerman, J. B., 1999). Thus, Bowden et al. (2006)stated that mobile computing technologies canfacilitate a reduction in construction time and capitalcost as well as reducing the operation andmaintenance cost. In fact, Bowden et al. (2006)explained that mobile computing can help inproviding accurate real-time progress and costinformation as the project progresses.

2.2.5 Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is an evolving paradigm (Mell andGrance, 2011). It is a model for enabling ubiquitous;on-demand network access to a shared pool ofconfigurable computing resources that can be rapidlyprovisioned and released with minimal managementeffort or service provider interaction. Cloudcomputing is basically the access of an organisedserver by using a computer or any device that couldaccess the servers. It is a general term for anything

that involves delivering hosted services over theInternet. These services are broadly divided into threecategories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The name was inspired by the cloudsymbol that’s often used to represent the Internet inflowcharts and diagrams. Cloud computing comesinto focus when you think about what technologyalways needs.

3. WORK-LIFE BALANCEWheatley (2012) defined work-life balance or inanother term as work-home or work-family as thecapability of individuals, regardless of age or gender,to combine work and household responsibilities.“Work” in this context is considered paid employmentas well as unpaid work carried out for an employer.This is distinguished from “life” which refers to non-work, comprised of free time spent in leisureactivities, and family time (Lowry and Moskos, 2008).The difference between work and life is problematicbecause the instance of work-related time, includingtravel-to-work, which cannot be considered asleisure, but equally cannot be considered work in thesense of, paid employment. Problems indistinguishing time-use aside, there exists inherentdifficulties in defining the term “balance” vis-à-vis(face-to-face) work-life balance.

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Guest (2002) argued that in the context of work and life, balancedoes not refer to an equal weighting of the two, but rather anacceptable and stable relationship. However, the desired pointmay differ considerably between individuals. In addition, balancemay be dynamic and changing either through employee’s needsor employer’s demands.

3.1 Professional Women in Construction IndustryProfessionals play an important role in the construction industry.To design and build a building, professionals are required toestablish a formal design team in order to assemble and plan thephysical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with theother parts (Hussin and Omran, 2009). The design usually hasbeen prepared by professionals such as architects, interiordesigners, civil engineers, quantity surveyors, mechanicalengineers, electrical engineers and structural engineers.

The Oxford Dictionary defined ‘professional’ as a person who isengaged or qualified in a profession. Hence, the ‘ProfessionalWoman’ in this context refers to a woman who is engaged orqualified in a profession such as Quantity Surveyor (QS) andArchitect. A professional is the one who provides and offers acertain standard level of service and the community can rely on.For example, according to the Royal Institution of CharteredSurveyors (RICS), routes to membership for quantity surveyor, oneobservation was made that most of the professionals need to havetraining for at least five years, has a set of ethics, an annualconference and that the profession provides supervisions,qualifications and has a code of discipline set. Similarly, the Boardof Quantity Surveyors Malaysia (BQSM) has provided the latest

data for registered quantity surveyor in 2012, whichthe total number of women registered quantitysurveyor are 251 out of 963 or 26.1% while the totalnumber of women registered graduate quantitysurveyor are 767 out of 1364 or 56.2%.

3.2 Professional Women in Work-Life BalanceWork-life balance generally refers to organisationalsupport for dependent care, flexible workarrangements and family or personal leave (Estes andMichael, 2009). Therefore, it is important forcontractors or employers to ensure that theirprofessional women staff have work-life balance (Limand. Ling, 2012). Professional women who achievedwork-life balance would not feel overworked andhence, be more satisfied with their jobs. This mightthen be translated into higher efficiency andproductivity, which would in turn benefit theemployers.

There are a lot of researches which had been done onwork-life balance. For instance, Challenges of Work-Life Balance for Women/Mothers Working inLeadership Positions (Schueller-Weidekamm andKautzky-Willer, 2012). They focus on careeradvancement, time-consuming child care, family liferesponsibility as well as a woman’s tendency towardsbarriers to career development. Work-life enrichmenthas a positive spillover effect that spreads positiveenergy and helps to balance their work-liferelationship. For each individual, the allocation andinteraction with different resources such as time,money, scope of decision making, physical, emotionaland social resources were crucial to maintain theindividual work-life balance. Furthermore, to theexisting “glass ceiling,” the predominant responsibilityfor child care is still borne by a woman. The term“glass ceiling” refers to the condition that, despiteincreased entry of women into traditionally male-dominated fields, their advancement to leadershippositions is still limited. However, mentoringprogrammes, coaching, networking, and support ofthe partner or from other people help to strengthen afemale’s “soft” skills in achieving work-life balance.

3.3 Obstacles of Work-Life BalanceGenerally, obstacle is referring to a problem or anissue (Hyman and Summers, 2004). The issues ofbalance between work and non-work life and thegender division of employee can be traced to the 19thcentury (Bacik and Drew, 2006). The overall analysisshows there is only 51% who agreed that theycurrently have work and life balanced; 34.2 %disagreed and 14.8% have no idea (The Association ofProfessional Engineers, Scientists and Managers,Australia, 2009).

Based on the European Agency for Safety and Healthat Work (2012), it is estimated that more than onequarter of Europeans suffer from some form of work-family conflict. Relative to time: 27% of workers in theEuropean Union (EU) perceived that they spend toomuch time at work; 28% felt that they spend too littletime with their families; 36% felt that they do not

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have enough time for friends and other socialcontacts and 51% believed that they do not haveenough time for their own hobbies and interests.

A research had been done by Hyman (2004) whichdiscovered few obstacles as describe below whichcan influence women in achieving work-life balancein most of the industries.

3.3.1 Uneven Adoption of Policies

Formal written policies have been unevenly adoptedaccording to enterprise size and sector. A number ofrecent data sets indicate that family-friendly policies(FFPs) and work-life balance policies are not evenlydistributed across sectors or organisations. TheWorkplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS)(1998) found that over a quarter of manufacturingestablishments had no policies of any kind over anyaspect of work-life balance including organisationswith fewer than 500 employees. Recent surveysindicate that whilst demand for better balance byemployees had grown, employers have yet to treatwork-life balance as a priority. Hence, from a surveyby the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) surveyshows that a third of respondents looking for a jobwould willingly forsake pay for extra flexibility(Bargaining Report, 2003). However, an earlier studyof 152 union representatives demonstrated stronglythat unpaid leave provided under the 1999legislation was unlikely to be of much practicalassistance to parents, many of whom wouldfinancially be unable to take advantage of the leaveprovisions. Paid parental leave was seen as a keyprovision (Labour Research, 2001).

3.3.2 Lack of Formalisation

Lack of formalisation is something illegal or informalstatus (Oxford Dictionary). Many policies are informaland unwritten, under the direct control of linemanagers, many of whom are untrained and lackawareness and understanding of family-friendly andwork-life balance issues. Recent studies haveconfirmed that informal provision is common,especially in those small companies which do havework-life balance arrangements (Bond et al., 2002).Moreover, larger companies are more likely to haveformal policies but line managers can and doinfluence their impact by acting as “gatekeepers toemployees’ access” (Dex and Scheibl, 2001). In theirstudy of Scottish financial institutions, Bond et al.(2002) found that whilst line managers often haddiscretion over application of FFPs, this was oftenfounded upon considerable ignorance of bothstatutory requirements and of organisational policies.Very few line managers, including those withdelegated authority, had received any specific trainingover issues of family-friendly working or work-lifebalance. There was some evidence that even whereformal policy had been introduced, its interpretationand implementation was subject to informal andoften uninformed line manager discretion. This couldlead to internal differences in application bymanagers of different departments, and between

different employees responsible to the samemanager.

3.3.3 Long Working Hours

Women are found to be less to attain work-lifebalance because they must follow “working longhours culture” which counter-productive (Lewis,2000; Rapoport et al., 2002). For those withsubstantial household responsibilities, often women,this will be particularly problematic (White et al.,2003). Simultaneously, if it’s the office culture of longhours, it is unfair to people especially with youngchildren to keep up with everyone. Currentimplementation of work-life balance fails to addressmany of the core issues due to the surrounding workconditions (Shorthose, 2004).

3.3.4 Temporal Adjustment

Work-life balance is interpreted and implemented byemployers through temporal adjustments to workingtime, such as flexi-time. Temporal adjustment inworking time means a small alteration in time madeto achieve a desired fit or result. Nevertheless, othertangible and intangible work-derived factors intrudeinto people’s domestic lives. The evidence aboveindicates that notwithstanding identification of work-life balance as temporal flexibility by employers andthe extended use of flexible time arrangements overrecent years; actual working hours for many peopleare increasing rather than decreasing. Pressures onworking people (and their families) are alsoexacerbated by the spreading intensification of worknoted by several authors (Cooper et al., 2001; Taylor,2001; Green, 2001). Evidence from the ScottishFuture of Work project confirms that work and itseffects can even intrude into people’s lives in waysthat extend beyond the working day (or night). Manyemployees, including those with young families, workshifts at weekends. Some work extra hours withoutcompensation and also professional staff commonlytake work home after putting in a full working day intheir offices (Harvey, 1999; Scase, 2002).

4. ICT AND WORK-LIFE BALANCEInformation and Communications Technology (ICT)continues to develop at an exponential rate andvirtually everyone is involved in the constructionindustry (Ashworth et al., 2007). Life-long learning ofICT allows women to shift from the bottom of thecareer path to the mid-level or top-level of leadershippositions (Melhem, 2009). Increasing permeability ofwork-family boundaries from the utilisation of ICT hascaused the individuals become accessible at anytimeand at anywhere (Lewis & Cooper, 1999; Nippert-Eng,1996). Conversely, individuals may spend more andmore time on housework activities which may have anegative impact on their job performance (Kossekand Lautsch et al., 2006). Therefore, shifting fromisolated and specialised applications to environmentsas well as capable of communicating with others isone of the ways to characterise the recent advancesof the ICT in the construction industry according to


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Bedard (2003). In fact, most of the professionals are attracted andare willing to employ ICT which provide general purpose softwareincluding Internet facility (Internet Explorer or Netscape) and E-mail facility (Microsoft Outlook, Yahoo, Hotmail, etc.).

