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![Page 1: Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms. A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function is called tissues.](https://reader037.fdocuments.in/reader037/viewer/2022110322/56649d2f5503460f94a07f68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function is called tissues.
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a function is an organ.
Groups of organs working together form organ systems.
All organ systems work together to make a fully functioning organism—YOU!
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• All cells in direct contact with environment
• All cells can easily get nutrients in & waste out by diffusion
• Internal cells not in direct contact with environment
• Internal cells can’t get nutrients in & waste out
• Need organ systems
Warm, diluteocean waters
Warm, diluteocean waters
Unicellular Multicellular
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Had to evolve organ systems for: getting materials in &
around digestive system respiratory system circulatory system
removing wastes respiratory system excretory system
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Digestion is the process of breaking down food into molecules that the body can use
The digestive system takes in food, breaks it down, and gets rid of undigested molecules and waste.
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Mouth—begins digestion by taking in food Teeth—mechanically breaks down food into
pieces Tongue—tastes the food (makes sure it is
safe); moves the food around and mixes it with saliva
Salivary Glands—produce saliva which contains Salivary amylase (breaks down complex carbohydrates)
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Epiglottis—a flap of tissue that moves over the opening of the trachea, so that food does not enter the trachea
Pharynx—the passage from the mouth to the larynx (produces vocal sounds) and esophagus
Esophagus—a long, straight tube that connects the pharynx and stomach
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The stomach is a muscular, saclike organ.
Function: secretes gastric juice (combination of HCl acid and Pepsin); churns the food and coats it, beginning digestion.
Pepsin—a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins
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Function: secretes bile, converts extra sugars to glycogen for storage, stores fat-soluble vitamins and iron and detoxifies poisons.
Bile—a greenish fluid that breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets, promotes absorption of vitamins
Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate that stores glucose
Gall Bladder—Stores bile Liver, Gall Bladder, and Bile Duct
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Function: Secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine, secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar, secretes pancreatic fluid
Insulin—a hormone that regulates the release of glucose into the blood
Pancreatic Fluid—raises the pH of stomach acid, contains many digestive enzymes
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Function—the majority of food digestion occurs in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), the absorption of nutrients occurs in the jejunum and ileum
Villi—small projections from the cells in the lining of the small intestine which absorb the nutrients
Villi of Small Intestine
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Function—mineral ions and water are absorbed from waste material(no digestion occurs here).
Also in the large intestine are microbes which synthesize vitamin K and several B vitamins, which your body cannot easily get from food
Appendix—no function in humans. (called caecum in pigs)
Rectum—stores solid wastesAnus—eliminates wastes
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The heart, blood vessels, and blood make up the cardiovascular system
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Oxygen from the lungs is moved throughout the body by the blood
Nutrients from digested foods are absorbed by the blood and carried to all the body’s cells
Cellular waste products are moved by blood to the urinary system
Hormones, substances that help regulate body functions, are carried by the bloodstream
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Organ heart
Tissues & cells Blood vessels
arteries veins capillaries
Blood red blood cells plasma (liquid)
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Chambers and Blood Vessels of the Heart
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4-Chambered heart atria (atrium)
thin wall collection chamber receive blood
ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out
rightatrium
leftatrium
rightventricle
leftventricle
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fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
A A
VV V VV
A AAAA
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart
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AV
SL
AV
4 valves in the heart flaps of tissue prevent backflow of blood
Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub”
force blood against closed AV valves “Dub” force of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur
leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve
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arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
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Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls
provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood
elastic & stretchable
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Veins blood returns back to heart thinner-walled
blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure
why low pressure? far from heart
blood flows because muscles contract when we move
squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins
in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
Closed valve
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Capillaries very thin walls allows diffusion of
materials across capillary
O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste
body cell
O2
food
waste
CO2
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Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells plasma
liquid part of blood dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more
cells red blood cells (RBC)
transport O2 in hemoglobin
white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity
platelets blood clotting
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ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis
Stem cells “parent” cells
in bone marrow
develop into all the different types of blood cells red blood cells white blood cells
white bloodcells
red bloodcells
white blood cells
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Small round cells produced in bone marrow 5 liters of blood in body 5-6 million RBC in drop of human blood last 3-4 months (120 days)
filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second
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Protein which carries O2
250,000 hemoglobin proteins in one red blood cell
O2
O2
O2
O2
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Why do we need a respiratory system?
1.To bring Oxygen in. Oxygen is needed for cells to break down glucose to make ATP.2.To take out Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and must be taken out of the body.
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What is Respiration? The exchange of gases from the environment to the body.
Functions of the Major Organs:Nose and Mouth—brings in air Sinus Cavity—moistens, cleans and warms the air before it goes down to the lungsThroat—contains Larynx (voice box) for speech
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Lungs—Function: Major organ of respiratory system; gas exchange
Trachea—Function: rigid tube that transports air to lungs
Bronchus & Bronchioles—Function: branches off of trachea, delivers air to alveoli
Diaphragm—Function: muscle that expands and contracts the lungs
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Bronchus—branches off of the trachea
Bronchioles—smaller branches of the Bronchus
Bronchioles end in Alveoli—’little air sacs’
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Alveoli—little air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
expand when air is taken in, contract as air is exhaled.
