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British East Indian Trading Company leads to British ImperialismBritish Raj

2011

+ Decline of the Mughal Empire allows for Europeans/British to come to South Asia.

In the beginning, it was trading companies-that established ports /settlements as the Mughals Empire was declining in power.

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Aurangzeb- The Last Mughal Emperor!After a two-year fight for succession that resulted in Shah Jahan's imprisonment, Aurangzeb (1658–1707) assumed the throne.

By the mid-18th century, the once great Mughal Empire was confined to a small area around Delhi.

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Aurangzeb reversed Akbar’s policies of tolerance!

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Vasco De Gama - Portugal- 1st explorer establish a sea route from Europe to India.

Once established the Dutch, British & French will establish trading post in South Asia.These routes & advancements in ships lead to trading companies in South Asia.

+ East India Trading company- 1600’s150 years British company (not government) established cities. Britain was Not a Imperial, conquering nation at this time &Mughal Empire still in control- watched over British trade cities.

+ Major Trading Cities for East Indian Company and other countries…

Kolkata , Madras and BombayOther Europeans also establish settlements…

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British consumers wanted Indian Goods!

• Hand woven Indian textiles, high quality, hand loomed fabrics

• Indigo blue dye • Saltpeter used

for gun powder

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EuropeanIndustrialization led to Imperialism!

The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850.

Britain was the first to industrialize.

It is called a revolution because it changed society significantly and rapidly and led to modernization & urbanization.

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British Trader’s ambitions…

British begin to replace local rulers with rulers that were more favorable to the British traders!

Robert Clive, Clive of India, was British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal.

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How could the British East India Company take over? Wealth of Bengal 1765- used the money to finance a army .Indian Sepoy--pay & pension soldiers & recruit the Indians

No Indian Nationalism, no sense of being an Indian, ties to caste and regional .

East India Company strengthens army and takes over more of India over the next 100 years..

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East India Co.- Sepoy Army works well for over 100 years- until 1st revolt-1857 RebellionCalled the “Sepoy Rebellion” In 1857,A rumor spread among soldiers that the British were greasing their bullets with the fat of cows and pigsResentment has grown over the “superiority” of the British in India.

+Picture of Sepoy rebellion

+Justice!

After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British government takes over the rule of East India Company in India.

India becomes ….The Jewel of the British Empire!

Queen Victoria is the Empress of India.

+Honoring the empress

+ Jewel of the British EmpireTrade with and eventual political dominance over India was what provided Britain with large parts of it's wealth in the 1700-1900's.India provided huge resources and massive markets for British factories and goods. It provided tax income, natural mineral wealth.

+European Imperialism

+The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters

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The British Empire

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How did the British justify taking over India?Many British was the Indians as ignorant, marred in superstition, & caste prejudices'.

The British brought the English language, superior western ways.

+How did the British justify taking over India?

God’s Chosen PeopleProtestant/Evangelical

Sanctity of Family & Home

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Two views of Indian Life

Two Views of Indian Life

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Rudyard KiplingThe White Man’s Burden

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Sir Thomas Macaulay (1800-1859)

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Macaulay’s Minute on Education

What then shall that language be? Sanskrit or English?

Schools will teach..British history, cultureReligion.A creation of a class of Anglicized Indians who would serve as intermediaries between the British & their Indian subjects.

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The British Raj 1857-1947

The new government of India was called the Raj, a Sanskrit word meaning to rule.

Generally, Indians had no rights and no voice in their own rule.

Lack of Indian representation in government and an economic system that was seen as a drain on India's wealth were the primary causes of agitation against British rule in India.

+A class of Anglicized Indians & Indian Civil Service (ICS)

Viceroy- British Top Official in India.

Elite-Englishmen & Indian officials at highest level of ICS.

+ British begin census, tracking of Hindus & Muslims- defining Indians by religion.Divide & Conquer strategy- if distrust between the two groups they cannot unite against the British

Remember; Muslim’s had ruled over sub-continent for over 500 years.

These divisions and past tensions between Hindus & Muslims will lead to devastation once Britain becomes independent.

+1857- 1947- British RajColonial rule a positive or negative?

Improved Roads & sea ports

Built Railroads & telegraphy system

Improved healthcare & sanitary conditions

Established schools for elite class of Indians (based on western values & history)

Tax revenues from agriculture and industry that should have benefitted India instead went to England.

Discouraged Indian industries- need Indians to buy expensive western goods- Duty free British goods

Widespread famine & food shortages. According to official figures, 28 million Indians starved to death between 1854 and 1901.

Criticism of Indian religions, culture and customs.

Modernization, education, infrastructure- Railroads

Racism & economic exploitation

+Rise of Nationalisma sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a call for independence. At first these groups call for equality, better opportunities. Ultimately, they will call for independence.

Political organization/political party in modern times.

Gandhi & J. Nehru

Political organization to protest Muslim rights/party

M. Ali Jinnah

Indian National Congress Muslim League

+Stop here. Complete after the Gandhi Film.

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Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)

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Gandhi Spinning Cloth

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Gandhi’s Satyagraha

Harbor no anger, but suffer the anger of the opponent. Do not return assaults

Do not submit to an order given in anger

Refrain from insults and swearing

Protect the opponents from insult or attack, even at the risk of life

If taken prisoner, behave in an exemplary manner

Obey the orders of the satyagraha leaders

Principles of resistance to British rule, using non-violent, peaceful protests/actions.

Civil Disobedience, act of refusal to obey unjust laws.

+The 1930 Salt March(ex. of civil disobedience)

According to law, the British had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt.

Indians were arrested if they tried to make salt.

Gandhi directly defied British law and marched to the ocean to collect salt.

Salt March Monument

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Gandhi picks up a grain of salt in defiance of British law.

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PARLIAMENT BUILDINGNew Delhi, India