4.1. Impact of ICT on Work-Life BalanceOrange (September 2006) stated that ICT, such as mobiletechnology and mobile computing, is one of the drivers forimproving work-life balance. Some of today’s most notable effectson work-life balance occur through teleworking, in which workersuse information technologies including computers, email, mobilephones, facsimile machines, modems and other networkingdevices.

Employees who are often on-call for work have reported that ICTdevices such as mobile phones actually increase the quality oftheir home life (Lowry & Moskos, 2005). Mobile phones allowemployees who were previously required to stay at home whileon-call for work the freedom to plan family outings during theiron-call hours. In addition, more control over interactions withothers due to the absence of unplanned interruptions frommanagers and co-workers decreases their levels of stress (Dubrin,1991).

Women suffer higher levels of stress due to work-life imbalancewhere a recent study showed that the stress level from work-lifeimbalance almost doubled over the past decade (Guelzow et al.,1991). According to Quesenberry & Trauth (2005), parents whoare unable to provide abundant and affordable care for theirchildren may experience time lost from work or a decrease in

productivity. Moreover, interruptions due to familyobligations can violate on work. Duxbury and Higgins(2003) reported that “employees with high roleoverload are three and a half times more likely to havehigh levels of absenteeism due to physical, mental, oremotional fatigue than counterparts with low levels ofrole overload.” Therefore, flexibility is a key element ofthe family-supportive workplace (Pleck, Staines & Lang,1980). Related advances include policies such asflexible scheduling, which have been facilitatedthrough the implementation of technology that freesworkers from a fixed, standardised schedule for thecompletion of their work tasks (Valcour and Hunter,2004). As such, workplace flexibility enhanced theirproductivity (Golden & Veiga, 2005) and hence,indirectly improves their work-family balance (Golden& Veiga, 2005) as well as increases their jobsatisfaction (Bailey & Kurland, 1999).

Similarly, greater flexibility by ICT allows workers todecide where they are able to complete their work(Day et al., 2010). For example, having access to virtualprivate network technology allows workers to accesstheir work computers from home, and email as well asmobile phones allows employers to stay in contactwith employees when they do work outside of theoffice. Apart from that, access to this type of technologyoffers employees more opportunities to balance theirwork responsibilities together with their homeresponsibilities. Employees can avoid the commute tothe workplace and use ICT to complete important workwith technologies such as virtual meetings andteleconferences. Consequently, they can spend moretime with their family, thus improved work-life balance.Standen et al. (1999) suggested that employees whohave more flexibility and control over their workschedules due to the use of ICT are more likely toreport improved general quality of life such as moreaccess to leisure activities, improved employeepsychological functioning at work, improved workperformance, decreased time-based role conflict, andincreased family support. These positive effects of ICT-assisted work may also improve employee health andwell-being.

‘‘Double-edged’’ sword is used to describe ICT in theworkplace by Lowry and Moskos (2005) as it is nothomogeneous in either its uses or its impact onemployees. With ICT, work can be done more easilyand make employees’ lives better. In fact, a recentreport by the US Department of Labor indicated that55.5% of employees required the use of a computerfor their job and approximately two of every fiveemployees use the Internet or email for workpurposes. Besides, ICT can make employees moreaccessible to others at work and can allow work andthe workplace to be more available to the employee.The portability of various technologies and easy accessto ICT functions enable employees to continue workingafter leaving the office for the day (Porter & Kakabadse,2006). It provides easier access to information andreduced travel time to get information such as reducingtravelling either to the workplace or to other sites

housing required information.Communication technologies alsohave made it increasingly feasible foremployees to stay connected to workwhen not in the office (Boswell, &Olson-Buchanan, 2007).

Evidence on the impact of technologyand telecommuting on aspects ofwork-life balance is equivocal.Generally, research suggests that theuse of portable information andcommunication technologies isassociated with increased negativespillover from work to family, evenwhen controlling for occupation, workhours, and commuting time (Chesleyet al., 2003). However, in a series ofstudies of International BusinessMachines (IBM) employees inprofessional occupations, Hill et al.found that telecommuters reportedhigher levels of work-life balance andsuccess at personal/family life thandid employees who worked in atraditional office setting (Hill, Ferris, &Martinson, 2003; Hill, Hawkins, Ferris,& Weitzman, 2001; Hill, Miller, Weiner,& Colihan, 1998). Other studiesindicate that work intrudes on andinterferes with the family and personallives of telecommuters (Epstein et al.,1999; Bailey& Kurland, 1999).

4.2. Application of ICT amongProfessional WomenAmong the ICT tools that have beenpopularly used by professionalwomen are portable gadgets, mobilecomputing and mobile phone. Theextent of ICT utilised to assist us withour work and productivity hasexperienced exponential growth,especially over the last two decades aspointed out by O’Driscoll et al. (2010).

The use of these ICT is a fact that theyare not bound to a specific place butremain present regardless of place(Pica and Kakihara, 2003). Mostorganisational initiatives heraldedunder the banner of work-life (e.g.flexible time, job sharing, familyleaves, time off for volunteering) havebeen developed in order to increasethe schedule flexibility afforded toemployees (Kingston, 1990). Formany workers, particularly the white-collar employees, flexiblecommunication technologies (such asportable computers, mobile phonesand email) are associated with workdesign characteristics that have the

potential to enableflexibility in the placeand timing of work.

Some aspects of theeffects of a strongsociety in many ICTprogramme(Spradling, C. andC. J. Ansorge,2009). Theseinclude thehistory ofcomputing,professionalethics, computercrime, security,and intellectualproperty. Otheraspects of communityimpact is often notincluded or given minimaltreatment. These includecultural issues, accessibilityissues, and the effects of free opensource software movement,computing and public policy, greencomputing, and computing forsustainability.

Therefore, differences finer grainedindustry also instructive, because ofdifferences in the nature ofproduction technology acrossindustries related to differences in theability of individuals in a variety ofwork to integrate work and family.Other industries that are moredependent on the shape, flexible andmobile technology (example, the useof laptops and mobile phones amongprofessionals or consultants) offergreater opportunities for theintegration of work and familydemands because an employee hasgreater ability to control how, whereand when they use technology(Valcour & Batt, 2003).

5. METHODOLOGYIn an attempt to explore therelationship between work-lifebalance and ICT, face-to-faceinterviews were conducted with eightprofessional women in theconstruction industry; six of whom aremarried while two are single. Thecontacting information was acquiredfrom the Board of Quantity SurveyorsMalaysia (BQSM) where relevant. Theimpact of the ICT is examined andthis study will be conducted in several

stagesin order to

achieve theobjectives. The first stage is toestablish the research problem andobjectives of the study. The secondstage is identifying the scope of studyand the third stage is the preparationof literature review to give an in-depthunderstanding regarding the topic ofstudy. Qualitative research methodhas been conducted for datacollection. A few interview sessionswith randomly chosen professionalwomen in Penang is conducted inorder to examine the researchobjectives. The research population ofthe study was targeted on thoseprofessional women who are married.Basically, all the information collectedwill be analysed and conclusion willbe done based on the result obtainedat the end of the study.

6. FINDINGSIt was found that ICT plays asignificant role in achieving work-lifebalance, and that the professionalwomen are greatly satisfied with itsimpact. Among the respondents, 75%of the respondents acknowledgedthat ICT do play a vital role in helpingthem to achieve work-life balancewhile 25% of the respondents feltthat ICT do not assist much inachieving work-life balance.Significantly, the 25% that respondedslightly negatively were unmarriedprofessional women.

No

25%

Yes

75%


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Figure 2: ICT assist in achieving work-life balance

Undoubtedly, ICT play a vital rolein the world today. All (100%) ofthe respondents increased theirwork efficiency through theenhanced informationgathering, multitasking,coordination, and transitionto new tasks enabled byICT, such as portablegadgets, mobilecomputing and email. ICTtools are useful and ableto facilitate their work.With the use of thesmartphone, it allowsthem to receive and replyemail instantly. Forinstance, they can checktheir email and reply veryquickly when they are having atraffic jam or waiting for a trafficlight in car; or sometime their staffneed clarification from them urgently,they can respond immediately. Emailis considered one of the most usefultools to facilitate their works. Theyused it daily to contact people,sending or exchanging documentsduring work and at home. Manyprofessional women also spoke aboutthe benefit of ICT to limit the amountof face-to-face communication makestheir work quicker and easier. It isundeniable that, with ICT, it is easierto balance their work and home lives.

When asked about how ICT aid themin achieving work-life balance (Figure2), 75% of the respondents opine thatICT facilitate their work, thus,increasing the quality time with theirfamily. As asserted by one of therespondents, she is able to report tothe organisation which she attachedby using ICT such as smartphone andmobile computing. ICT really cut shorttheir time in meeting others likeclients, contractors, staff and familywhile at the same time, their work canbe done. They managed to distributetime well for both work and life, asthey believe ICT do assist them andwork-life balance can be achievedmore easily. Besides, all therespondents agreed that email allowsthem to stay connected with peopleeasily and it is frequently used by therespondents.

When asked about the difficulty in therelation of ICT with work-life balance,all (100%) the respondents

commentedthat they are able to handle the ICTwhich they want to use. It is all aboutICT now. Without ICT, one has to dowork old-style and manually. Forexample, people can be at the airportand checking their emails. At the sametime, they can read newspaper anduse Facebook with their smartphonesand gadgets. However, one of therespondents complained about theslow speed of Malaysia Wi-Ficompared to the speed in Jakarta andSingapore. Surfing with such a lowspeed is wasting time. This directlycreates pressure and tension, hence,affecting her personal mood and life. Ifthis issue is eliminated, she can getinformation and stay connected withothers easily. Another respondent alsosaid that she is aware of the latest ICTavailable but will only learn newtechnology if it is required. Spending alot of time just to learn all thetechnology skills will not benefit her inachieving work-life balance. If facingany problems regarding the lack ofknowledge in the technology, she willdecided to pay others to complete herjob rather than attending the courseand learn the technology. She wouldrather pay other professionals thanwaste her time and money to learnnew technology since money canactually be earned back. Similarly, theyagreed that ICT are actually makingour life more interesting and broaden

our knowledge. Compared toprevious generations, it would seemthat life is stressful without the ICTof today. People cannot carry out

their work when they are travellingor cannot contact family and

friends when they areoutstation for work. Withtoday’s technologies, theseproblems are solved. We cancommunicate easily withothers anywhere at cheaperprices by using networkapplication. Therefore, ICTreally has a significantimpact in achieving their

work-life balance.