Closely associated with capillaries from the pulmonary veins and arteries.
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Structurespongy texture
high surface area more absorption of O2
moist lining mucus traps dust,
pollen, particles covered by cilia
hair-like extensions of cells move mucus upward to
clear out lungs
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Inhale O2 passes from alveoli
to blood by diffusion
Exhale CO2 passes from blood
to alveoli by diffusion
capillaries(circulatory system)
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Gases move by diffusion from high to low concentration capillaries are thin-walled tubes of circulatory system alveoli are thin-walled sacs of respiratory system
blood lungs
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
blood body
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
capillaries in lungs capillaries in muscle
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Diaphragm moves down & expands chest cavity pulls air into lungs
inhale exhale
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What is the excretory system?
The organ system that removes wastes produced during metabolic reactions
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Animal cells move material across the cell membrane by diffusion nutrients in
from digestive system fuels for energy in
from digestive system oxygen in from respiratory system waste out
CO2, urea from cells to respiratory system, to excretory system
O2
sugar
sugar nutrients
CO2
urea
nutrients
O2
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Digesting protein makes poison Nitrogen waste= ammonia=poison
When the Amino group is removed, it makes ammonia, NH3
In land animals, the NH3 is converted to urea
When the other functional groups are removed, they are lost as carbon dioxide and water
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The kind of nitrogen waste you make depends on where you live Freshwater animals
Make ammonia Land animals (not
egg layers) Make urea
Land egg layer Make uric acid
Nitrogen waste
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Freshwater animals If you have a lot of water you can dilute the waste
before it poisons you excrete ammonia through gills and as urine
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Land animals need to save H2O evolved less poisonous waste product
urea
excrete urea & H2O as urine
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Egg-laying land animals no place to get rid of waste while in egg needs waste that doesn’t dissolve in water inside egg
uric acid stays a powder inside egg
birds, reptiles, insects
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Mammals have a pair of bean-shaped kidneys supplied with blood by a renal artery and a renal
vein
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Kidney
Vena cavaAortaRenal Artery
Renal Vein
Kidney—filters urea out of blood; makes urine
Ureter—delivers urine to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder—stores urine
Urethra—delivers urine out of body
Vena cava-carries filtered blood back to heart
Aorta—brings blood to kidney to be filtered
Renal artery-a branch off of the aorta which carries blood to the kidney
Renal vein—blood vessel coming from the kidney to the vena cava
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Cortex—outer area of the kidney; contains numerous blood vessels
Medulla—inner area of the kidney; contains the structures of the nephron that maintain salt and water balance
Ureter—collects urine and transports it to bladder
Nephron—the filtering structures of the kidney; filters nitrogen waste out of the blood
Renal Artery—brings blood to the kidney to be filtered
Renal Vein—takes filtered blood back to the heart
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2006-2007
Reproductive Systems
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Humans reproduce sexually by internal fertilization.
The roles of the male reproductive system are to produce sperm and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system.
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*Seminal vesicle—helps make semen, nutrient-rich liquid that helps sperm cells survive
Urethra—delivers urine and sperm outside body
Scrotum—sac that holds and protects testis
Penis—organ that delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
Urinary Bladder—stores urine
Prostate and Bulbourethral Glands-*
Erectile tissue—fills with bloodDelivers sperm to urethra
where sperm cells mature
Where sperm cells are made
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Testes have hundreds of compartments packed with tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules.
Sperm cells are produced by meiosis in the seminiferous tubules.
In addition, the testes produce testosterone.
Testosterone—a hormone that stimulates sperm production and the growth of facial hair and other male features.
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Sperm production starts during puberty and continues throughout adulthood.
Sperm form in testis, then travel to epididymis, where they mature.
From there, they move to the vas deferens, which carries sperm to the urethra.
As sperm move into the urethra, they mix with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands.
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A mature sperm cell has a head with very little cytoplasm, a midpiece (with many mitochondria), and a long tail.
Enzymes produced at the tip of the head help the sperm cell penetrate the egg during fertilization.
The tail of a sperm cell is a powerful flagellum that whips back and forth, allowing it to move. During fertilization, only the head of the sperm enters an egg.
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Ovaries produces eggs & hormones
Uterus & Endometrium nurtures fetus; Endometrium is the lining which builds
up each month Fallopian tubes (oviduct)
tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix
opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina
birth canal for birthing baby
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Corpus luteum—a temporary endocrine gland that produces progesterone to maintain the uterus if pregnancy occurs
Follicle—the supporting cells which nurture the egg as it matures
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The ovaries produce egg cells. They also secrete estrogen and progesterone, the female sex hormones.
The female reproductive system produces one viable egg per month. When an egg cell matures, it is called an ovum.
After the ovum is released from an ovary, cilia sweep the ovum into a fallopian tube.
This tube moves the ovum from an ovary to the uterus. If sperm are present in the fallopian tube during this time, the ovum may become fertilized.
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