Despite the positive aspects ofICT in achieving work-life balance,

a number of negative aspects alsoemerged from the interviews (Figure3). About 25% of the respondentsdiscussed how ICT has led to a workenvironment where they are alwaysaccessible, something that negativelyimpacts work-life balance. Thisparadigm is incompatible with homelife, and gives responsibility toadvance in ICT making it possible forpeople to be continuously on call. Thesmartphone, despite its manysophisticated features and abilities topull in information from seeminglyanywhere, however, is still a normalfunction phone to the 13% of therespondents. The advancement of ICTis sometimes not really adapted by therespondents. Although ICT enableswork to be done faster, sometimes itends up with more work to be doneand thus, leads to work-life imbalance.

About 50% of the respondents facedobstacles when achieving work-lifebalance. Rigid time and long workinghours are disliked by the respondents.One of the respondents shared herexample, being a professional QSsometimes can be extremely exactingbecause industry demands facialinteraction. She needs to attend avariety of meetings all the time, whichincludes meetings with clients,architects, contractor and engineers. Inaddition, she needs to arrive at theairport early in the morning just tocatch the earliest flight; reach hometired around eight or nine o’clock atnight and sleeps late, and she alsoneeds to prepare for the next day’smeeting. Sometimes, she rushes herwork in the weekend before tender

Negative

25%

Positive

75%


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Figure 3: Feedback of ICT in achieving work-life balance


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deadline. There are a lot of demands during peak timeof projects, where she needs to stay out of the officemost of the time.

With regards to overcoming the difficulties in achievingwork-life balance, one of the respondent points outthat one must set the priority first before doinganything. Temporal adjustments in working time areunavoidable most of the time, “We should alwaysdiscuss and communicate with our professional arenaby asking how we are going to give our services.”Generally, one needs to do a lot of communication. Wecannot blindly say ‘yes’ to everything, yet sometimes itis hard to achieve by saying ‘no’. Hence, for thepurpose of striking a balance between a ‘yes’ and a‘no’, we need to identify the deadline and its urgencyfirst. Another respondent also mentioned that shecannot release her kids unsupervised when focus onher career. By using technologies, she is able to see thekids with CCTV installed at home, supervise her maidand communicate with them via phone connection.She can also recognise her children’s friend circle byusing social networking such as Facebook andmonitoring them in good condition. Next, she opinesthat these days women can have their own careercompared to the past where they work from 8am to5pm and still need to cook for the family after back tohome. Now, eating outside from home can solve theproblem. The only important thing is that careerwomen ought to have knowledge and must know allthe appropriate use of ICT. In the future, the motherscan stay away from house; see their children byinstalling CCTV in the house like her. She thinks thatthe only reason why women who do not want a careeris laziness. Women are capable to do everything thesedays.

When ask about suggestion for other professional women inachieving work-life balance, she emphasises that clear priorityalways comes first. Top priority can only be one; it is either familyor work. Once in a while, the decision can be swapped as there israther hard for both of them to be in the top priority. It dependson individual and situation. With that, work-life balance can beachieved. Sometime project and appointment have to sacrifice forthe family and vice versa. Furthermore, she mentioned aboutdifferent view for past and present on work-life balance wherepast women are considered to achieve work-life balance bycooking in the kitchen and doing household responsibility as wellas taking care of the children all the day. In contrast, modernwomen now can consider achieve work-life balance when theyare back from work and have time to interact and communicatewith their children. Thus, it all depends to individual. Deciding thepriority is the utmost important thing in achieving work-lifebalance. Besides, being a mother of three children as well as aprofessional woman, family support is crucial for the respondentdue to the reason that children cannot be left alone while she isnot always available all the time for them. Her focus now will bethe family. She will arranged and automate things well for herchildren and work. On weekends, she will spend her time with herfamily. Another respondent also said that one must be happy withwhat you are doing no matter who you are in any of the industry.With that, definitely you can achieve work-life balance.

Lastly, for the individual satisfaction level regards to work-lifebalance, 63% of the respondents rate themselves as four out offive while 37% of the respondents rate themselves as three out offive.

Figure 4: Facing obstacles when achieving work-life balance

No

50%

Yes

50%

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7. DISCUSSIONIt is projected that the use of ICT in the workplacewill only continue to increase in the coming years.We define ICT as technologies that are effectively,integrated and available to individuals throughouttheir environment. What was the most important tothese professional women was the ability to usetechnology anytime and anywhere. Although thisdefinition is narrower in scope, however, webelieve that the findings represent wider aspects ofthe utilising of ICT in achieving work-life balance.First, the professional women spoke about multipletechnologies, thus one person can utilise morethan one technology to assist them to maintaintheir work-life balance. Second, they felt that thetechnologies are useful and easily available when they need them.Finally, the professional women consider these technologies asintegral to their social environment and daily lives. Deeperunderstanding of the range of work-life balance considerations forprofessional women and their impact on the use of ICT areexamined. Thus, in responding to our research questions, our datademonstrates that ICT do play a crucial role in achieving work-lifebalance.

As ICT have become so integrated in the construction industry, itwas somewhat surprising to uncover that the some of therespondents indicated negative aspects of ICT which virtuallydemand constant round-the-clock vigil of office activities. At theoutset, it was expected that respondents would primarily show a

positive attitude, as the use of ICT is so much a part oftheir profession. Even more remarkable is the findingthat the respondents implied that ICT made their work-life easier. In summary, with the availability of ICT, theexpectations of professional women to achieve work-life balance in construction industry have risen as workis able to handle more efficiently. ICT have made thelives of the professional women in the constructionindustry easier and thus achieving work-life balance.

8. CONCLUSIONICT is facilitating dramatic new alternatives for where,when, and how work is accomplished. In addition,domestic nature of home-life is evolving asprofessional women have entered the workforce. Thisevolution is placing greater demands on professionalwomen to balance their work and life. Proper work-lifebalance is absolutely essential to live a contented life.

The important issue closely related to work-life balanceis the impact of ICT used to overcome the obstacles inachieving work-life balance. In this context, unevenadoption, lack of formalisation, long working hours andtemporal adjustment to working time have beenidentified as the obstacles for professional women toachieve work-life balance. The majority of ICT tools,especially computers, laptops and smart phones, arebeing used effectively in order to provide the bestpossible in achieving work-life balance as well ascoping these barriers.

In addition, a variety of ICT types have been exploredin this paper as the commonly used tools in theapplication of work-life and home-life such as mobilecomputing, portables gadgets and electronic mails. It isproven that the ability to use these latest ICT enablesthe professional women to enhance the quality of theirlife and work.

With the supportive data from the analysis, whereby75% of the respondents agreed the ICT provide avariety of ways for them to further develop their work-life balance. Therefore, it is safe to draw intoconclusion that, ICT has the potential to make radicalchanges in the lines between work and home. Thehuge increase in ICT and the ability of people to applythe ICT from the comfort of their own has created newpossibilities for ICT to increase the opportunities for

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As ICT have become so integrated in theconstruction industry, it was somewhat

surprising to uncover that the some of therespondents indicated negative aspects of

ICT which virtually demand constant round-the-clock vigil of office activities


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professional women in construction industry to achievetheir work-life balance.

9. FUTURE STUDIESRECOMMENDATIONSThe findings presented in this paper highlight severalareas for future research. First, additional analysis isneeded to examine how professional women in theindustries other than construction industry use ICT inmaintaining work-life balance. These findings wouldcontribute knowledge to a wider understanding of howprofessional women in the construction industrycompare to professional women employed in otherareas. Finally, additional research is needed to examinehow men in the industry use ICT to achieve work-lifebalance. These findings would contribute knowledge to

a wider understanding of the role of ICT in achievingwork-life balance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors gratefully acknowledge the support fromAssoc. Prof. Sr Azlan Raofuddion Hj Nuruddin and otherlecturers as well as Universiti Sains Malaysia final yearQuantity Surveying undergraduates especiallyMuhammad Hariz Radzi, Toh Shenq Jia, Normah bt MdNoh, Mohamad Farhan bin Mohamad Arshad andMohd Fatazi B Aman for their contribution to thesuccessful completion of this research.

This article was winner of Best Mentioned Paper Award at the 5thRICS-RISM-AALSM International Surveying Conference forUndergraduates held on 19th – 20th April 2013 at Taylor ’s University,Bandar Sunway , West Malaysia

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Building Surveyor’s Role In

Facilities Management In JKR

Norizan Binti MahmudPublic Works DepartmentEmail: [email protected]

In 2007, the former Minister Of PublicWorks Department, Datuk Seri S Samy Vellu hadannounced that the Public Works Department

(PWD) will set-up a new department for BuildingSurveying in order to inspect and verify allgovernment’s buildings after construction, to ensurethat the contractor and sub-contractor follows all thespecifications and scope of works mentioned andagreed in the respective contract. Hence the PWD isentrusted to drive the initiatives to ensure the higheststandard of design and monitoring quality is achievedin the maintenance and construction completion ofthe projects. Therefore in 18 February 2008, the firstbatch of Building Surveyor had reported to PWDunder the Engineering Maintenance Department leadby Dato' Ir. Annies bin Md Ariff. Six years on, theBuilding Surveyor professional manpower strength inPWD had grown to 43 officers all over Malaysia(Figure 1) to implement these aspirations.

NAFAM 2007 and the FacilitiesManagement ContractIn 2007, the National Asset & Facility ManagementConvention (NAFAM) was held at PWTC with thetheme “Asset & Facility Management: Coping withFuture Challenges.” It was chosen in view of itsincreasingly important role in effective managementof expanding asset bases as well as promoting andenhancing the professional standards in Malaysia.The former Prime Minister of Malaysia, The Hon.Dato' Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi had


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kindly consented to officiate anddeliver the Keynote Address onMonday, 13 August 2007 as well asdelivering the Closing KeynoteAddress on Tuesday, 14 August 2007.It is hope that this convention, as partof our initiatives in promoting theincreasing relevance of the CorporateSocial Responsibility (CSR), it will:

1. Serve as a means to help andfacilitate the success of asset &facility management in Malaysia;

2. Help to create awareness oncurrent issues and challenges inmanaging government assets; and

3. Improve the standards ofMalaysia’s practices to sustainablestandards and performances byaddressing the most challengingand pertinent issues fromtechnical and strategic viewpoints.

In order to achieve the NAFAM 2007’sresolution, the PWD had take theirinitiative in 2008 with the set-up of acommittee to develop FacilityManagement Contract PWD FM2008and now, it has been used at some ofthe government buildings. SinceBuilding Surveyor is the onlyprofession in the JKR that has abackground in Facility Managementsubject at university level, some of theBuilding Surveyors in the PWD havebeen selected to the committee todevelop and to administer the FacilityManagement Contract (FM Contract).

The phases in FacilitiesManagementThere are three phases in an FMContract where the BuildingSurveyor’s roles are important in orderto ensure a successful implementationof the contract (Figure 2).

Planning PhaseThe planning phase is the phasewhere the transition of assets anddocuments of the premise from theclient/agency to JKR. During thisphase, the Building Surveyor shouldplay their role to conduct the BuildingCondition Survey (BCA) and PostOccupancy Evaluation (POE) in orderto diagnosis the method to upgradecorrective operation; procurement offacilities project through service levelagreement or contracts based oncontinuous performance; health andsecurity awareness within workplacedesign. This will help apply thetechniques of asset maintenance andeffective operation, evaluate facilitiesoperation techniques for the agency,appraise facilities performance levelfor a work place and proposeupgrading for facilities components.

The Building Surveyor will also gatherall the information of the premise in

order to make the asset registrationand to compile all the data, manuals,reports and other documents of thepremise which will be updated intothe Sistem Aset Tak Alih Kerajaan(MySPATA). With the information anddata of the premises, the scope of theFacilities Management Contract for thepremise will be determined and theKey Performance Indicator for the FMCwill be set-up together with thedocument preparation for theprocurement of the FacilitiesManagement Contract.

Procurement PhaseDuring the procurement phase, theBuilding Surveyor in JKR will conductthe FM tenderer’s briefing and sitevisit. Basically, the Building Surveyorwill provide a brief on the scope of theservices, which has been determineearlier for the site and the BuildingSurveyor will bring all the tenderersaround the site for a review.

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BTRANSITION PERIOD

( DEMOBILISATION)( 3 months)

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Figure 2: PWD Facilities Management Contract Timeline


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The FM tenderers will submit their qualification which will beverified by the Building Surveyor in JKR. Only the qualifiedtender will receive the invitation to submit their tender.

After the tender is closed, the Building Surveyor togetherwith other officers from JKR will implement the tenderevaluation and come out with the tender evaluation reports,which will be submitted to the tender board for theirapproval and proceed to the select the FM Contractor.

FM Contract PhaseThe FM contract phase in PWD FM 2012 contract includesthe transition period and operation period which takes about39 months throughout the contract.

i) Transition Period ( 3 months)

During the transition period, the FacilitiesSuperintending Officer (FSO) will convene with aTransition Coordination Group together with the FMContractor, existing/succeeding FM Contractors andcustomers.

The Transition Coordination Group will carry out theFacilities Familiarisation and Verification (FFV) and reportto the FSO. The FFV report should identify any defectsfound at the site and any recommendations to rectifythe defects should be included. On a weekly basis, theFSO should receive reports from the FM Contractor onthe rectification work done by the relevant parties. Anyon-going defects will be identified by the FM Contractorand shall be immediately notified to the FSO. The FFVshall also help a new FM Contractor to familiarise withthe site and verify all the site documents which arehanded over by the outgoing FM Contractor.

In this process, the Building Surveyor will make sure thedetails of how the FM Contractor shall manage theservices to ensure service levels shall be met during theTransition Period taking into account the phasing ofconstruction work, staggered Defect Liability Period(DLP), effects of construction works on the services andthe use of technology during the Transition Period; andduring the hand-over from the previous FM Contractor.The Building Surveyor will also ensure that the FMContractor shall submit to the FSO a detailed scheduleof all activities and key milestones during themobilisation and demobilisation phases. The scheduleshall show the critical path for the successful and timelymobilisation and demobilisation of the contractors’responsibilities.

ii) Operation Period (36 months)

During the Operation Period of the FM Contract, BuildingSurveyor will be part of the FSO team and will makesure the FM Contractor shall manage the services toensure the provision of high quality services andamenities to the customer. On the other hand, theBuilding Surveyor needs to be more stringent in order tomake sure that the Garis Panduan PenyenggaraanBerjadual Bangunan Kerajaan has been referred by theFM Contractor as a minimum guide for them to starttheir work. The FM Contractor shall implement a fullyintegrated approach to the management of the servicesto deliver a safe, secure and comfortable environment.

The Building Surveyor will supervise the FM Contractorto make sure that all activities undertaken under thecontract shall be coordinated and approved by the FSO.

The Building Surveyor will verify the activities of the FMContractor to ensure that they shall manage its work to:

1. ensure that its planning and programming iscomprehensive and provides for the delivery of all theperformance included in the contract;

2. proactively liaise with and satisfy the requirements ofall relevant authorities;

3. diligently address safety and security, functionability,maintainability, sustainability, durability, reliability andaesthetics in all aspects of the services;

4. provide for the services which are coordinated withand complementary to the activities of the FSO andother authorities;

5. diligently minimise disruption and inconvenience toall customers when carrying out routine work; and

6. ensure corrective and preventive work orders andinstructions are raised proactively as a result of FMContractor’s inspection rather than customer’s orFSO’s observation. In particular, a substantial numberof work orders shall be raised proactively by the FMContractor as a proportion of the total number ofwork orders raised in respect of common use areas.

Additionally, the Building Surveyor will make sure thatthe FM Contractor shall participate in the process ofperformance management include monitoring, review,reporting, auditing and agreement with the FSO againstthe performance indicators. It shall include but notlimited to:

Since Building Surveyor is the only profession in the JKR that has a backgroundin Facility Management subject at university level, some of the Building

Surveyors in the PWD have been selected to the committee to develop and toadminister the Facility Management Contract (FM Contract).


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1. Conduct and analyse, on aquarterly basis, the year’sobjective customer surveys toaccurately assess actualperformance against theperformance indicators. Thecustomer surveys shall beconducted on a representativesample which shall be in linewith acceptable statisticalmethods of sampling;

2. Convene monthly performancereviews with the FSO;

3. Undertake, on quarterly basis,the year’s audits inconsultation with the FSO onits performance with regards toeach performance indicator;inviting the FSO to attend allperformance audits;

4. Diligently enter performanceassessments and comments ona continuous basis into theinformation managementsystem;

5. Liaise with the FSO to discussperformance assessments andcomments in order to meet thekey performance indicators(KPI);

6. Provide the reports required bythe FSO and in accordance tothe contract; and

7. Maintain comprehensiverecords of all incidents.

The Scope of the FacilityManagement ContractThroughout the FM Contract, BuildingSurveyors will be included asmembers of the FacilitiesSuperintending Officer (FSO) wherethe Building Surveyor shall receiveinstructions from the FSO only. TheBuilding Surveyor shall act as theFSO’s representative in checking andverifying work in progress, work done,inspections, records and reportssubmitted by the FM Contractor. To

achieve this, no records or reportsshall be submitted to the FSO withoutfirst being signed by the FMContractor’s Operation Director andcountersigned by the BuildingSurveyor. The FM Contractor shallassist the process by providing allrequired records and databases to theBuilding Surveyor. There are four mainscopes of service categories which areprovided in the PWD FM 2012, whichincludes but not limited to (Figure 3).

ConclusionIn conclusion, to achieve goodgovernance in Facilities Management

Contract in PWD, the BuildingSurveyor with its developed processesand tools is the best to check andverify work in progress, work done,inspections, records and reportssubmitted by the FM Contractor. In myprofessional view, a department ofBuilding Surveyor should beestablished in PWD in order toguarantee a career path for theBuilding Surveyors in the PWD. Thiswould help the PWD to extend theirrole to be a technical department ofreference in the Facilities Managementwork in all government agencies. Withthe establishment of the BuildingSurveyor Department in PWD, it willopen up opportunities to BuildingSurveyor graduates to join the PWDand contribute to the improvement ofgovernment building facilitiesmanagement and Malaysia’s buildingindustry in general.

Scope of Services Item

A. Management Services

1. Transi�on Management Services2. Administra�on & Financial Management Services3. Quality Management Services 4. U�li�es Management Services5. Safety, Health And Environmental Management Servicesa. Risk Management Services6. Incident Response And Disaster Recovery Management

(IRDRM) Services7. Human Resource Management Services8. Customer Care Management Services9. Management Informa�on System (MIS) Services

a. Inventory Management Servicesb. Warranty Management Servicesc. Technical Library Management Services

10. Energy Management And Conserva�on Services11. Waste And Redundant Materials Management Services12. Security Management Services13. Event Management Services

B. Opera�on and Maintenance Services

1. Civil/Architecture2. Mechanical3. Electrical4. House keeping5. Pest control6. Landscape7. Security

C. Engineering/Minor Works Services

1. Repair/Replacement2. Renovate3. Refurbishment4. Rehabilita�on5. Retrofi�ng6. Upgrading7. Conserva�on

D. Professional/ConsultancyServices

1. Proposal Report2. Technical Advice

Figure 3: Scope of services

In my professional view, a department ofBuilding Surveyor should be established in PWDin order to guarantee a career path for theBuilding Surveyors in the PWD.

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Professor Sr Dr Ting Kien HwaUniversiti Teknologi MARAEmail: [email protected]

Since the weak property market condition isover and with the current low interest rate environment,prolonging the DIBS does more harm than the benefits

that it claims to bring.

In fact, I would argue that the DIBS is one of the causes ofthe current high housing prices and residential developmentland prices.

Firstly, the DIBS encourages speculation as speculatorsbought properties with the intention to flip for quick capitalgains. The DIBS is a mechanism that facilitates 'no moneydown' on the purchaser and hence, a speculator can havemultiple bookings with little capital. Obviously, speculatorsare more than happy to use the DIBS scheme to fuelspeculation. The so called 'property gurus' also encourage'no money down' as a ‘creative property financing’ method.Speculations are facilitated by the DIBS as it encouragesspeculators to make as many booking as possible. Suchbookings create a false impression that there is high demandfor properties in DIBS projects.

However, the consequence is detrimental to the propertymarket as the DIBS artificially inflates capital values. Theseartificial high prices become the reference prices in setting

the selling prices of new units or phases. New launches willbenchmark their selling prices to projects with the DIBS thathad shown high sales rate indicating high demand. As aconsequence, the subsequent new launches will reflect theinflated high prices. Thus, the increase in capital values is notdue to demand and supply, but due to the costs andinterests that have been built into the selling pricesincorporating the element of speculations.

When this happens over a period of time, it will give theimpression that house prices have indeed increased, coupledwith developer’s claims that the development costs haveincreased, thus creating an artificially high market pricingenvironment. The common people will be deceived thatpricing for housing are indeed high and are forced to acceptsuch pricing. "Affordability" for these common people wouldmean taking more borrowing based on husband and wife'sdual income and through other means to generate additionalincome such as part-time jobs.

The second impact is on the residential development landmarket. Development land suitable for housing will be pricedbased on the high property prices. Hence, land owners willsell their land at higher land prices than before. Developers

DIBS: A factorcausing high propertyprices & developmentland prices

It is reported in The Star on 25 June 2013 that Bank Negara is studying the risks arising from thedeveloper interest-bearing scheme (DIBS) with a view of imposing curbs on it. The DIBS wasintroduced during a period of weak property market condition and it is designed to stimulate demandby allowing property buyers to make property purchase with minimal capital outlay.

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without land banks will buy these landswith the perception that the propertiesthat they develop can be sold at the highprices. Property market studies undertakenwill indicate that there is demand forhighly priced properties and financialfeasibility studies will show that housingdevelopment on such land is financiallyviable and profitable.

Therefore, the artificial high prices due tothe DIBS are propagated from the primaryhousing market to the development landmarket and translated back into higherproperty prices of the primary propertymarket. The developers can now claim thatland prices are high and therefore, houseprices have to be set at high level to makeprofit.

Thus from this analysis, we can say thatthe DIBS is a root cause initiated by thedevelopers themselves! In fact, fordevelopers who have land banks, theirland costs are low and the high sellingprices of properties will generate abnormalreturns and huge profits to them.

In the final analysis, the DIBS started bydevelopers has encourage speculationsthereby created an artificial high demand

which propagate high development landprices that later translate into highproperty prices. An environment of highhousing price is created and sustaineduntil the next downturn of the propertycycle where these excessive prices areadjusted.

The parties who gain in the process areclearly the developers, speculators andland owners. True property buyers sufferand the society at large will also beaffected as more debts are to be borne byhouseholds.

As a conclusion, a ban on the DIBS byBank Negara is a welcome move as it willremove one of the root causes of highproperty prices today.

"Affordability" for these common peoplewould mean taking more borrowing based onhusband and wife's dual income and throughother means to generate additional incomesuch as part-time jobs.

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We all go on with ourdaily lives and occasionallyget overloaded. We all

know what it feels like to beoverwhelmed by stress. Butunderstanding the basics ofmanaging stress is invaluable aspulling out a stress management orrelaxation technique, adoptingsimple steps to sort things outbefore it goes beyond control, caneffectively reduce high levels ofstress to a more manageablelevel and thus, avoiding negativehealth consequences. The bestway to manage severe stressis, of course, to managestress on a daily basis as itcomes or to manage it whileit is still at low manageablelevels and preventing it frombecoming severe.

Managing stress using personal andpositive approaches that work welland using it to gain some relief is allit takes to develop a personalisedstress prevention plan. Stressprevention can't work if it is pursuedin such a reactive manner. Effectivestress prevention strategies requirepeople to make important changesto their lifestyles so that they takeproactive steps to avoid or to reducestress and enhance their well-being.To perform effective stressmanagement techniques requiresdaily commitment in order for it tobe sustainable.

Managing Stress byDeveloping a Personalised Stress Prevention Plan

Wan Hussin W.M.A.PhD, MBA, BSc (Hons), Dip.LSurv, FRISM, MSP, MAALS, CPULLicensed Land Surveyor under Act 458 (Revised 1991)Universiti Sains Malaysia

Lifestyle changeChanging lifestyle is not an easy thing to do, even whenit is performed with the best interest in mind. Whentrying to create the desired changes, the tendency bymany is to jump into the deep end and try to hold on toa rigid set of new lifestyle rules that are sometimesuncomfortable as many aren’t prepared for theunforeseen circumstances. There are some who manageto make it work effectively for a short while throughstrong willpower. But ultimately something tends to slipthrough due to poor concentration, wrong or ineffectivestrategies. When these happen, people tend to revertback to their old approaches or repeat past habits thatmay give short term comfort without realising that theyare harmful in the long run.

Taking a more deliberate, gradualapproach towards lifestyle changecan make the differencebetween success and failure.A gradual approach tochange allows for peopleto develop theirmotivation and toprepare effectively forfailures and relapses.This can reduce thechance of side-trackfrom the changeprocess, thus creatinglasting lifestyle change.This will better help aperson to think through andstrategise the change process.

MotivationCritical to the change process ismotivation as it serves as a strong foundationand provides continuous synergy. It is the basis uponwhich people set their change efforts on, and also theenergy that propels them forward through the stages ofchange. All change efforts start with motivation, which isdriven by unexpected challenging events that maysometimes upset their comfort, luxury and even statusquo. Effective motivation can make them become awareof problems that are to come. Before there is awarenessof a problem and content with daily events, there is nomotivation to change.

Effective motivation may start with pondering on a fewpast key stressful events that have challenged you, madeyou aware of life problems and learning some effectivestress management plans. For instance, perhaps youwere overwhelmed about making a presentation for anew task? Perhaps you found yourself repeatedly arguingwith your staff about below average performance andpoor outcome. Perhaps you were told by the doctor thatthe back pain that you have been experiencing lately iscaused by long hours of driving. Perhaps you are nowrealising that the tiredness you are facing is due to theangioplasty that was done many years ago but continue

to have the same old diet and lifestyle. These are someof the innumerable ways that you can becomechallenged, but these could have motivated you topursue effective lifestyle changes.

AwarenessStrong commitment to change requires the extension ofawareness of the problems faced and how to handlethem. To reach the stage of change is actually having theawareness of the issues or problems at hand and to seekout information or steps about how to manage them.This could be through self-learning from various sourceson the impact of stress on health and performance orfruitful advices from close friends. The awareness stage

of change is very important as it strengthens thefoundation for future change efforts.

Learning more about how the bodyand mind reacts to stress and what

can be done to correct theseproblems can lead to more

effective planning andcarrying out the process ofstress management andchange.

Self-prepared forchangeStarting to organise howto handle those problems

using a personalised planfrom lessons learnt is in fact

a change process. Byselecting appropriate methods

for reducing your stress, you maycome up with a list of possible

approaches that you believe will workfor you but with different strengths,

weaknesses, priorities and preferences. Anythingthat you need to accomplish in order to fulfil your stressmanagement plan occurs during this stage. Actualbehavioural change starts for the first time during thisstage. At this point, the commitment to change is made,your plan of action set and your preparation is complete.It is now time for you to implement your plan. If properplanning is made, this should be a relatively simplematter of doing the things you've said you would do,such as improving your capacity building, timemanagement, healthy eating, regularexercise, anger management,etc.

This is followed byclosely monitoringthe progress,making notes onvarious optionsavailable, andbalancingbetween theavailable choices

Effective motivation maystart with pondering on a

few past key stressfulevents that have

challenged you, made youaware of life problems and

learning some effectivestress management plans

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and potential consequences. This is charting the dailypractice by monitoring the progress and finding ways tofurther improve should hiccups arise. It teaches us toaccommodate and visualise the progress to help us stayon track. The experience teaches us to interact with thefuture circumstances and what to do should similarincidents repeat in the future. This is in fact theorganisational element of managing stress using thepersonalised stress prevention plan and supported bythe motivational factor to make it works effectively.

Maintenance for continuityEffective stress management means effectiveapproaches and techniques that are followed bypositive changes and outcomes. At this stage of change,stress management techniques have been incorporatedinto daily life and the goal changes fromimplementation to maintenance. If necessary, revisitearlier stages so to alter the current routine to respondto life changes. For instance, if you have to gooutstation for a month or so to complete a task, youmay need to alter the normal daily routine of perhapsspending time at the kopitiam withyour friends or the weekendexercises. You schedule maybe too tight for you tospend time on otherroutines and thesituation requires youto alter the types ofstress managementtechniques youpractice.Maintaining apositive perspectivewith regards to yourbusy and tight schedulethrough the practice ofcognitive restructuringapproaches may become ahigher and more realistic prioritythan making time for a hang out session with yourfriends or planning for a family vacation.

The task now is to move from a general understandingof the various stages of lifestyle change namelymotivation, awareness, commitment for change andmaintenance to an approach that will help propel youinto a healthier and less stressed lifestyle you want toachieve. In order to best do this, think about developinga personalised stress prevention plan for how you canadd regular stress prevention approaches to your lifeand then, executing this plan to make it an effectivereality.

Selecting methods that suit youThe best prescription for reducing stress is one createdbased on knowledge of the stresses you face as well asan appreciation of the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities (options) and threats (hiccups). But it

must be effective enough to be accomplished shouldthe goals and plans set are clear and simple, practical

and manageable. It is not an issue of high or lowgoals being set but practical approaches that can

come up with effective workable outcomes; andit may not necessarily get to the finish line allat once but something that may be changedand expanded or modified at a later suitabletime as and when it is necessary to achievecounter-productive goals.

It may sound complicated as problems arealready at hand but try to choose goals that

you think you will enjoy performing asopposed to the ones you anticipate will be

aversive. Make sure to keep the goals concreteand highly practical with fewer complications.

When the goals are phrased in practical and concreteterms, they are easier to accomplish and the rates ofsuccess are easily measured. Making honest self-promises work in most circumstances, but it must bepractical and concrete such as:

• I will not repeat my faulty thinking patterns butcorrect them by practicing cognitive restructuringapproaches.

• I will find time to have my 45 minutes of briskwalking every Sunday morning, come rain or shine.

• I will recite my doa to God after every prayer, nomatter how busy l am.

• I will wash my car and vacuum it at least once aweek and that is an exercise routine.

• I will examine my time management strategies andalter them so that they better fit my values.

The list could go on and on, but it is pointless to trymany things all at once. Rather, it is effective to be

Effective stressmanagement means

effective approaches andtechniques that arefollowed by positive

changes and outcomes

selective and to prioritise thelist, and concentrate on the fewgoals that are helpful. But it mustcome with commitment to carry itout. Making a commitment is easy,but keeping these commitmentswhen they make you uncomfortableis the difficult part. You may formaliseyour goals by writing it down anddisplayed at locations you can seeit over and over again, or throughcompassion with someone youtrust. Such a contract may comewith a specific time frame forachievement or frequency toreduce ambiguity. Any changesmade to the contract must come up with a revisedversion that must be practical and better than theprevious one to avoid further and repetitive loopholes.Reading through your contract on a regular basis will alsohelp you keep your commitment on track andensure that the goals are realistic andmanageable.

TrackingTracking methodology may beone that is simple withjotting down importantcomprehensive points thatinvolves keeping anelaborative record ofentries before and aftereach action was taken,what and when an actionwas taken, what goal wastrying to meet byengaging in that activity,details of the feeling beforeand after each action wastaken, noticeable stress levelschange as a result of actionstaken, and visible pattern changesthat can help to maintain motivation.

This is a new level of practicalcognitive restructuring exercise using

the negative thoughts you may have beenrecording, directly or indirectly, as a

result of facing those stressfulepisodes, as the source

materials for future referencing.

Another effective way of lateis the use of digitalassistance such assmartphones to remind usof the regular scheduledstress management andprevention activities, and toschedule regular reminders

to do things you might otherwiseconveniently forget by integrating thosestress programmes and reminders intothe calendar system. As stress is a never-ending life process with dynamic stressmanagement goals, one may wonderat some point in time how to get astress management and preventionprogramme in place, how to findeffective ways to keep it going, and

how to adapt it to the changingcircumstances in life? As consistency of

practice is critical to success in the action stage ofchange, flexibility and adaptability maintenance stage ofchange certainly brings significant effect. The ability to beaware and sensitive to how change is faced is always thekey element.

The plan should workIn everything that we do, the key to success is not to

push too hard at any given moment. Effectivestress management is an area where

trying harder will often only makethings worse and at the expense

of other comfort. Rather,taking things easy and do

not rush but enjoy everymoment of it. Slowingdown is always the keyto a better practice anda happier experience.Even if you are off-trackfor any reason, simplyget back on track assoon as possible. It’s ablessing to realise that

you are off-track than toignore it completely.

Managing stress is never acompetition; instead, nurture

and cultivate the stressmanagement skills as part of a

living process. Working towardsimplementing these practices into the

daily routines can go a long way towardsreducing stress in life. Ultimately, reward yourself for theprogress you make, and in no time, these new practiceswill become old habits.

And that personalised stress prevention plan shouldwork.

W.M.A. Wan Hussin is a Professor at the School of Civil Engineering, UniversitiSains Malaysia. He conducts several courses on stress management anddelivers public lectures and brain storming sessions on management issues forvarious organisations. He is currently a Licensed Land Surveyor, Member of theAssociation of Authorised Land Surveyors (MAALS) Malaysia, Fellow of theRoyal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (FRISM), a Malaysian SpeakingProfessional (MSP) of the Malaysian Association of Professional Speakers, aCertified Professional Utility Locator (CPUL) and can be reached [email protected].

In everything that we do,the key to success is not topush too hard at any givenmoment. Effective stressmanagement is an areawhere trying harder willoften only make things

worse and at the expenseof other comfort

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56

Whether PriorExperience IsNecessary ForInnovation

By Dr. Arshad Husain Ph.D

I wish to start with a quotationfrom Thomas Edison theinventor of the electric bulbwho said, and I quote, “I haveinvented one more way of howNOT to make a light bulb; thereare still infinite ways to go.”

Iwill now proceed with the provision of adefinition of innovation by Denning and I quote ‘innovationis a transformation of practice in a community’. This

statement carries with it the concept that a successfulinnovation is one that is taken up by a community with anaccompanying adjustment to expected work methods and/orpractices. There is an important distinction between themeaning of ‘invention’ and ‘innovation’. Carayannis, Alexander,and Mason state that: ‘Invention is the development of a newidea that has useful application. Innovation is a more complexterm, referring to how an invention is brought into commercialusage’.

Colonel Eli Lilly founded the global pharmaceutical companynamed after him in 1876 in an old dilapidated warehousebuilding with only three workers. Today, they have 41,000employees handling an ever flourishing business across theglobe in 138 countries. They have an annual budget of 2.3billion dollars spent on Research and Development alone inconsideration of the progressive manufacture of New Productsthrough a process of new ideas and innovation.

The list can go on…the founding of KFC……McDonalds etc.

Therefore, the answer is an emphatic NO to the question ofwhether prior experience is necessary for Innovation. In otherwords, innovation commences without prior experience.

There is an important distinctionbetween the meaning of

‘invention’ and ‘innovation’. …Invention is the development of a

new idea that has usefulapplication. Innovation is a more

complex term, referring to howan invention is brought into

commercial usage’


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The founding fathers of such global giantorganisations of today required noexperience that led to the innovativeproducts that they finally produced and areprogressively manufactured today.

Broadly speaking in the early phases, newsof an innovation spreads through a range ofcommunication channels, including face-to-face, email (one-to-one or one-to-many) ortelephone. These initial contacts are likely tobe with trusted colleagues and a highdegree of control over the informationimparted is assured. As the introduction ofthe innovation progresses, other forms ofdissemination are introduced. This might bevia a website or newsletter, through focusgroups, at committees or departmental staffmeetings. These approaches exploit existingcommunication channels and peoplenetworks, although they may also involvethe creation of new networks specific to theinnovation. As communications spreadoutwards, the originators of the initiative areless able to control which individualsreceive information, and the content of thecorrespondence. There is also a greaterpotential for sceptics to be encountered.Despite this, awareness of the initiativegrows, is diffused across campus, andclusters of individuals with greaterawareness appear.

The process of adopting any new toolinvolves a learning curve for individuals. Thisdescribes the need for learners to becreative in their approaches to learning in arapidly changing environment. An

organisation that is devoted to change is the mostlikely environment for a culture of learning to flourish.This in turn enables learners to share experiences thusenhancing the learning process. Positive experiencewith technology inclines an individual towardsadoption of other technologies.

Therefore, potential adopters of innovation evaluatethe possible ‘value’ that the innovation has to them.This value can be measured in terms of ‘cost’ and‘benefit’, with the value being determined by thebalance of these two factors. Another necessary factoris the importance of ‘resources’ and ‘communication’.Thus, personal and institutional factors combine todetermine adoption of an initiative. Such factors are:

Personal factors

• Costs

• Effort to acquire new skills

• Time

• Resources

• Necessary skills

• Prior experience with similar innovation

• Risks of failure

• Loss of self-esteem

• Loss of social approval

The process of adoptingany new tool involves alearning curve forindividuals. Thisdescribes the need forlearners to be creativein their approaches tolearning in a rapidlychanging environment.

An organisation that is devoted to change is themost likely environment for a culture of learningto flourish. This in turn enables learners to shareexperiences thus enhancing the learning process.


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Institutional factors

• Resources

• Equipment

• Finances

• Training

It could be argued that some of the factors that are classifiedas ‘personal’ are equally applicable to institutions. Forexample, the risk of failure is a consideration for a universitycommittee that is approached to support a scheme. Thecosts in respect of time and effort are also validconsiderations for the institution as a whole.

Additional factors to be considered include:

• The nature of the initiative – whether it is a local,national, collaborative, or a distributed venture.

• The aspects of institutional activity that are set to gainfrom the innovation – these may be related to teachingand learning, research, administrative functions or acombination of these.

Both personal and organisational processes influence aculture of innovation. These organisational processes are:“management values, rewards, prohibitions, andencouragement of new ideas, encouragement of risk-taking,and the like.”

To this list we can add services, support, and communicationchannels and staff networks. An institution with these keycomponents in place is better placed to ensure thatinnovations are facilitated, encouraged, accepted anddiffused across its campus.

Thus, the institutional environment shapes the developmentof the initiative, its adoption and implementation. Culturealso affects the success or failure of a new innovation.Basically, in a culture of innovation, people will have a habitof constantly looking for ways to improve things.

Organisational culture is understood as the “values andbeliefs shared by personnel in an organisation.” Thesecultural beliefs translate into “communication and mutualunderstanding” and they influence the beliefs andbehaviours of individuals. Organisations use differentresources and processes to guide behaviour and change. Thisemphasises the importance of the pervading culture withinan organisation in relation to the degree of acceptance of anew innovation.

The influence of organisational culture on creativity andinnovation are viewed as the main determinants leading outof: strategy, structure, support mechanisms, behaviours thatencourage innovation, and communication. This highlightsthe requirement for institutions to encourage: flexibility,autonomy and co-operation at the ‘structure’ level; reward,

recognition and resources at the ‘support mechanism’ level;support for risk taking, change, learning and conflict handlingas the behaviours that encourage innovation; and finallyopen communication.

Two important determinants are ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors.Institutional push factors might be rewards offered by aninstitution to encourage the adoption and use of a newinnovation, or mandate to enforce adoption. Personal pullfactors include the perceived need for the resource and thebenefits to be gained by using it.

The institutional framework is bounded by externalinfluences, which in turn influence decisions taken atinstitutional, faculty, department, and project level. Thestrength of the boundaries between faculties anddepartments, or the existence of cross-disciplinarycollaborations can affect diffusion of innovations across aninstitution.

In today’s world of marketing, it is important to learn howdeveloping the creative ideas that lead to innovativeproducts are a discipline by itself. It is important to learntechniques that can lead to products that will have lastingcompetitive advantage in the marketplace. In addition togoing out to speak to customers, it would be of furtheradvantage to discover the other research techniques that canlead to insights that will ensure the development of productsthat create significantly more value for the customer.

Dr. Arshad Husain is an acclaimed Professor of Psychology, Human ResourceManagement, Marketing and Management. He is a well-known author and writer. Heis presently the Chairman of an International and recognised Institute – The Instituteof Professional Studies (UK), where he teaches from anything up to 34 subjects atuniversity level based on both research and experience. He has written various booksand provided numerous research based papers and articles more specially, onwww.articlesbase.com. He has taught at many world renowned universities followinga successful professional career where he rose to the position of becoming aneffective CEO of a Global Multinational company for a number of years. He isextremely well educated from the very best universities in the world having done anextensive Ph.D. and receiving a Doctorate in both Human Resource Management andPsychology. He did his MBA in Marketing. He is approached by students, professorsand executives from all over the world who wish to seek a mature conclusion to alltheir personal and professional problems. His email address [email protected].

Another necessary factor is the importance of ‘resources’ and‘communication’. Thus, personal and institutional factors

combine to determine adoption of an initiative.

…the institutional environmentshapes the development of the

initiative, its adoption andimplementation. Culture also

affects the success or failure ofa new innovation.

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LIST OF NEW MEMBERS February – April 2013

QUANTITY SURVEYINGFELLOWSr Ahamd Suhaimi Abdul MajidAS2 Consult S/B, KL

Sr Amnah bt Mohammed SallehCIC QS Services S/B, Sel

Sr Ang Fuey LinTaylor's University Lakeside Campus

Sr Roziyah IsmailJKR, CKUB, KL

Assoc. Prof. Sabaria HassanUiTM Shah Alam

Sr Shamshul Ariffin b Abdul AzizJUB Ikatan Sepakat S/B, Sel

Sr Yeap Soon KiatBaharuddin Ali & Low S/B, KL

Assoc. Prof. Sr Dr Zakaria b Mohd YusofUTM Skudai

MEMBERSr Anita IbrahimJKR

Sr Fadziah YahyaJKR

Sr Khairil Nisaak OsmanJKR

Sr Lau Wei LeongJK Quantity Surveyors, PJ

Sr Lee Lei Yee CKP Associates, KL

Sr Lee Shiau Mei Trilink Pyramid S/B,

Sr Michael James McIverPlus Three Consultants (M) S/B, KL

Sr Chua Shiu YeePerunding NFL, KL

Sr Hanawati Hashim @ Nordin JKR Selangor, Shah Alam

Sr Mohd Izwan b Ibrahim AT Associates, KL

Sr Tay Ying SeeLangdon & Seah S/B, Sel

Sr Thalasiah Mohd SaadJPS

Dato' Sr Wan Zakariah b Wan MudaAhmad Zaki Resources S/B, KL

Sr Zulkifli b YaacobJurukur Bahan Perdana S/B, Sel

GRADUATEAbdul Manaf b Ahmad SirajQS Focus S/B, Sel

Afeezah Nor bt OthmanPKNS, Shah Alam

Ahmad Fauzi ZulkifliSyarikat Prasarana Negara Bhd, KL

Amyradha a/p MunusamyLangdon & Seah S/B, Sel

Anderson Yap Chun HenLangdon & Seah S/B, Sel

Azlan Abdul RafarPerunding DMA S/B, KL

Azmi b AhmadJB Bergabung

Che Zaki Che MatSyarikat Prasarana Negara Bhd, KL

Chen Yoon LeeQuanticonsult S/B, Sel

Choo Kong BingQuanticonsult S/B, Sel

Christine Teresa NettoATC QS Konsult, Kota Kinabalu

Darren Chai Teck LiangPerunding WCH, Kuching

Davis Chee Tzun ShengProlosman Consultant, Kota Kinabalu

Derek Hooi Yew FattTOFFCO S/B, KL

Haifaa Ahmad HashimAT Associates, KL

Haryati IsmailPoliteknik Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Intan Suhaila MohamedPerunding NFL S/B, KL

Intan Suraya HusinKA Associates, KL

Khuzaimah Mohd JunaidiPakatan Ukur Bahan S/B, Terengganu

Lai Voon YauJurukur Bahan L & T, Sel

Lawrence Yap Sie KiongLangdon & Seah S/B, JB

Lee Lay HoonJurukur Bahan YSK, Sarawak

Lee Yian NeeSarawak Energy Bhd, Kuching

Lester Tan Sheng HuanNorthcroft Lim Perunding S/B, Sel

Liew Khang ShengCSL QS Consult, Sabah

Lim Meng Wah Northcroft Lim Perunding S/B, Sel

Lim Teck KhangVeritas Contracts S/B, KL

Liong Li FongQuanticonsult S/B, Sel

Mah Sin WeiQuanticonsult S/B, Sel

Mohamad Akram b Mohamed KarimKump. Ukur Bahan Sarawak

Mohamed Ismail b Mohamed OmarAT Associates, KL

Mohd Idris b Mohamad PiahAzzuman Business Services, Ipoh

Mohd Khairin Akmal Mohamad JidonSyarikat Prasarana Negara Bhd, KL

Mohd Muzamil Mohd RosliAT Associates, KL

Muhamad Afiq b ZainalJUB Central S/B, KL

Muhamad Azlan b SulaimanJurukur Bahan PBE, KL

Muhamad Haziq b RuslanPerunding DMA S/B, KL

Muhammad Ammar b JamadiJY Cost Plan Consultants, JB

Nazirah ZainiPerunding SHS S/B, KL

Nik Mohd Dhiyahullah b Nik DinKSK Associates S/B, Sel

Noor Azizah MajidJKR

Noor Fazura Abu SamaanJKR Negeri Sembilan

Nurulain RaizamKA Associates, KL

Nursyahidatul Syafiqah MaliJUB Central S/B, KL

Nurul Zawani RusliKSK Associates S/B, Sel

Ronald Song Ing HuiJurukur Bahan YSK, Sarawak

Samer Shahedza KhairuddinBasar & Harun Sdn, Sel

Simon Chung Ka MingMOQS Consultant S/B, Sabah

Siti Aishah AmranWAW Quantity Surveyors, Kelantan

Siti Hajar OthmanUniversiti Teknikal Melaka

Siti Nahdatul Syima RumlanPerunding DMA S/B, KL

Siti Sarah AmranBasar & Harun Sdn, Sel

Siti Syafarah Abdul RahmanJKR Kedah

Tan Ban CheeJurukur Bahan FPS S/B, KL

Tan Wan YinLangdon Seah S/B, Sel

Tan Yuan CuiNorthcroft Lim Perunding S/B, Sel

Tang Mun WaiLangdon Seah S/B, Sel

Teh Sin ChongTurner & Townsend S/B, UK

Teo Xian QinYong & Mohd Faiz S/B, PJ

Tina Ilyani JusofH& A QS Consultants, KL

Yeo Hui ChinJurukur Bahan YSK, Sarawak

Yeo Shou PinPerunding Kos T & K S/B, KL

Yvonne Runya RimanHLA Quantity Surveyors S/B, Sarawak

Zakirin bt ZakariaNAZ Progressive Consultant & Services S/B, Sel

PROBATIONERCheong Sue WeiJurukur Bahan PFS S/B, KL

David Yii Yang HeeGamuda Engineering S/B, Sel

Douglas Johann GhaniYong & Mohd Faiz (Sabah)

Goh Chia HoongNorthcroft Lim Perunding S/B, Sel

Gun Chiu YeePCM Kos Perunding S/B, KL

Mak Jye ShenInt. Ltd, Jeddah

Teh Phoay KeatPelana Tenggara S/B, Penang

Ong Yee FeiY & G Corporation Bhd, Sel

Tey Jium ShyaaLangdon & Seah S/B, Sel

Tiu Gie OngJurukur Bahan L & T, Sel

STUDENTHasanah Mohd Ghaus

Lau Kah Meng

Mohd Shamsudin b Hussain

Yang Wai Yee

PROPERTY MANAGEMENT, VALUATION AND ESTATE AGENCYSURVEYINGFELLOWSr Khaidir Abd RasipIRDA, Johor

Sr Norlina Ra'eeSarawak Land & Survey Dept.


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MEMBERSr Abdul Halim HussainPelaburan Hartanah Bumiputra Bhd, KL

Sr Azizierul b RamliJPPH Perak

Sr Chia Zi JinJS Valuers Property Consultant (Johor) S/B

Sr Chiang Woon LinSuruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia, KL

Sr Johari b IsmailJPPH Perak

Sr Khairul Anaz b MuratJPPH Kedah

Sr Kholim b SahrayUiTM Shah Alam

Sr Lo Kin WengCH Williams Talhar & Wong, JB

Sr Loo Choo BengPakatan Ukur Bahan S/B, Terengganu

Sr Mahathir A RahmanHenry Butcher Malaysia, Sarawak

Sr Dr Mohamad Sukeri KhalidUUM Kedah

Sr Mohd Asraf b Mat YajidJPPH Perak

Sr Mohd Nasruddin Mat NorProjek Lintasan Kota Holding S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Noor Azeni NordinAzmi & Co S/B, Sel

Sr Norlizawati SidekJPPH Perak

Sr Norrushidah bt ZakariaCH Williams Talhar & Wong S/B, Kedah

Sr Siti Sarah bt FuadJPPH Perak

Sr Tiong Chee Yen JoyceCH Williams Talhar & Wong S/B, KL

Sr Zulkefli b AhmadIPC Island Property Consultants S/B, Sel

GRADUATELoh Phoi PeiNil

Loo Shih BoonPPC International S/B, KL

Nur Diyana bt KamarudinMacReal International S/B, Penang

Rohizad b AznanIM Global Property Consultants Sdn Bhd,KL

Tan Zao YeeRahim & Co (Johor) S/B

Victor Wong Zhi WenNil

Yeow Tze TeBurgess Rawson, Seremban

PROBATIONERAhmad Shah b RazaliKK Property Mgmnt S/B, KL

Bong San SanMetro Homes S/B, Sabah

Cheah Siew MunFKH Holdings S/B, Sel

Chooi Lee ChenTA Properties, KL

Chua Kee KitKnight Frank, KL

Lee Chan HoeHartamas Real Estate (M) S/B

Lim Teck FungNil

Lua Chiyar LockNovartis Corporation

Mohd Shaiful b Mohd ShaffiaiJuruukur Sinarsuria, Bangi

Phoon Kin KheongEminent Ace S/B, Sel

Poh Chee SengTay & Associates, Johor

Teow Wei XinNil

Wah Kheng WuNil

Woo Zi YaangNil

ASSOCIATE MEMBERAlex Chong Hock KeeFirst Appraisal P/L, Singapore

Agustinus P TambaKJPP Dwi Haryantono Agustinus Tamba

Anne Loh Mei FunStrata AMC P/L, Singapore

Bernard Chen Ki YuenStrata AMC P/L, Singapore

Tjondro PrasetyoKJPP Dwi Haryantono Agustinus Tamba

STUDENTAsmawi b Borhan

Adi Wazien Fikri b Zulkifli

Adibah Mohd Razali

Anis Musa

Atikah Arifin

Badrul Hisham b Mohd Ridza

Chew Kar Young

Chia Sin Yin

Chong Woon Keh

Chu Chia Man

Ellen Tay Joelynn

Fatin Nabila Khairul Anuar

Fong Kar Mun

Heng Hwa Mei

Hew Li Chyi

Juwairiah Mustafa

Irene Tan Hui Ling

Iylia Atira Roslan

Izyan Ayuni Ismail

Izzah binti Shamsol Kahar

Khairun Najihah Abdul Halim

Ku Meei Shyen

Leow Chee Kuan

Lim Bee Veun

Lin Shi Fuei

Maisarah Mat Noor

Mohamad Amin Abd Latif

Mohammad Shazli b Azlan

Mohd Firdaus Ali Khan b Hafid

Muhammad Faris b Nordin

Muhammad Firdaus b Shabli

Muhammad Idham b Zulkifli

Muhammad Taufik b Mohd Ali

Nabila Mohammed Asri

Nadzirah Md Padzi

Neo Sau Mei

Nooraisyilah Murni

Nor Ryana Abdullah

Nur Baizah Mohamed

Nur Hidayah Ibrahim

Nur Nabiha Yahya

Nur Syafiqah Saparudin

Nur Syazwani Eliza Zahidan

Nurul Akmar Mustaffa

Nurul Shafiqah Ahmad

Pang Zi Wei

Phung Kah Min

Rabi'atul 'Adawiyah Rahim

Razlin b Mansor

Rosenia Chung Nah Nah

Safira Nabilla Muhammad Muhir

Sharina Khalida Sazeli

Siti Fadzilah Ayob

Siti Nadirah Mohd Noh

Siti Noor 'Adilah Mohd Hasbullah

Siti Nor Aqillah Mat Naser

Siti Nor Jawahir Mohd Nawawi

Siti Nur Hidayah Ab Halim

Suhana Ismail

Syafika Adila Safie

Tan Lay Boon

Tay Yi Ying

Then Phei Cheng

Tiong Chai Ping

Toh Pei Xuan

Wan Fikriah Wan Harun

Yap Poy Poy

GEOMATIC AND LAND SURVEYINGFELLOWSr Ahmad Rustami Ramley Jurukur Abadi, JB

Prof Sr Dr Alias Abdul RahmanUTM Skudai

Sr Choy Ming SweeUkurarah Consultants, Kedah

Sr Jalal b Johari Jalal Johari Consultants, KL


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AP Sr Dr Kamaluddin Hj TalibUiTM Shah Alam

Sr Mohamad Kamali b Adimin JUPEM KL

Sr Hj Mohd Fadzli HashimNaluri Ukur, Kelantan

Sr Siew Siew WengSeni Ukur Consult, Sel

Sr Dr Zainal A Majeed JUPEM Kelantan

MEMBERSr Afiq b Juazer RizalPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Ahmad Azan b Abdul RashidPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Alwi b Mohd NoorJUPEM HQ

Sr Ashnita RahimUiTM Perlis

Sr Awang Ahmad Awang BasriJabatan Tanah & Survei Sarawak

Sr Awangku Mohamad Zulhaji Awangku AhmadPutra Geomatics Survey, Sarawak

Sr Chai Tuh EngNil

Sr Chee Shui YongUiTM Perlis

Sr Farawahida Mohd MonilPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Fariza Muhamad FaizPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Julaihie b RosliPutra Geomatics Survey, Sarawak

Sr Khairul Zafuan Hj KhalidSO Survey Consultants, Kuantan

Sr Lau Wei SengPerunding Ukur Tekun, Sel

Sr Lee Ai ThengJurukur Noble, KL

Sr Masayu NormanUiTM Perlis

Sr Mat Akhir b Md WazirUiTM Shah Alam

Sr Mimi Diana GhazaliUiTM Perlis

Sr Mohamad Pauzi Mat ZamPoliteknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah

Sr Mohamad Nazri MasnanPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Amaruddin AzmanPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Faiz Mohd RamliPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Hafizul b IbrahimJurukur Sejati, Sel

Sr Mohd Khairi Izwan b MisronJurukur Sejati, Sel

Sr Mohd Nazri b MasromPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Mohd Zahran SaadPerunding Ukur Al-Asr & Services, Kedah

Sr Mustaffa b ShahimJUPEM KL

Sr Neogh Siak HooiJurukur Perintis S/B, KL

Sr Nik Mohd Wafi Nik Mohamed DaudJUPEM Kelantan

Sr Nofariza ZainalUiTM Perlis

Sr Noraini bt ZulkipliPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Norshahrizan b Mohd HashimUiTM Arau

Sr Rabiulkhair b Mohd NorJUPEM KL

Sr Rozwan Hakin LongJUPEM Kelantan

Sr Siti Hajar NayanJurukur Mutiara, KL

Sr Siti Zaleha bt MisnanPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Sr Syed Omar Syed HamidSO Survey Consultants, Kuantan

Sr Wan Mohd Zaed b Mamat @ Wan Ab HamidJurukur Makhtar, Perak

Sr Woo Seng KwongNil

GRADUATEHafizunisa BorhanJurukur Nizam Ali, JB

Kamarul Akram KamarudinJurukur Kemuncak, KL

Md Azlan Shah b SaidNil

Mohd Ali Shah Bana b MohamadJurukur Kinetik, Sel

Muhamad Afandi Mohd SukriJurukur Aras, Kelantan

Muhammad Khairi b IdrusJurukur Express S/B, KL

Nabila Omar BakiJurukur Nizam Ali, JB

Nik Ahmad Aiman b Nik MazlanMidlands Surveys Consultants, KL

Siti Nor Fatihah Mohd NoorMidlands Surveys Consultants, KL

Wan Qamarul Hazimin b Wan DeramanJurukur Aras, Kelantan

STUDENTAdilah bin Ahmad Rustami

Afiqah binti Hamdan

Ahmad Fadhirul b Ahmad Shukri

Mohamad Najib b Sulaiman

Mohammad Romzi b Mohamad Nor

Mohd Hanif b Romli

Muhammad Amzar b Azme

Muhammad Shafiq b Abdul Karim

Nordiana bt Ramlan

Nurul Athirah Nawawi

ASSOCIATE MEMBERDian NurdianaPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

I Gusti Ngurah Bagus NirwanaPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

Kristiawan Tri NugrohoPetronas Carigali S/B, KL

BUILDING SURVEYINGFELLOWAP Sr Dr Syahrul Nizam KamaruzzamanUniversiti Malaya

MEMBERSr Mohammad Anuar b SafianPoliteknik Sultan Azlan Shah, Behrang

Sr Norizan MahmudJKR

Sr Shahrullail b SulaimanStructural Repair (M) S/B

Sr Suhana JoharUKM

GRADUATEAslida bt OmarUiTM

Mohamad Sanusi MustafaKolej Komuniti Jasin

Mohammad Redzduan b KamaruddinGemilang Maintenance Services S/B, KL

Mohd Khazli Aswad b KhalidAdvance Maintenance Precision Mgmt S/B, Sel

Mohd Redzwan b MusaKimlun S/B, JB

Nor Diana bt AzizFocus Facilities Mgmnt. S/B, Puchong

Mohd Safrin b Mohamad RasdiUiTM Shah Alam

Nahdatul Arm bt Abd RaniNil

Nik Affifi b Nik RamliCanaan Building Inspection S/B, PJ

Nor Islahiah bt HashimJKR Pahang

STUDENTAfiq b Mohammad

Ahmad Zulfadzly b Anwar Zaini

Aisyah bt Arshad

Anis Farhana bt Alimin

Arnold Ricci Latimbun

Ezwan Fadzli b Che Om

Mior Fazrul Azdan b Mior Amran

Mior Wahidun Asuat b M Sabri

Mohamad Rashdan b Isa

Mohd Norbahiyuddin b Mohd Nawai

Mohd Zainul Abidin b Ariffin

Muhammad Izwan b Othman

Muhammad Ruslan b Ismail

Nabilah Roslan

Nor Azmira Bunyamin

Nurshafarina bt Jasme

Robiatun Adawiyah bt Ali

Siti Umairah bt Sai'in

Tengku Muhammad Eqbal b Ku Jaya

Zahlini Ab Wahab


ROYAL INSTITUTION OF SURVEYORS MALAYSIA

3rd Floor, Bangunan Juruukur, 64 – 66, Jalan 52/4, 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, MalaysiaTel: 603-7954 8358 / 7955 1773 / 7956 9728 Fax: 603-7955 0253

Website: www.rism.org.my E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

INVITATION FORARTICLE CONTRIBUTION The Malaysian Surveyor Journal ISSN: 2232-1292 (On-line)

The Malaysian Surveyor is a high quality peer review journal published quarterly online. The publication aims at bringing together researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners and students to impart and share knowledge in the form of empirical and theoretical articles and research papers. It provides an international forum for the dissemination of professional knowledge and practices, original research results, new ideas, practical experience of the surveying profession, advancements and innovation in the surveying technology and surveyors’ contribution toward the property market and building industry. We welcome original article contribution to The Malaysian Surveyor.

Peer Review ProcessManuscripts are subject to review by the Editorial Board and reviewers.

General Guidelines for Submissions Article submissions should not exceed 10 pages, including all figures and tables (excludes the references). Abstract should be no more than 500 words. Articles in Bahasa Malaysia need to include an abstract in English.

Kindly email article to: [email protected]

For more information, visit the official website of the journal

at http://www.rism.org.my/ContentPages/Journal.aspx

CONTENTS · congress one-level-up at the international level. The result – the first Sabah...

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